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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Tibouchina papyrus.jpg
| image = Tibouchina papyrus.jpg
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| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
}}
}}

'''''Tibouchina''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɪ|b|uː|ˈ|k|aɪ|n|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref><ref name=":0">"Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.</ref> is a [[Neotropical realm|neotropical]] [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] in the family [[Melastomataceae]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last1=Michelangeli|first1=Fabian|last2=Guimaraes|first2=Paulo J.F.|last3=Penneys|first3=Darin S.|last4=Almeda|first4=Frank|last5=Kriebel|first5=Ricardo|year=2013|title=Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=171|pages=38–60|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tibouchina&commonname=|title=Tropicos - Name Search|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Tibouchina|title=Search results — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> Species of this genus are subshrubs, [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s and typically have purple flowers.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Melastomataceae.htm|title=Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew|website=www.kew.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> They are native to [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[South America]] where they are found as far south as northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/><ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|year=1993|title=Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae|journal=Nord. J. Bot.|volume=13|issue=5|pages=519–540|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x}}</ref> Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name ''Tibouchina'' is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.<ref name=":0"/> A [[Systematics|systematic]] study in 2013 showed that as then [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the genus was [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]],<ref name=":04"/> and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''[[Pleroma (plant)|Pleroma]]'' and ''[[Chaetogastra]]'', and a new genus, ''[[Andesanthus]]''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>
'''''Tibouchina''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɪ|b|uː|ˈ|k|aɪ|n|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref><ref name=":0">"Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.</ref> is a [[Neotropical realm|neotropical]] [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] in the family [[Melastomataceae]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last1=Michelangeli|first1=Fabian|last2=Guimaraes|first2=Paulo J.F.|last3=Penneys|first3=Darin S.|last4=Almeda|first4=Frank|last5=Kriebel|first5=Ricardo|year=2013|title=Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=171|pages=38–60|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tibouchina&commonname=|title=Tropicos - Name Search|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Tibouchina|title=Search results — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> Species of this genus are subshrubs, [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s and typically have purple flowers.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Melastomataceae.htm|title=Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew|website=www.kew.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> They are native to [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[South America]] where they are found as far south as northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/><ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|year=1993|title=Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae|journal=Nord. J. Bot.|volume=13|issue=5|pages=519–540|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x}}</ref> Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name ''Tibouchina'' is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.<ref name=":0"/> A [[Systematics|systematic]] study in 2013 showed that as then [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the genus was [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]],<ref name=":04"/> and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''[[Pleroma (plant)|Pleroma]]'' and ''[[Chaetogastra]]'', and a new genus, ''[[Andesanthus]]''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>


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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Tibouchina'' was established by [[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aublet]] in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, ''[[Tibouchina aspera|T. aspera]]'', which is thus the type species.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=Guimarães|first=Paulo José Fernandes|year=2014|title=Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil|journal=Novon|volume=23 |issue=1|pages=42–46|doi=10.3417/2012029}}</ref><ref name=":212">{{Cite book|title=Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredesplan00aublgoog|last=Aublet|first=Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée|publisher=& se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune|year=1775|pages=446–448}}</ref> In 1885, in his treatment for ''Flora brasiliensis'', [[Alfred Cogniaux]] used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in ''Chaetogastra'', ''Diplostegium'', ''Lasiandra'', ''Pleroma'' and ''Purpurella'', among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>
The genus ''Tibouchina'' was established by [[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aublet]] in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, ''[[Tibouchina aspera|T. aspera]]'', which is thus the type species.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=Guimarães|first=Paulo José Fernandes|year=2014|title=Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil|journal=Novon|volume=23 |issue=1|pages=42–46|doi=10.3417/2012029|s2cid=84301952 }}</ref><ref name=":212">{{Cite book|title=Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredesplan00aublgoog|last=Aublet|first=Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée|publisher=& se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune|year=1775|pages=446–448}}</ref> In 1885, in his treatment for ''Flora brasiliensis'', [[Alfred Cogniaux]] used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in ''Chaetogastra'', ''Diplostegium'', ''Lasiandra'', ''Pleroma'' and ''Purpurella'', among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>


