Claudio Achillini: Difference between revisions

Doctor utriusque juris
Claudio Achillini
Doctor utriusque juris Claudio Achillini
	Engraving by L. Pecini Vene, in "Le glorie degli Incogniti"
Born	18 September 1574; Bologna, Papal States
Died	1 October 1640 (aged 66); Bologna, Papal States
Resting place	San Martino, Bologna
Nationality	Italian
Occupations	Jurist; Writer; Poet; Diplomat; University teacher;
Parent(s)	Clearco Achillini and Polissena Achillini (née de' Buoi)
Academic background
Alma mater	University of Bologna
Influences	Cesare Cremonini; Giambattista Marino;
Academic work
Institutions	University of Bologna; University of Ferrara; University of Parma;
Notable students	Carlo Cesare Malvasia
	Writing career
Language	Latin; Italian;
Period	17th century; Baroque;
Genres	Poetry; libretto; drama;
Literary movement	Baroque; Marinism;

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Claudio Achillini (Latin Claudius Achillinus; 18 September 1574 – 1 October 1640^[2]) was an Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, and jurist. He is a major figure in the history of Italian Baroque poetry.^[3]

Biography

Born in Bologna, he was a grandson to Giovanni Filoteo Achillini and grand-nephew of Alessandro Achillini. He was professor of jurisprudence for several years at his native Bologna, Parma, and Ferrara, with the highest reputation. So much admiration did his learning excite, that inscriptions to his honour were placed in the schools in his lifetime.^[4] He was a member of a number of learned and literary societies, including the Accademia dei Lincei.^[1]

On 9 February 1621, Achillini went to Rome, where he obtained great promises of preferment from popes and cardinals, but they proved only promises. Odoardo Farnese, duke of Parma, engaged him however on very liberal terms, to occupy the chair of law in his university. He wrote the text for a play with music by Monteverdi presented during wedding celebrations at the Farnese court in Parma in 1628. As Jaynie Anderson has suggested,^[5] Achillini may have devised the program for Agostino Carracci's frescoes in the Palazzo del Giardino.

Achillini ended his career in Bologna, returning to a chair at the university, where he was one of Carlo Cesare Malvasia's teachers. Achillini was a particular friend of Giambattista Marino, whose style in poetry he imitated, occasionally lapsing into the excesses of extravagant metaphors.^[6] He championed Marino's primacy, particularly in two letters, included respectively in the preface to the latter's Sampogna (1620) and in the postface to his first biography (1625).^[3] In the controversies that broke out after the publication of Marino's Adone (Paris, 1623), Achillini apparently encouraged Girolamo Aleandro to write his Difesa (1629) in response to Stigliani's attack on the poem in the Occhiale (1627). Though a strong partisan of Marino, even Achillini tempered some of the more extravagant elements in his own writing in the later years.^[7] Twentieth-century critics have in part overturned the terms of the relationship between Achillini and Marino, making evident instead Marino's debt to the former.^[8]

His first collection of poems and prose was published in 1632, although he had published many poems in the preceding decades. A canzone, which he addressed to Louis XIII on the birth of the dauphin, is said to have been rewarded by Cardinal Richelieu with a gold chain or collar worth 1000 crowns;^[4] this reward was not given, as some have asserted, for the famous sonnet Sudate o fuochi, a preparar metalli (Sweat, fires, in order to forge metal),^[9] which was severely criticized by Manzoni.^[6]^[10]

Achillini's poems were first published at Bologna and were reprinted several times (1633, 1650, 1651,1656, 1662, 1673, 1677 and 1680). He also printed a volume of Latin letters and an exchange of letters with his friend Agostino Mascardi on the plague of 1630, published in Bologna in 1630 and in Rome in 1631.^[11]

