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Ki (Sumerian: 𒀭𒆠) was the earth goddess in Sumerian religion, chief consort of the sky god An.^[1] In some legends^[2] Ki and An were brother and sister, being the offspring of Anshar ("Sky Pivot") and Kishar ("Earth Pivot"), earlier personifications of the heavens and earth.

By her consort Anu (also known as Anunna), Ki gave birth to Anunnaki, the most prominent of these deities being Enlil, god of the air. According to legends, the heavens and earth were once inseparable until Enlil was born; Enlil cleaved the heavens and earth in two. An carried away the heavens. Ki, in company with Enlil, took the Earth. Ki marries her son, Enlil, and from this union all the plant and animal life on Earth is produced.^[3]

Some authorities question whether Ki was regarded as a deity since there is no evidence of a cult and the name appears only in a limited number of Sumerian creation texts. Samuel Noah Kramer identifies Ki with the Sumerian mother goddess Ninhursag and claims that they were originally the same figure.^[3]

She later developed into the Babylonian and Akkadian goddess Antu^{[citation needed]}, consort of the god Anu (from Sumerian An).

Family

Ki was the wife and chief consort of Anu, the god of the Sky. They are thought to be brother and sister, who could both be offspring of the god named Anshar (the sky pivot) and Kishar (the earth pivot). Making Anshar and Kishar her father and mother.^[2]

Ki was a mother to one child, who was named Enlil. Her son Enlil, the god of Air, was part of the Anunnaki. Ki ends up marrying her son, Enlil, and according to the myth this was how the plants and animals were created on Earth.^[3]

Cuneiform sign

Cuneiform Ki (k) (I) (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 𒆠) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI₅, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR₇ (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe.^[4]

References

^ Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (англ.). — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. — P. 326. — ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5.
^ ^a ^b Hardy, James (2022-04-22). "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods: Nammu, Enki, Enlil, and More! | History Cooperative". Retrieved 2024-08-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kramer, Samuel Noah (2020-03-05). Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83974-294-1.
^ "Penn State".

Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002^{[full citation needed]}
Creation and Chaos : A Reconsideration of Hermann Gunkel's Chaoskampf Hypothesis, edited by JoAnn Scurlock, and Richard H. Beal, Penn State University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Holland, Glenn S. Gods in the Desert : Religions of the Ancient Near East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Leick, Gwendolyn, and Dr, Gwendo Leick. A Dictionary of Ancient near Eastern Mythology, Taylor & Francis Group, 1991. ProQuest Ebook Central.
https://www.geni.com/people/Ki-Goddess-of-the-Earth/6000000003645882297

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[1] Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (англ.). — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. — P. 326. — ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5.

[:0-2] Hardy, James (2022-04-22). "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods: Nammu, Enki, Enlil, and More! | History Cooperative". Retrieved 2024-08-01.

[:1-3] Kramer, Samuel Noah (2020-03-05). Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83974-294-1.

