1807 in science: Difference between revisions

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The year 1807 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 29 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid which Carl Friedrich Gauss names Vesta.^[1]

Chemistry

Potassium and sodium are isolated by Sir Humphry Davy.
The use of fulminate in firearms is patented by Scottish clergyman Alexander John Forsyth.^[2]

Geology

The Geological Society is founded in London; among the more prominent founders are William Babington, James Parkinson, Humphry Davy and George Bellas Greenough.

Mathematics

William Wallace proves that any two simple polygons of equal area are equidecomposable, later known as the Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem.^[3]

Medicine

Samuel Hahnemann first introduces the term 'homeopathy' in an essay, "Indications of the Homeopathic Employment of Medicines in Ordinary Practice", published in Versammlung der Hufelandische medicinisch-chirurgischen Gesellschaft.^[4]
British Army surgeon John Vetch describes the keratoconjunctivitis ("Egyptian ophthalmia") suffered by troops returned from service overseas;^[5] he identifies it as epidemic.^[6]

Technology

July 20 – French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce receive a patent for their Pyréolophore, an early internal combustion engine, having demonstrated it powering a boat on the Saône.
August 17 – Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat makes her first trip from New York City to Albany.
November 19 – English inventor Lionel Lukin launches the world's first sailing self-righting rescue life-boat, the Frances Anne, at Lowestoft.^[7]
William Cubitt patents self-regulating sails for windmills.^[8]
Henry Maudslay patents an improved table engine.
William Hyde Wollaston patents the camera lucida.^[9]

Zoology

April 21 – The Tasmanian devil is first described, by George Prideaux Robert Harris.^[10]

Publications

Alexander von Humboldt's Le Voyage aux Régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland begins publication.
Thomas Young's A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts published.

Awards

Copley Medal: Everard Home^[11]

Births

January 28 – Robert McClure, Irish-born Arctic explorer (died 1873)
May 28 – Louis Agassiz, Swiss-born American zoologist and geologist (died 1873)
November 14 – Auguste Laurent, French chemist (died 1853)
November 30 – William Farr, English epidemiologist (died 1883)

Deaths

February 27 – Louise du Pierry, French astronomer (born 1746)
April 4 – Jérôme Lalande, French astronomer (born 1732)
December 5 – Francis Willis, English physician specialising in mental disorders (born 1718)

References

^ "4 Vesta". JPL Small-Body Database Browser. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
^ "Rifled Breech Loader". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ Stewart, Ian (1996). From Here to Infinity (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-283202-3.
^ Gumpert, Martin (1945). Hahnemann: the Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel (English-language ed.). New York: Fischer. p. 130.
^ Vetch, John (1807). An Account of the Ophthalmia. London: Longman.
^ Feibel, Robert M. (1983). "John Vetch and the Egyptian Ophthalmia". Survey of Ophthalmology. History of Ophthalmology. 28: 128–34.
^ Malster, Robert, ed. (2013). The Minute Books of the Suffolk Humane Society... and the world's first sailing lifeboat. Suffolk Records Society, vol. 56. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-805-0.
^ Brown, Peter. "Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861)". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
^ Hammond, John; Austin, Jill (1987). The camera lucida in art and science. Taylor & Francis.
^ Harris, G. P. (1807). "Description of two new Species of Didelphis from Van Diemen's Land". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 9: 174–78. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1818.tb00336.x. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

[1] "4 Vesta". JPL Small-Body Database Browser. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-08-09.

[2] "Rifled Breech Loader". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

[3] Stewart, Ian (1996). From Here to Infinity (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-283202-3.

[4] Gumpert, Martin (1945). Hahnemann: the Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel (English-language ed.). New York: Fischer. p. 130.

[5] Vetch, John (1807). An Account of the Ophthalmia. London: Longman.

[6] Feibel, Robert M. (1983). "John Vetch and the Egyptian Ophthalmia". Survey of Ophthalmology. History of Ophthalmology. 28: 128–34.

[7] Malster, Robert, ed. (2013). The Minute Books of the Suffolk Humane Society... and the world's first sailing lifeboat. Suffolk Records Society, vol. 56. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-805-0.

[8] Brown, Peter. "Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861)". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-18.

[9] Hammond, John; Austin, Jill (1987). The camera lucida in art and science. Taylor & Francis.

[10] Harris, G. P. (1807). "Description of two new Species of Didelphis from Van Diemen's Land". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 9: 174–78. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1818.tb00336.x. Retrieved 2015-12-10.