Works

Achillini, Claudio (1628). Teti e Flora. Parma: appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti.
Achillini, Claudio (1628). Mercurio e Marte. Parma: appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti.
Achillini, Claudio (1632). Poesie (1 ed.). Bologna: presso Clemente Ferroni.
Achillini, Claudio (1633). Poesie (2 ed.). Venezia: presso Clemente Ferroni.
Achillini, Claudio (1673). Rime e prose. Venezia: per Nicolo Pezzana.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Asor Rosa 1960.
^ Rose, Hugh James (1857). "Achillini, Claudio". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. pp. 75–76.
^ ^a ^b Slawinski 2002.
^ ^a ^b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Aikin, John (1815). General Biography. Ten volumes.
^ Anderson, Jaynie (1970). "The Sala di Agostino Carracci in the Palazzo del Giardino". Art Bulletin. 52 (1): 46. doi:10.2307/3048678. JSTOR 3048678.
^ ^a ^b Charles Peter Brand; Lino Pertile, eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780521666220.
^ Raimondi 1988, p. 124.
^ Gaetana Marrone, ed. (2007). "Marinisti". Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579583903.
^ Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli,/e voi, ferri vitali, itene pronti,/ite di Paro a sviscerare i monti/per inalzar colossi al re de’ Galli./Vinse l’invitta ròcca e de’ vassalli/spezzò gli orgogli a le rubelle fronti,/e machinando inusitati ponti/diè fuga ai mari e gli converse in valli./Volò quindi su l’Alpi e il ferro strinse,/e con mano d’Astrea gli alti litigi,/temuto solo e non veduto, estinse./Ceda le palme pur Roma a Parigi:/ché se Cesare venne e vide e vinse,/venne, vinse e non vide il gran Luigi.
^ Over the centuries, Achillini's sonnet has been quoted by all the critics of Marinist poetry, for both aesthetic (pompous style, abuse of metaphors) and moral reasons (servilism towards a foreign monarch). Only recently it has been judged more fairly by Italian literary critics (cfr. Samarini 2019, pp. 151–152, 165).
^ Agostino Mascardi; Claudio Achillini (1631). Due lettere l'una del Mascardi all'Achillini, l'altra dell'Achillini al Mascardi sopra le presenti calamità. Rome: Lodovico Grignani.

Bibliography

«Claudio Achillini Bolognese». In : Le glorie de gli Incogniti: o vero, Gli huomini illustri dell'Accademia de' signori Incogniti di Venetia, In Venetia : appresso Francesco Valuasense stampator dell'Accademia, 1647, pp. 108–111 (on-line).
Asor Rosa, Alberto (1960). "ACHILLINI, Claudio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 1: Aaron–Albertucci (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
Colombo, Angelo (1985). "Tra "Incogniti" e "Lincei": per la biografia di Claudio Achillini". Studi Secenteschi (in Italian). 26: 141–176.
Bellini, Eraldo (2013). "Due lettere sulla peste del 1630 Mascardi Achillini Manzoni". Aevum. 87 (3): 875–917. JSTOR 43824619.
Raimondi, Ezio (1988). "Literature in Bologna in the Age of Guido Reni". Guido Reni, 1575-1642. Exhibition Catalogue, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles and Bologna.
Slawinski, M. (2002). "Achillini, Claudio". The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-818332-7. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
Samarini, Francesco (2019). "Storia dell'endecasillabo infame. "Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli"". Parole Rubate (19): 147–165. hdl:1889/4994.

[FOOTNOTEAsor_Rosa1960-1] Asor Rosa 1960.

[Rose-2] Rose, Hugh James (1857). "Achillini, Claudio". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. pp. 75–76.

[FOOTNOTESlawinski2002-3] Slawinski 2002.

[genbio-4] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Aikin, John (1815). General Biography. Ten volumes.

[5] Anderson, Jaynie (1970). "The Sala di Agostino Carracci in the Palazzo del Giardino". Art Bulletin. 52 (1): 46. doi:10.2307/3048678. JSTOR 3048678.

[Cambridge-6] Charles Peter Brand; Lino Pertile, eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780521666220.

[7] Raimondi 1988, p. 124.

[8] Gaetana Marrone, ed. (2007). "Marinisti". Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579583903.

[9] Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli,/e voi, ferri vitali, itene pronti,/ite di Paro a sviscerare i monti/per inalzar colossi al re de’ Galli./Vinse l’invitta ròcca e de’ vassalli/spezzò gli orgogli a le rubelle fronti,/e machinando inusitati ponti/diè fuga ai mari e gli converse in valli./Volò quindi su l’Alpi e il ferro strinse,/e con mano d’Astrea gli alti litigi,/temuto solo e non veduto, estinse./Ceda le palme pur Roma a Parigi:/ché se Cesare venne e vide e vinse,/venne, vinse e non vide il gran Luigi.