[4] "Penn State".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Babylonian earth goddess}}'''Ki''' (Sumerian: {{cuneiform|𒀭𒆠}}) was the [[earth goddess]] in [[Sumerian religion]], chief consort of the sky god [[Anu|An]].<ref>Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (англ.). — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. — P. 326. — {{ISBN|978-0-19-283589-5}}.</ref>  In some legends<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=James |date=2022-04-22 |title=The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods: Nammu, Enki, Enlil, and More! {{!}} History Cooperative |url=https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ki and An were brother and sister, being the offspring of [[Anshar]] ("Sky Pivot") and [[Kishar]] ("Earth Pivot"), earlier personifications of the heavens and earth.
-{{Short description|Babylonian earth goddess}}
-{{No footnotes|date=June 2015}}
+By her consort Anu (also known as Anunna), Ki gave birth to [[Anunnaki]], the most prominent of these deities being [[Enlil]], god of the air. According to legends, the heavens and earth were once inseparable until Enlil was born; Enlil cleaved the heavens and earth in two. An carried away the heavens. Ki, in company with Enlil, took the Earth. Ki marries her son, Enlil, and from this union all the plant and animal life on Earth is produced.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|url=|title=Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.|date=2020-03-05|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|isbn=978-1-83974-294-1|language=en}}</ref>
-'''Ki''' (Sumerian: {{cuneiform|𒀭𒆠}}) was the [[earth goddess]] in [[Sumerian religion]], chief consort of the sky god [[Anu|An]].<ref>Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (англ.). — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. — P. 326. — {{ISBN|978-0-19-283589-5}}.</ref>  In some legends{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} Ki and An were brother and sister, being the offspring of [[Anshar]] ("Sky Pivot") and [[Kishar]] ("Earth Pivot"), earlier personifications of the heavens and earth.
+Some authorities question whether Ki was regarded as a deity since there is no evidence of a [[Cult (religion)|cult]] and the name appears only in a limited number of Sumerian creation texts. Samuel Noah Kramer identifies Ki with the Sumerian mother goddess [[Ninhursag]] and claims that they were originally the same figure.<ref name=":1" />
-By her consort Anu (also known as Anunna), Ki gave birth to [[Anunnaki]], the most prominent of these deities being [[Enlil]], god of the air. According to legends, the heavens and earth were once inseparable until Enlil was born; Enlil cleaved the heavens and earth in two. An carried away the heavens. Ki, in company with Enlil, took the Earth. Ki marries her son, Enlil, and from this union all the plant and animal life on Earth is produced.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|url=|title=Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.|date=2020-03-05|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|isbn=978-1-83974-294-1|language=en}}</ref>
-Some authorities question whether Ki was regarded as a deity since there is no evidence of a [[Cult (religion)|cult]] and the name appears only in a limited number of Sumerian creation texts. Samuel Noah Kramer identifies Ki with the Sumerian mother goddess [[Ninhursag]] and claims that they were originally the same figure.
 She later developed into the Babylonian and Akkadian goddess [[Antu (goddess)|Antu]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}, consort of the god [[Anu]] (from Sumerian [[An (mythology)|An]]).
@@ Line 12: / Line 9: @@
 == Family ==
-Ki was the wife and chief consort of Anu, the god of the Sky. They are thought to be brother and sister, who could both be offspring of the god named [[Anshar]] (the sky pivot) and [[Kishar]] (the earth pivot). Making Anshar and Kishar her father and mother.
+Ki was the wife and chief consort of Anu, the god of the Sky. They are thought to be brother and sister, who could both be offspring of the god named [[Anshar]] (the sky pivot) and [[Kishar]] (the earth pivot). Making Anshar and Kishar her father and mother.<ref name=":0" />
-Ki was a mother to 1, who was named Enlil. Her son Enlil the god of Air, was part of the Anunnaki. Ki ends up marrying her son, Enlil, and according to the myth this was how the plants and animals were created on Earth.
+Ki was a mother to one child, who was named Enlil. Her son Enlil, the god of Air, was part of the Anunnaki. Ki ends up marrying her son, Enlil, and according to the myth this was how the plants and animals were created on Earth.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Cuneiform sign==
 Cuneiform [[Ki (cuneiform)|Ki]] (k) (I)
-(Borger 2003 nr. 737; [[Unicode|U+121A0]] {{cuneiform|𒆠}}) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI<sub>5</sub>, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR<sub>7</sub> (=KI.GAG).
+(Borger 2003 nr. 737; [[Unicode|U+121A0]] {{cuneiform|𒆠}}) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI<sub>5</sub>, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR<sub>7</sub> (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values ''gi'', ''ge'', ''qi'', and ''qe''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0031826.html}}</ref>
-In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values ''gi'', ''ge'', ''qi'', and ''qe''.
 == References ==

v t e Sumerian mythology
Primordial beings	Abzu An Enmesharra Ki Nammu
Primary deities	Enki Enlil Inanna Nanna Ninhursag Utu
Other major deities	Dumuzid the Shepherd Ereshkigal Ishtaran Nergal Nisaba Ninazu Ninegal Ningal Ningishzida Ninlil Ninshubur Ninurta Nuska
Minor deities	Azimua Bitu Geshtinanna Gugalanna Hushbishag Isimud Namtar Ninimma Ninkasi Ninsianna Nimintabba Ninsun Nungal Sherida Ugur Uttu
Demons, spirits, and monsters	Asag Anzû Gallu Huwawa Mušḫuššu Udug Rabisu
Mortal heroes	Enkidu Enmerkar Etana Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Ziusudra