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{{Short description|Pseudogene in the species Homo sapiens}}
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The '''MYH16 gene''' encodes a protein called [[myosin]] heavy chain 16 which is a muscle protein in mammals. At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the [[temporalis]] and [[masseter]] muscles of the jaw.<ref name="carroll">{{cite book |author=Carroll, Sean B. |title=Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=2005 |pages=272–274 |isbn=0-393-32779-5 }}</ref><ref name="stedman">{{cite journal | author = Stedman, H.H.; Kozyak, B.W.; Nelson, A.; Thesier, D.M.; Su, L.T.; Low, D.W.; Bridges, C.R.; Shrager, J.B.; Purvis, N.M. & Mitchell, M.A. | title = Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage | journal = Nature | volume = 428 | issue = 6981 | pages = 415–8 | doi = 10.1038/nature02358 | pmid = 15042088 | date = 25 March 2004}}</ref> Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in [[muscle]] contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.<ref name="carroll"/> In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles. In humans, the MYH16 gene has a [[mutation]] which causes the protein not to function.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.]] | date = 2006-04-11 | volume = 103 | issue = 15 | pages = 5676–81 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 | pmc=1458632 | title = Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development | author = Tiago V. Pereira, Francisco M. Salzano, Adrianna Mostowska, Wieslaw H. Trzeciak, Andrés Ruiz-Linares, José A. B. Chies, Carmen Saavedra, Cleusa Nagamachi, Ana M. Hurtado, Kim Hill, Dinorah Castro-de-Guerra, Wilson A. Silva-Júnior, and Maria-Cátira Bortolini | pmid = 16585527 }}</ref> Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other [[ape]]s is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased [[brain size]] and finer control of the jaw which facilitates speech.<ref name="carroll"/> It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).<ref name="carroll"/>
{{infobox_gene}}


⚫
The '''MYH16 gene''' encodes a protein called [[myosin]] heavy chain 16, which is a muscle protein in mammals. At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the [[temporalis]] and [[masseter]] muscles of the jaw.<ref name="carroll">{{cite book |author=Carroll, Sean B. |title=Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=2005 |pages=272–274 |isbn=0-393-32779-5 }}</ref><ref name="stedman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA | title = Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage | journal = Nature | volume = 428 | issue = 6981 | pages = 415–8 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15042088 | doi = 10.1038/nature02358 | bibcode = 2004Natur.428..415S | s2cid = 4304466 }}</ref> Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in [[muscle]] contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.<ref name="carroll"/> In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles. In humans, the MYH16 gene has a [[mutation]] that causes the protein not to function.<ref name="pmid16585527">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC | title = Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 103 | issue = 15 | pages = 5676–81 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16585527 | pmc = 1458632 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.5676P | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other [[ape]]s is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased [[brain size]] and finer control of the jaw, which facilitates speech.<ref name="carroll"/> It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).<ref name="carroll"/>
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The initial discovery of the human MYH16 mutation was published in 2004 by a team at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] led by [[Hansell H. Stedman]].<ref name="stedman"/> The date of the mutation has variously been estimated at about 2.4 million years ago<ref name="stedman"/> or 5.3 million years ago.<ref name="perry">{{cite journal | author = Perry, G.H.; Verrelli, B.C. & Stone, A.C. | year = 2005 | title = Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16 | journal = Mol Biol Evol | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 379–382 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi004 | pmid = 15470226 | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/3/379 }}</ref>


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The initial discovery of the human MYH16 mutation was published in 2004 by a team at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] led by [[Hansell H. Stedman]].<ref name="stedman"/> The date of the mutation has variously been estimated at 2.4 million years ago<ref name="stedman"/> or 5.3 million years ago.<ref name="perry">{{cite journal | vauthors = Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC | title = Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16 | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 379–82 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15470226 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi004 | s2cid = 44618003 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The MYH16 gene is present in [[dog]]s,<ref name="perry"/> but does not appear to be present in [[Mus musculus|mice]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2134963 | journal = PLoS Comput Biol. | year = 2007 | month = December | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = e247 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247 | title = Comparative Genomics Search for Losses of Long-Established Genes on the Human Lineage | author = Jingchun Zhu1, J. Zachary Sanborn, Mark Diekhans, Craig B. Lowe, Tom H. Pringle, David Haussler | pmid = 18085818 }}</ref>

The MYH16 gene is present in [[dog]]s,<ref name="perry"/> but does not appear to be present in [[Mus musculus|mice]].<ref name="pmid18085818">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu J, Sanborn JZ, Diekhans M, Lowe CB, Pringle TH, Haussler D | title = Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage | journal = PLOS Comput. Biol. | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = e247 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18085818 | pmc = 2134963 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247 | bibcode = 2007PLSCB...3..247Z | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.sciscoop.com/story/2004/3/24/65831/0337 Story from Science Scoop]
* [http://www.sciscoop.com/story/2004/3/24/65831/0337 Story from Science Scoop]
* {{cite journal |author=Hopkin M |title=Jaw-dropping theory of human evolution |journal=Nature News |date=25 March 2004 |doi=10.1038/news040322-9 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Hopkin M |title=Jaw-dropping theory of human evolution |journal=Nature News |date=25 March 2004 |doi=10.1038/news040322-9 }}
* [http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?match=MYH16 MYH16] from the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee database
* {{cite web | url = https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:493 | title = Symbol Report: MYH16 | publisher = HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) }}

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[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Mammal genes]]


{{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}
{{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}

{{evolution-stub}}
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[[Category:Mammal genes]]

Latest revision as of 15:54, 23 May 2024

MYH16
Identifiers
AliasesMYH16, MHC20, MYH16P, MYH5, myosin, heavy chain 16 pseudogene, myosin heavy chain 16 pseudogene, MYH16 gene
External IDsGeneCards: MYH16; OMA:MYH16 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

84176

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000002079

n/a

UniProt

n
a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 99.24 – 99.31 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

The MYH16 gene encodes a protein called myosin heavy chain 16, which is a muscle protein in mammals. At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the temporalis and masseter muscles of the jaw.[3][4] Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in muscle contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.[3] In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles. In humans, the MYH16 gene has a mutation that causes the protein not to function.[5] Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other apes is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased brain size and finer control of the jaw, which facilitates speech.[3] It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).[3]

The initial discovery of the human MYH16 mutation was published in 2004 by a team at the University of Pennsylvania led by Hansell H. Stedman.[4] The date of the mutation has variously been estimated at 2.4 million years ago[4] or 5.3 million years ago.[6]

The MYH16 gene is present in dogs,[6] but does not appear to be present in mice.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002079 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ a b c d Carroll, Sean B. (2005). Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom. New York: Norton. pp. 272–274. ISBN 0-393-32779-5.
  4. ^ a b c Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA (March 2004). "Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage". Nature. 428 (6981): 415–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..415S. doi:10.1038/nature02358. PMID 15042088. S2CID 4304466.
  5. ^ Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC (April 2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (15): 5676–81. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5676P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509562103. PMC 1458632. PMID 16585527.
  6. ^ a b Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC (March 2005). "Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 379–82. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi004. PMID 15470226. S2CID 44618003.
  7. ^ Zhu J, Sanborn JZ, Diekhans M, Lowe CB, Pringle TH, Haussler D (December 2007). "Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage". PLOS Comput. Biol. 3 (12): e247. Bibcode:2007PLSCB...3..247Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247. PMC 2134963. PMID 18085818.
[edit]
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