[10] Over the centuries, Achillini's sonnet has been quoted by all the critics of Marinist poetry, for both aesthetic (pompous style, abuse of metaphors) and moral reasons (servilism towards a foreign monarch). Only recently it has been judged more fairly by Italian literary critics (cfr. Samarini 2019, pp. 151–152, 165).

[11] Agostino Mascardi; Claudio Achillini (1631). Due lettere l'una del Mascardi all'Achillini, l'altra dell'Achillini al Mascardi sopra le presenti calamità. Rome: Lodovico Grignani.

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[3]

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[6]

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[11]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | image_size         =
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-| caption            = Engraving by L. Pecini Vene, in Le glorie degli Incogniti
+| caption            = Engraving by L. Pecini Vene, in "Le glorie degli Incogniti"
 | native_name        =
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@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 == Biography ==
-Born in [[Bologna]], he was grandson to [[Giovanni Filoteo Achillini]] and grand-nephew to [[Alessandro Achillini]]. He was professor of [[jurisprudence]] for several years at his native Bologna, [[Parma]], and [[Ferrara]], with the highest reputation. So much admiration did his learning excite, that inscriptions to his honor were placed in the schools in his lifetime.<ref name=genbio>{{genbio|Achillini, Claudio}}</ref> He was a member of a number of learned and literary societies, including the [[Accademia dei Lincei]].{{sfn|Asor Rosa|1960}}
+Born in [[Bologna]], he was a grandson to [[Giovanni Filoteo Achillini]] and grand-nephew of [[Alessandro Achillini]]. He was professor of [[jurisprudence]] for several years at his native Bologna, [[Parma]], and [[Ferrara]], with the highest reputation. So much admiration did his learning excite, that inscriptions to his honour were placed in the schools in his lifetime.<ref name=genbio>{{genbio|Achillini, Claudio}}</ref> He was a member of a number of learned and literary societies, including the [[Accademia dei Lincei]].{{sfn|Asor Rosa|1960}}
-On February 9, 1621, Achillini went to [[Rome]], where he obtained great promises of preferment from popes and cardinals, but they proved only promises. [[Odoardo Farnese, duke of Parma]], engaged him however on very liberal terms, to occupy the chair of law in his university. He wrote the text for a play with music by [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]] presented during wedding celebrations at the [[House of Farnese|Farnese]] court in Parma in 1628. As [[Jaynie Anderson]] has suggested,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sala di Agostino Carracci in the Palazzo del Giardino|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=52|year=1970|page=46|doi=10.2307/3048678|jstor=3048678|last1=Anderson|first1=Jaynie|issue=1}}</ref> Achillini may have devised the program for [[Agostino Carracci]]'s frescoes in the [[Palazzo del Giardino]].
+On 9 February 1621, Achillini went to [[Rome]], where he obtained great promises of preferment from popes and cardinals, but they proved only promises. [[Odoardo Farnese, duke of Parma]], engaged him however on very liberal terms, to occupy the chair of law in his university. He wrote the text for a play with music by [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]] presented during wedding celebrations at the [[House of Farnese|Farnese]] court in Parma in 1628. As [[Jaynie Anderson]] has suggested,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sala di Agostino Carracci in the Palazzo del Giardino|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=52|year=1970|page=46|doi=10.2307/3048678|jstor=3048678|last1=Anderson|first1=Jaynie|issue=1}}</ref> Achillini may have devised the program for [[Agostino Carracci]]'s frescoes in the [[Palazzo del Giardino]].
-Achillini ended his career in Bologna, returning to a chair at the university, where he was one of [[Carlo Cesare Malvasia]]'s teachers. Achillini was a particular friend of [[Giambattista Marino]], whose style in poetry he imitated, occasionally lapsing into the excesses of extravagant [[metaphor]]s.<ref name=Cambridge>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature|editor1=Charles Peter Brand|editor2=Lino Pertile|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=308|isbn=9780521666220|date=1999}}</ref>  He championed Marino's primacy particularly in two letters, included respectively in the [[preface]] to the latter's ''Sampogna'' (1620) and in the [[postface]] to his first biography (1625).