===Phylogeny===
===Phylogeny===
A [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 [[plastid]] and 1 [[Cell nucleus|nuclear]] regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of ''Tibouchina'' was paraphyletic. Four major [[clade]]s were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.<ref name=":04"/> Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing ''Tibouchina aspera'' remains ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154 |last1=McNeill |first1=J. |last2=Barrie |first2=F.R. |last3=Buck |first3=W.R.|last4=Demoulin |first4=V. |last5=Greuter |first5=W. |last6=Hawksworth |first6=D.L. |last7=Herendeen |first7=P.S. |last8=Knapp |first8=S. |last9=Marhold |first9=K. |publisher=Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6}}</ref>
A [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 [[plastid]] and 1 [[Cell nucleus|nuclear]] regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of ''Tibouchina'' was paraphyletic. Four major [[clade]]s were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.<ref name=":04"/> Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing ''Tibouchina aspera'' remains ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154 |last1=McNeill |first1=J. |last2=Barrie |first2=F.R. |last3=Buck |first3=W.R.|last4=Demoulin |first4=V. |last5=Greuter |first5=W. |last6=Hawksworth |first6=D.L. |last7=Herendeen |first7=P.S. |last8=Knapp |first8=S. |last9=Marhold |first9=K. |publisher=Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6}}</ref>


A further [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''[[Pleroma (plant)|Pleroma]]'' and ''[[Chaetogastra]]'', and a new genus, ''[[Andesanthus]]''. The relationship between ''Chaetogastra'' and the genus ''[[Brachyotum]]'' differed between a [[maximum likelihood estimation|maximum likelihood]] analysis and a [[Bayesian inference]] analysis: the former found ''Brachyotum'' embedded within ''Chaetogastra'', the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood [[cladogram]] which includes former ''Tibouchina'' species is as follows,<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/> using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' s.l.:
A further [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''[[Pleroma (plant)|Pleroma]]'' and ''[[Chaetogastra]]'', and a new genus, ''[[Andesanthus]]''. The relationship between ''Chaetogastra'' and the genus ''[[Brachyotum]]'' differed between a [[maximum likelihood estimation|maximum likelihood]] analysis and a [[Bayesian inference]] analysis: the former found ''Brachyotum'' embedded within ''Chaetogastra'', the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood [[cladogram]] which includes former ''Tibouchina'' species is as follows,<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/> using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' s.l.:
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}}
}}


As re-circumscribed, ''Tibouchina'' is [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and contains species belonging to the traditional sections ''T.'' section ''Tibouchina'' and ''T.'' section ''Barbigerae''.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":04" /> Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like [[trichome]]s on the [[hypanthium]] and [[Leaf|leaves]] and a long pedoconnective on lilac [[anthers]], and the absence of glandular trichomes.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ana Luiza Freitas|last2=Guimarães|first2=Paulo José Fernandes|last3=Romero|first3=Rosana|year=2015|title=Validation of the Names ''Tibouchina albescens'' and ''Tibouchina nigricans'' (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=40 |issue=4|pages=1003–1011|doi=10.1600/036364415x690049}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> Species are found in [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=":33"/>
As re-circumscribed, ''Tibouchina'' is [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and contains species belonging to the traditional sections ''T.'' section ''Tibouchina'' and ''T.'' section ''Barbigerae''.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":04" /> Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like [[trichome]]s on the [[hypanthium]] and [[Leaf|leaves]] and a long pedoconnective on lilac [[anthers]], and the absence of glandular trichomes.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ana Luiza Freitas|last2=Guimarães|first2=Paulo José Fernandes|last3=Romero|first3=Rosana|year=2015|title=Validation of the Names ''Tibouchina albescens'' and ''Tibouchina nigricans'' (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=40 |issue=4|pages=1003–1011|doi=10.1600/036364415x690049|s2cid=86179249 }}</ref><ref name=":04" /> Species are found in [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=":33"/>


