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{{Short description|Subspecies of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Taxobox
{{subspeciesbox
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| name = Moriche oriole
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| image = Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus Moriche Oriole; Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| genus = Icterus
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
⚫
| species = cayanensis
| familia = [[Icteridae]]
| genus = ''[[New World oriole|Icterus]]''
| species_link = Epaulet oriole
⚫
| subspecies = chrysocephalus
⚫
| species = ''[[Icterus cayanensis|I. cayanensis]]''
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]])
⚫
| subspecies = '''''I. c. chrysocephalus'''''
| trinomial = ''Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus''
⚫
| trinomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]])
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
''Icterus chrysocephalus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>
''Icterus chrysocephalus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small>
}}


| range_map = Icterus chrysocephalus map.svg
The '''moriche oriole''' (''Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus'') is a [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[New World]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Icteridae]]. It is unrelated to [[Old World]] [[Old World oriole|oriole]]s (family Oriolidae). It is a breeding resident in the [[tropics]] of eastern [[South America]]. This bird is noted for its close association with the [[Palm tree|palm]] ''[[Mauritia flexuosa]]'' (moriche, buriti, ita, ité, etc.).
}}The ''' moriche oriole''' (''Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus'') is a [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[New World]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Icteridae]]. It is unrelated to [[Old World oriole]]s (family Oriolidae). It is a breeding resident in the [[tropics]] of eastern [[South America]]. This bird is noted for its close association with the [[Palm tree|palm]] ''[[Mauritia flexuosa]]'' (moriche, buriti, ita, ité, etc.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kricher |first=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400885589 |title=The New Neotropical Companion |date=2017-02-21 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400885589 |isbn=978-1-4008-8558-9}}</ref>


This [[ecological]]ly distinct bird was formerly treated as a species '''''Icterus chrysocephalus'''''. It was eventually found to be embedded in the [[epaulet oriole]] (''I. cayanensis'') [[clade]]. Thus, for example the [[American Ornithologists' Union|AOU]] since 2005{{Verify source|date=April 2008}} has [[Lumpers and splitters|lumped]] the moriche oriole into ''I. cayanensis''. The [[subspecies|subspecific]] structure of ''I. cayanensis'' is still rather puzzling.<ref>SACC (2008)</ref><!-- this references entire paragraph but does not give a date for the AOU treatment change -->
This [[ecological]]ly distinct bird was formerly treated as a species '''''Icterus chrysocephalus'''''. It was eventually found to be embedded in the [[epaulet oriole]] (''I. cayanensis'') [[clade]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Omland |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Lanyon |first2=Scott M. |date=2000 |title=Reconstructing plumage evolution in orioles (icterus): repeated convergence and reversal in patterns |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1554%2F0014-3820(2000)054%5B2119%3ARPEIOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Evolution |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=2119 |doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[2119:RPEIOI]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0014-3820}}</ref> Thus, for example the [[American Ornithologists' Union|AOU]], since 2005,{{Verify source|date=April 2008}} has [[Lumpers and splitters|lumped]] the moriche oriole into ''I. cayanensis''. The [[subspecies|subspecific]] structure of ''I. cayanensis'' is still rather puzzling.<ref>SACC (2008)</ref><!-- this references entire paragraph but does not give a date for the AOU treatment change -->


This is a slim bird, 8.7&nbsp;in (22&nbsp;cm) long and weighing 1.5&nbsp;oz (42&nbsp;g), with a long tail and thin decurved bill. It has mainly black [[feather|plumage]], apart from a bright yellow crown, rump, thighs and wing epaulets. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile bird is dark brown rather than black, with duller yellow patches.
This is a slim bird, {{convert|8.7|in|cm}} long and weighing {{convert|1.5|oz|g|abbr=on}}, with a long tail and thin decurved bill. It has mainly black [[feather|plumage]], apart from a bright yellow crown, rump, thighs and wing epaulets. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile bird is dark brown rather than black, with duller yellow patches.