{{sfn|Slawinski|2002}} In the controversies that broke out after the publication of Marino's ''Adone'' (Paris, 1623), Achillini apparently encouraged [[Girolamo Aleandro, the younger|Girolamo Aleandro]] to write his ''Difesa'' (1629) in response to [[Tommaso Stigliani|Stigliani]]'s attack on the poem in the ''Occhiale'' (1627). Though a strong partisan of Marino, even Achillini tempered some of the more extravagant elements in his own writing in the later years.<ref>{{harvnb|Raimondi|1988|p=124}}.</ref> Twentieth-century critics have in part overturned the terms of the relationship between Achillini and Marino, making evident instead Marino's debt to the former.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Marinisti|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|volume=1|year=2007|editor=Gaetana Marrone|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location= |isbn=9781579583903|id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69ey6Z-05fMC&pg=PA1158|access-date= }}</ref>
+Achillini ended his career in Bologna, returning to a chair at the university, where he was one of [[Carlo Cesare Malvasia]]'s teachers. Achillini was a particular friend of [[Giambattista Marino]], whose style in poetry he imitated, occasionally lapsing into the excesses of extravagant [[metaphor]]s.<ref name=Cambridge>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature|editor1=Charles Peter Brand|editor2=Lino Pertile|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=308|isbn=9780521666220|date=1999}}</ref>  He championed Marino's primacy, particularly in two letters, included respectively in the [[preface]] to the latter's ''Sampogna'' (1620) and in the [[postface]] to his first biography (1625).{{sfn|Slawinski|2002}} In the controversies that broke out after the publication of Marino's ''Adone'' (Paris, 1623), Achillini apparently encouraged [[Girolamo Aleandro, the younger|Girolamo Aleandro]] to write his ''Difesa'' (1629) in response to [[Tommaso Stigliani|Stigliani]]'s attack on the poem in the ''Occhiale'' (1627). Though a strong partisan of Marino, even Achillini tempered some of the more extravagant elements in his own writing in the later years.<ref>{{harvnb|Raimondi|1988|p=124}}.</ref> Twentieth-century critics have in part overturned the terms of the relationship between Achillini and Marino, making evident instead Marino's debt to the former.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Marinisti|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|volume=1|year=2007|editor=Gaetana Marrone|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location= |isbn=9781579583903|id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69ey6Z-05fMC&pg=PA1158|access-date= }}</ref>
 His first collection of poems and prose was published in 1632, although he had published many poems in the preceding decades. A [[canzone]], which he addressed to [[Louis XIII]] on the birth of the [[Dauphin of France|dauphin]], is said to have been rewarded by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] with a gold chain or collar worth 1000 [[Crown (British coin)|crown]]s;<ref name="genbio" /> this reward was not given, as some have asserted, for the famous [[sonnet]] ''Sudate o fuochi, a preparar metalli'' (Sweat, fires, in order to forge metal),<ref>Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli,/e voi, ferri vitali, itene pronti,/ite di Paro a sviscerare i monti/per inalzar colossi al re de’ Galli./Vinse l’invitta ròcca e de’ vassalli/spezzò gli orgogli a le rubelle fronti,/e machinando inusitati ponti/diè fuga ai mari e gli converse in valli./Volò quindi su l’Alpi e il ferro strinse,/e con mano d’Astrea gli alti litigi,/temuto solo e non veduto, estinse./Ceda le palme pur Roma a Parigi:/ché se Cesare venne e vide e vinse,/venne, vinse e non vide il gran Luigi.</ref> which was severely criticized by [[Alessandro Manzoni|Manzoni]].<ref name=Cambridge/><ref>Over the centuries, Achillini's sonnet has been quoted by all the critics of Marinist poetry, for both aesthetic (pompous style, abuse of metaphors) and moral reasons (servilism towards a foreign monarch). Only recently it has been judged more fairly by Italian literary critics (cfr. {{harnvb|Samarini|2019|pages=151-152; 165}}).</ref>
-Achillini's poems were first published at Bologna and were reprinted several times (1633, 1650, 1651,1656, 1662, 1673, 1677 and 1680). He also printed a volume of Latin letters and an exchange of letters with his friend [[Agostino Mascardi]] on the [[1629–1631 Italian plague|plague of 1630]], published in Bologna in 1630 and in Rome in 1631.<ref>{{cite book |title=Due lettere l'una del Mascardi all'Achillini, l'altra dell'Achillini al Mascardi sopra le presenti calamità|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJsSNhPxVckC|author=Agostino Mascardi|author2=Claudio Achillini|location=Rome|agency=Lodovico Grignani|year=1631}}</ref>