[11] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 {{Year nav topic5|1807|science}}
+{{Science year nav|1807}}
 The year '''1807 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.
 ==Astronomy==
-* March 29 – [[Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers|H. W. Olbers]] discovers the [[asteroid]] which [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] names [[4 Vesta|Vesta]].<ref>{{cite web|work=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|title=4 Vesta|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}</ref>
+* March 29 – [[Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers|H. W. Olbers]] discovers the [[asteroid]] which [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] names [[4 Vesta|Vesta]].<ref>{{cite web|work=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|title=4 Vesta|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|accessdate=2011-08-09}}</ref>
 ==Chemistry==
 * [[Potassium]] and [[sodium]] are isolated by Sir [[Humphry Davy]].
-* The use of [[fulminate]] in firearms is [[patent]]ed by the [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Alexander John Forsyth]] of [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/rifle-history.htm|title=Rifled Breech Loader|publisher=globalsecurity.org| accessdate= 22 September 2011 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
+* The use of [[fulminate]] in firearms is [[patent]]ed by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] clergyman [[Alexander John Forsyth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/rifle-history.htm|title=Rifled Breech Loader|publisher=globalsecurity.org| accessdate= 22 September 2011 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
 ==Geology==
@@ Line 14: / Line 16: @@
 ==Mathematics==
-* [[William Wallace (mathematician)|William Wallace]] proves that any two simple [[polygon]]s of equal [[area]] are equidecomposable, later known as the [[Bolyai–Gerwien theorem]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Stewart|title=From Here to Infinity|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-283202-3|page=169}}</ref>
+* [[William Wallace (mathematician)|William Wallace]] proves that any two simple [[polygon]]s of equal [[area]] are equidecomposable, later known as the [[Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Stewart|title=From Here to Infinity|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-283202-3|page=169}}</ref>
 ==Medicine==
 * [[Samuel Hahnemann]] first introduces the term '[[homeopathy]]' in an essay, "Indications of the Homeopathic Employment of Medicines in Ordinary Practice", published in ''Versammlung der Hufelandische medicinisch-chirurgischen Gesellschaft''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Gumpert|title=Hahnemann: the Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel|url=https://archive.org/details/hahnemannadventu0000gump|url-access=registration|edition=English-language|location=New York|publisher=Fischer|year=1945|page=[https://archive.org/details/hahnemannadventu0000gump/page/130 130]}}</ref>
+* British Army surgeon [[John Vetch]] describes the [[keratoconjunctivitis]] ("Egyptian ophthalmia") suffered by troops returned from service overseas;<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Vetch|title=An Account of the Ophthalmia|location=London|publisher=Longman|year=1807}}</ref> he identifies it as epidemic.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert M.|last=Feibel|title=John Vetch and the Egyptian Ophthalmia|series=History of Ophthalmology|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=28|year=1983|pages=128–34|url=https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/0039-6257(83)90082-6/fulltext}}</ref>
 ==Technology==
-* July 20 – [[French people|French]] brothers [[Claude Niépce|Claude]] and [[Nicéphore Niépce]] receive a [[patent]] for their [[Pyréolophore]], an early [[internal combustion engine]], having demonstrated it powering a boat on the [[Saône]].
+* July 20 – French brothers [[Claude Niépce|Claude]] and [[Nicéphore Niépce]] receive a [[patent]] for their [[Pyréolophore]], an early [[internal combustion engine]], having demonstrated it powering a boat on the [[Saône]].
-* August 17 – [[Robert Fulton]]'s [[North River Steamboat]] makes her first trip from [[New York City|New York]] to [[Albany, New York|Albany]].
+* August 17 – [[Robert Fulton]]'s [[North River Steamboat]] makes her first trip from New York City to [[Albany, New York|Albany]].
 * November 19 – English inventor [[Lionel Lukin]] launches the world's first sailing self-righting [[Lifeboat (rescue)|rescue life-boat]], the ''Frances Anne'', at [[Lowestoft]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Malster, Robert|title=The Minute Books of the Suffolk Humane Society... and the world's first sailing lifeboat|location=Woodbridge|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2013|series=Suffolk Records Society, vol. 56|isbn=978-1-84383-805-0}}</ref>
 * [[William Cubitt]] patents [[Windmill sail#Patent sails|self-regulating sails]] for [[windmill]]s.<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last=Brown|title=Sir William Cubitt (1785-1861)|url=http://www.peter-quita.demon.co.uk/cubitt.htm|accessdate=2011-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105157/http://www.peter-quita.demon.co.uk/cubitt.htm|archivedate=16 July 2011 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
@@ Line 31: / Line 34: @@
 ==Publications==
-* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s {{Lang|fr|Le Voyage aux Régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799-1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland}} begins publication.
+* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s {{Lang|fr|Le Voyage aux Régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland}} begins publication.
 * [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]]'s ''A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts'' published.
 ==Awards==
+* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Everard Home]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 }}</ref>
-* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Everard Home]]
 ==Births==
@@ Line 45: / Line 48: @@
 ==Deaths==
 * February 27 – [[Louise du Pierry]], French astronomer (born [[1746 in science|1746]])
-* April 4 – [[Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande]], French astronomer (born [[1732 in science|1732]])
+* April 4 – [[Jérôme Lalande]], French astronomer (born [[1732 in science|1732]])
 * December 5 – [[Francis Willis (physician)|Francis Willis]], English physician specialising in mental disorders (born [[1718 in science|1718]])