===Species===
===Species===
{{As of|2022|May}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the following species within ''Tibouchina'':<ref name=POWO_30000734-2>{{cite web |title=''Tibouchina'' Aubl. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000734-2 |access-date=2022-05-02 }}</ref>
{{As of|2022|May}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the following species within ''Tibouchina'':<ref name=POWO_30000734-2>{{cite web |title=''Tibouchina'' Aubl. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000734-2 |access-date=2022-05-02 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Tibouchina aegopogon]]'' <small>(Naudin) Cogn.</small>
*''[[Tibouchina aegopogon]]'' <small>(Naudin) Cogn.</small>
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*''[[Tibouchina karstenii]]'' <small>Cogn.</small>
*''[[Tibouchina karstenii]]'' <small>Cogn.</small>
*''[[Tibouchina lithophila]]'' <small>Wurdack</small>
*''[[Tibouchina lithophila]]'' <small>Wurdack</small>
*''[[Tibouchina lepidota]]'' <small>P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.</small>
*''[[Tibouchina llanorum]]'' <small>Wurdack</small>
*''[[Tibouchina llanorum]]'' <small>Wurdack</small>
*''[[Tibouchina mathaei]]'' <small>Cogn.</small>
*''[[Tibouchina mathaei]]'' <small>Cogn.</small>
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===Selected former species===
===Selected former species===
Species placed in ''Tibouchina'' in its former broad sense include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''Tibouchina anderssonii'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra anderssonii]]''
*''Tibouchina anderssonii'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra anderssonii]]''
*''Tibouchina asperior'' <small>(Cham.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma asperius]]''
*''Tibouchina campii'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra campii]]''
*''Tibouchina campii'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra campii]]''
*''Tibouchina ciliaris'' <small>(Vent.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra ciliaris]]''
*''Tibouchina ciliaris'' <small>(Vent.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra ciliaris]]''
*''Tibouchina clinopodifolia'' <small>(DC.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra clinopodifolia]]''
*''Tibouchina elegans'' <small>Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma elegans]]''
*''Tibouchina elegans'' <small>Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma elegans]]''
*''Tibouchina francavillana'' <small>Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma francavillanum]]''
*''Tibouchina gleasoniana'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Andesanthus gleasonianus]]''
*''Tibouchina gleasoniana'' <small>Wurdack</small>, synonym of ''[[Andesanthus gleasonianus]]''
*''Tibouchina granulosa'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma granulosum]]''
*''Tibouchina granulosa'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma granulosum]]''
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*''Tibouchina lepidota'' <small>(Bonpl.) Baill.</small>, synonym of ''[[Andesanthus lepidotus]]''
*''Tibouchina lepidota'' <small>(Bonpl.) Baill.</small>, synonym of ''[[Andesanthus lepidotus]]''
*''Tibouchina mollis'' <small>(Bonpl.) Bonpl.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra mollis]]''
*''Tibouchina mollis'' <small>(Bonpl.) Bonpl.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra mollis]]''
*''Tibouchina mutabilis'' <small>(Vell.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma mutabile]]''
*''Tibouchina oroensis'' <small>Gleason</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra oroensis]]''
*''Tibouchina oroensis'' <small>Gleason</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra oroensis]]''
*''Tibouchina pereirae'' <small>Brade & Markgr.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma pereirae]]''
*''Tibouchina pulchra'' <small>(Cham.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma raddianum]]''
*''Tibouchina pulchra'' <small>(Cham.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma raddianum]]''
*''Tibouchina rufipilis'' <small>(Schltdl.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra rufipilis]]''
*''Tibouchina semidecandra'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma semidecandrum]]''
*''Tibouchina semidecandra'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma semidecandrum]]''
*''Tibouchina trichopoda'' <small>(DC.) Baill.</small>, synonym of ''[[Pleroma trichopodum]]''
*''Tibouchina urvilleana'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma urvilleanum]]'' - princess flower, glory bush
*''Tibouchina urvilleana'', synonym of ''[[Pleroma urvilleanum]]'' - princess flower, glory bush
*''Tibouchina versicolor'' <small>(Lindl.) Cogn.</small>, synonym of ''[[Chaetogastra versicolor]]''
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== Distribution and invasive potential ==
== Distribution and invasive potential ==
