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{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian queen of 18th Dynasty of Egypt}}
{{Hiero|Mutnofret|<hiero>#:X1-G15-nfr-f:r:t</hiero>|align=right|era=nk}}
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{{Hiero|Mutnofret|<hiero>X1-G15-nfr-f:r:t</hiero>|align=right|era=nk}}'''Mutnofret''' ("[[Mut]] is Beautiful"), also rendered as Mutneferet or Mutnefert, was a queen during the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]. She was a secondary wife of [[Thutmose I]] and the mother of his successor [[Thutmose II]]; Thutmose I's chief wife, however, was his sister [[Queen Ahmose]], the mother of [[Hatshepsut]].<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139; Gauthier 1912: 224, 226, 234.</ref>
[[File:New-Kingdom-Queen.jpg|thumbnail|default|A Queen from the New Kingdom]]
⚫
'''Mutnofret''' (“[[Mut]] is Beautiful”), also rendered as Mutneferet & Mutnefert, was a queen during the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]]. She was a secondary wife of [[Thutmose I]]—[[Queen Ahmose]] was the chief wife—and the mother of [[Thutmose II]].<ref>Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, ISBN 0-500-05128-3, p.139</ref>


Based on her title of ''King's Daughter'',<ref>Gauthier 2012: 212; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 139, add also ''King's Sister'', but this seems to be unattested, although it could be inferred.</ref> she is likely to have been a daughter of [[Ahmose I]] and a sister of [[Amenhotep I]], who married the latter's successor Thutmose I.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131</ref> It is possible that she was also the mother of Thutmose I's other sons, [[Amenmose (prince)|Amenmose]] and [[Wadjmose]].<ref>Robins 1987: 274; Tyldesley 1998; a further alleged son, Ramose, is considered a son of Ahmose I by Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126-127, 129.</ref> The connection of Thutmose I and Thutmose II to the earlier kings Ahmose and Amenhotep I (and also the mother of Wadjmose and Amenmose) was conjectured to have been Queen Ahmose in older and sometimes even current literature.<ref>For example, Gauthier 1912: 224, n. 3; Roehring et al. 2005: 7, 11, 30.</ref> However, the absence of the title ''King's Daughter'' among the titles of Queen Ahmose has been considered decisive in indicating she was not the daughter of an earlier king, and owed her primacy to being the sister (as indicated by her title ''King's Sister'') of the new king Thutmose I, himself the son of non-reigning parents: his mother [[Senseneb|Senisonbe]] is titled only ''King's Mother''.<ref>Gauthier 1912: 209; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 128-129. Note that Queen Ahmose need not have been Thutmose I's full sister: Robins 1987: 274.</ref> The admittedly rare attestation of the title ''King's Daughter'' for Mutnofret suggests it was she, not Queen Ahmose, who connected their husband Thutmose I to his immediate predecessors.
Based on her titles of ''King's Daughter'' and ''King's Sister'', she is likely to have been a daughter of [[Ahmose I]] and a sister of [[Amenhotep I]].<ref>Dodson & Hilton, p.126</ref> It is likely that she was also the mother of Thutmose I's other sons, [[Amenmose (prince)|Amenmose]], [[Wadjmose]] and Ramose.<ref>Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 0-14-024464-6</ref>


She was depicted in the [[Deir el-Bahri]] temple built by her grandson [[Thutmose III]]; on a [[stela]] found at the [[Ramesseum]]; on the colossus of her son; and a statue of her bearing a dedication by Thutmose II was found in Wadjmose's chapel.<ref>Dodson & Hilton, p.139</ref> This suggests that Mutnofret was still alive during her son's reign.<ref>Ian Shaw [ed.]: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, pp.231 & 236</ref>
Mutnofret was depicted in the [[Deir el-Bahri]] temple built by her grandson [[Thutmose III]]; on a [[stela]] found at the [[Ramesseum]]; on the colossus of her son; and a statue of her bearing a dedication by Thutmose II was found in Wadjmose's chapel.<ref>Gauthier 1912: 226; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139</ref> This suggests that Mutnofret was still alive during her son's reign.<ref>Shaw 2000: 231, 236.</ref>