+Achillini's poems were first published at Bologna and were reprinted several times (1633, 1650, 1651,1656, 1662, 1673, 1677 and 1680). He also printed a volume of Latin letters and an exchange of letters with his friend [[Agostino Mascardi]] on the [[1629–1631 Italian plague|plague of 1630]], published in Bologna in 1630 and in Rome in 1631.<ref>{{cite book |title=Due lettere l'una del Mascardi all'Achillini, l'altra dell'Achillini al Mascardi sopra le presenti calamità|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJsSNhPxVckC|author=Agostino Mascardi|author2=Claudio Achillini|location=Rome|publisher=Lodovico Grignani|year=1631}}</ref>
 == Works ==
-* {{cite book |title=Teti e Flora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gl3Cn06SfwUC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Parma|agency=appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti|date=1628}}
+* {{cite book |title=Teti e Flora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gl3Cn06SfwUC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Parma|publisher=appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti|date=1628}}
-* {{cite book |title=Mercurio e Marte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S1kAAAAcAAJ|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Parma|agency=appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti|date=1628}}
+* {{cite book |title=Mercurio e Marte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S1kAAAAcAAJ|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Parma|publisher=appresso Seth, & Erasmo Viotti|date=1628}}
-* {{cite book |title=Poesie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQ-l5i8ydYC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Bologna|agency=presso Clemente Ferroni|edition=1|date=1632}}
+* {{cite book |title=Poesie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQ-l5i8ydYC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Bologna|publisher=presso Clemente Ferroni|edition=1|date=1632}}
-* {{cite book |title=Poesie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHh546jSz5oC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Venezia|agency=presso Clemente Ferroni|edition=2|date=1633}}
+* {{cite book |title=Poesie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHh546jSz5oC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Venezia|publisher=presso Clemente Ferroni|edition=2|date=1633}}
-* {{cite book |title=Rime e prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubQRTjzn6rMC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Venezia|agency=per Nicolo Pezzana|date=1673}}
+* {{cite book |title=Rime e prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubQRTjzn6rMC|last=Achillini|first=Claudio|location=Venezia|publisher=per Nicolo Pezzana|date=1673}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 * {{Cite journal |language= |first=Eraldo |last=Bellini |title=Due lettere sulla peste del 1630 Mascardi Achillini Manzoni |journal=Aevum |volume=87 |number=3 |date=2013 |pages=875–917 |issn= |jstor=43824619 |url= }}
 * {{Cite journal |language= |first=Ezio |last=Raimondi |title=Literature in Bologna in the Age of Guido Reni|journal=Guido Reni, 1575-1642. Exhibition Catalogue, Los Angeles County Museum of Art|location=Los Angeles and Bologna |date=1988}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Slawinski|first=M.|year=2002|title=Achillini, Claudio|journal=The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=7 June 2023|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198183327.001.0001/acref-9780198183327-e-28}}
+* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Slawinski|first=M.|year=2002|title=Achillini, Claudio|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-818332-7 |access-date=7 June 2023|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198183327.001.0001/acref-9780198183327-e-28}}
-* {{cite journal|title=Storia dell’endecasillabo infame. “Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli”|last=Samarini|first=Francesco|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1889/4994|journal=Parole Rubate|issue=19|year=2019|pages=147-165}}
+* {{cite journal|title=Storia dell'endecasillabo infame. "Sudate, o fochi, a preparar metalli"|last=Samarini|first=Francesco|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1889/4994|journal=Parole Rubate|issue=19|year=2019|pages=147–165|hdl=1889/4994 }}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 [[Category:1640 deaths]]
 [[Category:Writers from Bologna]]
-[[Category:Italian poets]]
 [[Category:Italian male poets]]
 [[Category:17th-century Italian poets]]
@@ Line 116: / Line 115: @@
 [[Category:Members of the Lincean Academy]]
 [[Category:17th-century Italian jurists]]
-[[Category:17th-century Latin-language writers]]
+[[Category:17th-century writers in Latin]]
 [[Category:Italian Baroque people]]
 [[Category:Baroque writers]]

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