All the species of ''Tibouchina'' are native to the Americas as far north as [[Mexico]] south to northern [[Argentina]],<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> with many found in [[Brazil]],<ref name=":04"/> and others in [[Belize]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> Members of ''Tibouchina'' tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the [[Andes]].<ref name=":04"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rojas|first1=Ruilova, Xavier |last2=Isabel |first2=Marques |date=2016-10-01 |title=Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of ''Tibouchina'' (Melastomataceae) |journal=Plant Species Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=288 |doi=10.1111/1442-1984.12114 |issn=1442-1984}}</ref> All ''Tibouchina'' species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered [[noxious weed]]s in [[Hawaii]],<ref name="HawaiiNoxiousWeedRules">Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title&nbsp;4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle&nbsp;6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter&nbsp;68, Noxious Weed Rules ({{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204194326/http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, cited&nbsp;5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref> because of their high potential for being [[invasive species]].<ref name="TibHerPIER">''Tibouchina urvilleana'': Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref><ref name="TibLonStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina longifolia'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211171902/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |archive-date=11 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref><ref name="TibUrvStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina urvilleana'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223054426/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref> Many species, such as ''[[Tibouchina araguaiensis |T.&nbsp;araguaiensis]]'', ''[[Tibouchina papyrus|T.&nbsp;papyrus]]'', ''[[Tibouchina mathaei|T.&nbsp;mathaei]]'' and ''[[Tibouchina nigricans|T.&nbsp;nigricans]]'', have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including ''[[Tibouchina aspera|T.&nbsp;aspera]]'', ''[[Tibouchina barbigera|T.&nbsp;barbigera]]'' and ''[[Tibouchina bipenicillata|T.&nbsp;bipenicillata]]'', have broader distributions.
All the species of ''Tibouchina'' are native to the Americas as far north as [[Mexico]] south to northern [[Argentina]],<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> with many found in [[Brazil]],<ref name=":04"/> and others in [[Belize]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> Members of ''Tibouchina'' tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the [[Andes]].<ref name=":04"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rojas|first1=Ruilova, Xavier |last2=Isabel |first2=Marques |date=2016-10-01 |title=Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of ''Tibouchina'' (Melastomataceae) |journal=Plant Species Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=288 |doi=10.1111/1442-1984.12114 |issn=1442-1984|doi-access=free }}</ref> All ''Tibouchina'' species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered [[noxious weed]]s in [[Hawaii]],<ref name="HawaiiNoxiousWeedRules">Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title&nbsp;4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle&nbsp;6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter&nbsp;68, Noxious Weed Rules ({{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204194326/http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, cited&nbsp;5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref> because of their high potential for being [[invasive species]].<ref name="TibHerPIER">''Tibouchina urvilleana'': Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref><ref name="TibLonStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina longifolia'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |title=Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina longifolia -- REPORT |access-date=2006-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211171902/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |archive-date=11 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref><ref name="TibUrvStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina urvilleana'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |title=Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina urvilleana -- REPORT |access-date=2007-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223054426/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5&nbsp;February&nbsp;2007)</ref> Many species, such as ''[[Tibouchina araguaiensis|T.&nbsp;araguaiensis]]'', ''[[Tibouchina papyrus|T.&nbsp;papyrus]]'', ''[[Tibouchina mathaei|T.&nbsp;mathaei]]'' and ''[[Tibouchina nigricans|T.&nbsp;nigricans]]'', have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including ''[[Tibouchina aspera|T.&nbsp;aspera]]'', ''[[Tibouchina barbigera|T.&nbsp;barbigera]]'' and ''[[Tibouchina bipenicillata|T.&nbsp;bipenicillata]]'', have broader distributions.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19>{{Cite journal |last1=Guimarães |first1=P.J.F. |last2=Michelangeli |first2=F.A. |last3=Sosa |first3=K. |last4=de Santiago Gómez |first4=J. |date=2019 |title=Systematics of ''Tibouchina'' and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification |journal=Taxon |volume=68 |pages=937–1002 |doi=10.1002/tax.12151 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19>{{Cite journal |last1=Guimarães |first1=P.J.F. |last2=Michelangeli |first2=F.A. |last3=Sosa |first3=K. |last4=de Santiago Gómez |first4=J. |date=2019 |title=Systematics of ''Tibouchina'' and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification |journal=Taxon |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=937–1002 |doi=10.1002/tax.12151 |s2cid=213372275 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
}}
}}