==Sources==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton, ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'', Thames & Hudson, 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}
* Gauthier, Henri, ''Livre des rois d'Égypte'', vol. 2, Cairo 1912.
* Robins, Gay, Review of Michel Gitton, ''Les Divines Épouses de la 18e dynastie'', Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987) 272-276.
* Roehring, Catherine, et al. (eds.), ''Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh'', New York, 2005.
* Shaw, Ian (ed.), ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Oxford, 2000.
* Tyldesley, Joyce, ''Hatshepsur: The Female Pharaoh'', Penguin Books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-14-024464-6}}



==External links==
==External links==
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1 Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mutnofret (see index)
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1 Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mutnofret (see index)
{{Queens of Ancient Egypt}}

[[Category:Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:16th-century BC women]]
[[Category:16th-century BC Egyptian women]]
[[Category:15th-century BC women]]
[[Category:15th-century BC Egyptian women]]
[[Category:Thutmose I]]
[[Category:Thutmose I]]
[[Category:Ahmose I]]
[[Category:Children of Ahmose I]]

Latest revision as of 18:02, 2 August 2024

X1G15nfrf&r&t
Mutnofret
in hieroglyphs
Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

Mutnofret ("Mut is Beautiful"), also rendered as Mutneferet or Mutnefert, was a queen during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was a secondary wife of Thutmose I and the mother of his successor Thutmose II; Thutmose I's chief wife, however, was his sister Queen Ahmose, the mother of Hatshepsut.[1]

Based on her title of King's Daughter,[2] she is likely to have been a daughter of Ahmose I and a sister of Amenhotep I, who married the latter's successor Thutmose I.[3] It is possible that she was also the mother of Thutmose I's other sons, Amenmose and Wadjmose.[4] The connection of Thutmose I and Thutmose II to the earlier kings Ahmose and Amenhotep I (and also the mother of Wadjmose and Amenmose) was conjectured to have been Queen Ahmose in older and sometimes even current literature.[5] However, the absence of the title King's Daughter among the titles of Queen Ahmose has been considered decisive in indicating she was not the daughter of an earlier king, and owed her primacy to being the sister (as indicated by her title King's Sister) of the new king Thutmose I, himself the son of non-reigning parents: his mother Senisonbe is titled only King's Mother.[6] The admittedly rare attestation of the title King's Daughter for Mutnofret suggests it was she, not Queen Ahmose, who connected their husband Thutmose I to his immediate predecessors.

Mutnofret was depicted in the Deir el-Bahri temple built by her grandson Thutmose III; on a stela found at the Ramesseum; on the colossus of her son; and a statue of her bearing a dedication by Thutmose II was found in Wadjmose's chapel.[7] This suggests that Mutnofret was still alive during her son's reign.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139; Gauthier 1912: 224, 226, 234.
  2. ^ Gauthier 2012: 212; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 139, add also King's Sister, but this seems to be unattested, although it could be inferred.
  3. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131
  4. ^ Robins 1987: 274; Tyldesley 1998; a further alleged son, Ramose, is considered a son of Ahmose I by Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126-127, 129.
  5. ^ For example, Gauthier 1912: 224, n. 3; Roehring et al. 2005: 7, 11, 30.
  6. ^ Gauthier 1912: 209; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 128-129. Note that Queen Ahmose need not have been Thutmose I's full sister: Robins 1987: 274.
  7. ^ Gauthier 1912: 226; Dodson & Hilton 2004: 139
  8. ^ Shaw 2000: 231, 236.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
  • Gauthier, Henri, Livre des rois d'Égypte, vol. 2, Cairo 1912.
  • Robins, Gay, Review of Michel Gitton, Les Divines Épouses de la 18e dynastie, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987) 272-276.
  • Roehring, Catherine, et al. (eds.), Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, New York, 2005.
  • Shaw, Ian (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 2000.
  • Tyldesley, Joyce, Hatshepsur: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 0-14-024464-6


[edit]
  • Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mutnofret (see index)
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