The song of the moriche oriole is a squeaky whistling ''heaaa-wheeooo-heaaa''. This is an often-conspicuous species near its favoured tree, and usually occurs singly or in pairs.
The song of the moriche oriole is a squeaky whistling ''{{not a typo|heaaa-wheeooo-heaaa}}''. This is an often-conspicuous species near its favored tree, and usually occurs singly or in pairs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eol.org/pages/1280984/articles|title = Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus (Linnaeus 1766) articles – Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref>


[[File:Buritizal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moriche palm]] forest on the [[Preguiça River]], [[Maranhão]] ([[Brazil]])]]
[[File:Buritizal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moriche palm]] forest on the [[Preguiça River]], [[Maranhão]] ([[Brazil]])]]
The mochique oriole breeds from eastern [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guianas]], and south to eastern [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]] and northern [[Brazil]]. The Trinidadian population may have originated from recent colonisation or escapes. It is most common from sea level up to 1,600&nbsp;ft (500&nbsp;m) [[Above mean sea level|ASL]], but here and there it reaches up to around 3,300&nbsp;ft (1,000&nbsp;m) in the eastern foothills of the [[Andes]], which mark the western border or its range.<ref>Salaman ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>
The [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/moriche-oriole-icterus-chrysocephalus mochique oriole] breeds from eastern [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guianas]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Guianas {{!}} region, South America {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/The-Guianas |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> and south to eastern [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]] and northern [[Brazil]]. The Trinidadian population may have originated from recent colonization or escapes. It is most common from sea level up to {{convert|1600|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|ASL]], but here and there it reaches up to around {{convert|3300|ft|m|abbr=on}} in the eastern foothills of the [[Andes]], which mark the western border or its range.<ref>Salaman ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>


The moriche oriole is a bird closely associated with [[moriche palm]]s (''Mauritia flexuosa''), and it is found in the forests, swamps or [[savannah]] where that tree occurs. This bird eats mainly [[insect]]s, but will also take [[nectar]] and some [[fruit]]. Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a moriche palm branch. The normal clutch is two dark-spotted pale blue or white [[bird egg|eggs]].
The moriche [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/moriche-oriole-icterus-chrysocephalus oriole] is a bird closely associated with [[moriche palm]]s (''Mauritia flexuosa''), and it is found in the forests, swamps or [[savannah]] where that tree occurs. This bird eats mainly [[insect]]s, but will also take [[nectar]] and some [[fruit]]. Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibers, suspended from the end of a moriche palm branch. The normal clutch is two dark-spotted pale blue or white [[bird egg|eggs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moriche Oriole|url=https://azbirds.com/products/moriche-oriole|access-date=2021-06-05|website=AZ Birds|language=en}}</ref>


It is affected to some extent by trapping for the [[cagebird]] trade, but can cope with heavy disturbance to its habitat as long as some moriche palms remain.
It is affected to some extent by trapping for the [[cagebird]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Cagebird |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Cagebird |work=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2022-05-06}}</ref> trade, but can cope with heavy disturbance to its habitat as long as some moriche palms remain.


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
Line 34: Line 32:


== References ==
== References ==
* {{IUCN2008|assessor=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=54116|title=Icterus cayanensis|downloaded=1 April 2008}}
* {{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Icterus cayanensis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22724076A132025625 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724076A132025625.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
* ffrench<!---not capitalised--->, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): ''A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago'' (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
* ffrench<!---not capitalised--->, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): ''A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago'' (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. {{ISBN|0-8014-9792-2}}
* Hilty, Steven L. (2003): ''Birds of Venezuela''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
* Hilty, Steven L. (2003): ''Birds of Venezuela''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. {{ISBN|0-7136-6418-5}}
* Jaramillo, Alvaro & Burke, Peter (1999): ''New World Blackbirds''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. ISBN 0-7136-4333-1
* Jaramillo, Alvaro & Burke, Peter (1999): ''New World Blackbirds''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. {{ISBN|0-7136-4333-1}}
* Salaman, Paul G.W.; Stiles, F. Gary; Bohórquez, Clara Isabel; Álvarez-R., Mauricio; Umaña, Ana María; Donegan, Thomas M. & Cuervo, Andrés M. (2002): New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. ''Caldasia'' '''24''' (1): 157–189. [http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24(1)/240111.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Salaman, Paul G.W.; Stiles, F. Gary; Bohórquez, Clara Isabel; Álvarez-R., Mauricio; Umaña, Ana María; Donegan, Thomas M. & Cuervo, Andrés M. (2002): New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. ''Caldasia'' '''24''' (1): 157–189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030001/http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24%281%29/240111.pdf PDF fulltext]
* [[South American Classification Committee]] (SACC) (2008): ''Icterus cayanensis. In: [http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline11.html A classification of the bird species of South America - Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Cardinalidae to end)]''. Version of 2008-MAR-31. Retrieved 2008-APR-01.
* [[South American Classification Committee]] (SACC) (2008): ''Icterus cayanensis. In: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626231610/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline11.html A classification of the bird species of South America – Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Cardinalidae to end)]''. Version of 2008-MAR-31. Retrieved 2008-APR-01.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q30798}}
{{taxonbar}}