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[[Category:Tibouchina| ]]
[[Category:Tibouchina| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Flora of South America]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Flora of Brazil]]
[[Category:Flora of Brazil]]
[[Category:Melastomataceae genera]]
[[Category:Melastomataceae genera]]

Latest revision as of 21:38, 17 May 2024

Tibouchina
Tibouchina papyrus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Melastomataceae
Genus: Tibouchina
Aubl.[1]
Type species
Tibouchina aspera
Aubl.
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Bractearia DC. ex Steud.
  • Gynomphis Raf.
  • Savastania Scop.

Tibouchina /ˌtɪbuːˈkaɪnə/[2][3] is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae.[4][5][6] Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers.[7] They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina.[1][7][8] Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.[3] A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic,[4] and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus.[9]

Description

[edit]

Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching. The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age. There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones. The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages. When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled).[9]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, T. aspera, which is thus the type species.[10][11] In 1885, in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis, Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra, Diplostegium, Lasiandra, Pleroma and Purpurella, among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina.[9]

Phylogeny

[edit]

A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina was paraphyletic. Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.[4] Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing Tibouchina aspera remains Tibouchina.[12]

A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus. The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra, the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows,[9] using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina s.l.:

Tibouchina s.s.

Pleroma

clade 1 (other genera)

clade 2 (other genera)

Andesanthus

Chaetogastra / Brachyotum

As re-circumscribed, Tibouchina is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections T. section Tibouchina and T. section Barbigerae.[10][4] Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers, and the absence of glandular trichomes.[10][13][4] Species are found in savanna habitats.[10]

Species

[edit]

As of May 2022, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within Tibouchina:[1]

Selected former species

[edit]

Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include:

Distribution and invasive potential

[edit]

All the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina,[1] with many found in Brazil,[4] and others in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1] Members of Tibouchina tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes.[4][14] All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii,[15] because of their high potential for being invasive species.[16][17][18] Many species, such as T. araguaiensis, T. papyrus, T. mathaei and T. nigricans, have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including T. aspera, T. barbigera and T. bipenicillata, have broader distributions.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Tibouchina Aubl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ a b "Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Michelangeli, Fabian; Guimaraes, Paulo J.F.; Penneys, Darin S.; Almeda, Frank; Kriebel, Ricardo (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171: 38–60. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x.
  5. ^ "Tropicos - Name Search". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Search results — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  8. ^ Renner, Susanne S. (1993). "Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae". Nord. J. Bot. 13 (5): 519–540. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x.
  9. ^ a b c d Guimarães, P.J.F.; Michelangeli, F.A.; Sosa, K. & de Santiago Gómez, J. (2019). "Systematics of Tibouchina and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification". Taxon. 68 (5): 937–1002. doi:10.1002/tax.12151. S2CID 213372275.
  10. ^ a b c d Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes (2014). "Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil". Novon. 23 (1): 42–46. doi:10.3417/2012029. S2CID 84301952.
  11. ^ Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée (1775). Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1. & se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune. pp. 446–448.
  12. ^ McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6.
  13. ^ Oliveira, Ana Luiza Freitas; Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes; Romero, Rosana (2015). "Validation of the Names Tibouchina albescens and Tibouchina nigricans (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil". Systematic Botany. 40 (4): 1003–1011. doi:10.1600/036364415x690049. S2CID 86179249.
  14. ^ Rojas, Ruilova, Xavier; Isabel, Marques (1 October 2016). "Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae)". Plant Species Biology. 31 (4): 288. doi:10.1111/1442-1984.12114. ISSN 1442-1984.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle 6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter 68, Noxious Weed Rules ("Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), cited 5 February 2007)
  16. ^ Tibouchina urvilleana: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5 February 2007)
  17. ^ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina longifolia ("Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina longifolia -- REPORT". Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2006., accessed 5 February 2007)
  18. ^ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina urvilleana ("Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina urvilleana -- REPORT". Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2007., accessed 5 February 2007)
[edit]
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