[[Category:Icterus]]
[[Category:Icterus (genus)]]
[[Category:Orioles]]
[[Category:Orioles]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1766]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 08:40, 11 April 2024

Moriche oriole
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
Species:
I. cayanensis
Subspecies:
I. c. chrysocephalus
Trinomial name
Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus
Synonyms

Icterus chrysocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766)

The moriche oriole (Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus) is a passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It is unrelated to Old World orioles (family Oriolidae). It is a breeding resident in the tropics of eastern South America. This bird is noted for its close association with the palm Mauritia flexuosa (moriche, buriti, ita, ité, etc.).[1]

This ecologically distinct bird was formerly treated as a species Icterus chrysocephalus. It was eventually found to be embedded in the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) clade. [2] Thus, for example the AOU, since 2005,[verification needed] has lumped the moriche oriole into I. cayanensis. The subspecific structure of I. cayanensis is still rather puzzling.[3]

This is a slim bird, 8.7 inches (22 cm) long and weighing 1.5 oz (43 g), with a long tail and thin decurved bill. It has mainly black plumage, apart from a bright yellow crown, rump, thighs and wing epaulets. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile bird is dark brown rather than black, with duller yellow patches.

The song of the moriche oriole is a squeaky whistling heaaa-wheeooo-heaaa. This is an often-conspicuous species near its favored tree, and usually occurs singly or in pairs.[4]

Moriche palm forest on the Preguiça River, Maranhão (Brazil)

The mochique oriole breeds from eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas,[5] and south to eastern Ecuador, Paraguay and northern Brazil. The Trinidadian population may have originated from recent colonization or escapes. It is most common from sea level up to 1,600 ft (490 m) ASL, but here and there it reaches up to around 3,300 ft (1,000 m) in the eastern foothills of the Andes, which mark the western border or its range.[6]

The moriche oriole is a bird closely associated with moriche palms (Mauritia flexuosa), and it is found in the forests, swamps or savannah where that tree occurs. This bird eats mainly insects, but will also take nectar and some fruit. Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibers, suspended from the end of a moriche palm branch. The normal clutch is two dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs.[7]

It is affected to some extent by trapping for the cagebird[8] trade, but can cope with heavy disturbance to its habitat as long as some moriche palms remain.

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kricher, John (21 February 2017). The New Neotropical Companion. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400885589. ISBN 978-1-4008-8558-9.
  2. ^ Omland, Kevin E.; Lanyon, Scott M. (2000). "Reconstructing plumage evolution in orioles (icterus): repeated convergence and reversal in patterns". Evolution. 54 (6): 2119. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[2119:RPEIOI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0014-3820.
  3. ^ SACC (2008)
  4. ^ "Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus (Linnaeus 1766) articles – Encyclopedia of Life".
  5. ^ "The Guianas | region, South America | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  6. ^ Salaman et al. (2002)
  7. ^ "Moriche Oriole". AZ Birds. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  8. ^ "Cagebird", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 6 May 2022

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moriche_oriole&oldid=1218364718"