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→Vocabulary comparison: it's quite inaccurate to have "Non-cognate vocabulary" as a heading - as if the criterion was to be non-cognate. In fact cognacy is just not relevant; some are cognate, others not.
 
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{{Short description|Family of Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Paniai Lakes
|name=Paniai Lakes
|altname=Wissel Lakes
|altname=Wissel Lakes
|region=[[Paniai Lakes]] and highlands of [[Papua (province)|Papua]], [[Western New Guinea]]
|region=Highlands of [[Irian Jaya]]
|familycolor=Papuan
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
Line 10: Line 11:
}}
}}


The '''Paniai Lakes languages''', also known as the '''Wissel Lakes languages''', are a small family of closely related [[Trans–New Guinea languages]] spoken in the highlands of [[Irian Jaya]] in the [[Paniai Lakes]] region of West Papua. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea status to be established.
The '''Paniai Lakes''' languages, also known as the '''Wissel Lakes''' or '''Wissel Lakes – Kemandoga River''', are a small family of closely related [[Trans–New Guinea languages]] spoken in the [[Paniai Lakes]] region of the highlands of [[Western New Guinea]] in the [[Paniai Lakes]] region of [[Papua (province)|Papua]]. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea status to be established.


==Languages==
The languages are [[Wolani language|Wolani]], [[Moni language|Moni]], [[Ekari language|Ekari]], [[Auye language|Auye]]–[[Dao language|Dao]].
The languages are:<ref name=ngw>[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/paniai-lakes NewGuineaWorld]</ref>
{{tree list}}
* '''Paniai Lakes languages'''
**[[Moni language|Moni]]
**Central
***[[Wolani language|Wolani]] (Wodani)
***[[Ekari language|Ekari]] (Ekari)
***[[Auye language|Auye]] (incl. Dao)
{{tree list/end}}


They may be most closely related to the [[Dani languages]], but this is not yet clear. Independent pronouns and possessive prefixes are:
They are most closely related to the [[Dani languages]], [[Amung language|Amung]] and [[Dem language|Dem]].<ref name=ngw/>


==Pronouns==
:{|
Independent pronouns and possessive prefixes are:
! !!sg!!du!!pl

:{| class="wikitable"
! !!singular!!dual!!plural
|-
|-
!1
!1
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|*oka, *e-
|*oka, *e-
|}
|}

==Vocabulary comparison==
The following basic vocabulary words are from Larson & Larson (1972)<ref>Larson, Gordon F. & Larson, M.O. 1972. The Ekagi-Wodani-Moni Language family of West Irian. ''Irian'', 1(3), pp. 80–95.</ref> and Voorhoeve (1975),<ref>Voorhoeve, C.L. ''Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists''. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. {{doi|10.15144/PL-B31}}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ''homa'', ''huma'' for “stone”) or not (e.g. ''bodiya'', ''usa'' for “fire”).

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! [[ISO 639:ekg|Ekari <br/><small>(Paniai Lake dialect)</small>]] !! [[ISO 639:ekg|Ekari]] !! [[ISO 639:mnz|Moni <br/><small>(Kemandoga dialect)</small>]] !! [[ISO 639:mnz|Moni]] !! [[ISO 639:wod|Wolani <br/><small>(Upper Mbijandoga dialect)</small>]] !! [[ISO 639:wod|Wolani]]
|-
! head
| || migo || || muŋagi || || moto
|-
! hair
| || iyo || || mbagu || || elo
|-
! eye
| || peka || || seŋgamu || ||
|-
! nose
| juma || || jange || || juma ||
|-
! tooth
| egó || ego || baga || baga || hego || hego
|-
! tongue
| etá || || dabe || || debegada ||
|-
! leg
| || || || bado || || bado
|-
! louse
| uka || uka || amu || amu || uka || uka
|-
! dog
| || dodi || || home || || kawino
|-
! pig
| || ekina || || wogo || || iŋgina
|-
! bird
| bedo || bedo || beka || bega || bido || bido
|-
! egg
| || nipo || || ŋgeda || ||
|-
! blood
| emo || emo || eka || ega || emo || emo
|-
! bone
| mitoo || mitoo || iwa || iwa || mitoo || mitoo
|-
! skin
| kadó || kado || ada || ada || ebada || ebada
|-
! breast
| ama || || ama || || ama ||
|-
! tree
| pija || piya || bo || bo || pija || piya
|-
! man
| jame || yame || aka || me || me || me
|-
! sun
| meuka; tani || tani || emondani || emondani || dame || dame
|-
! moon
| agoo || || tinawi || || agoo ||
|-
! water
| uwo || uwo || du || du || uwo || uwo
|-
! fire
| bodija || bodiya || usa || usa || bida || bida
|-
! stone
| mogo || mogo || homa || ŋeda || huma || huma
|-
! road, path
| itá || || kejako || || hindá ||
|-
! name
| eka || eka || eje || eze || ekada || ekada
|-
! eat
| nai || nai || nuija || nuya || nona || nona
|-
! one
| ena; kate || ena; kato || hako || hago || naa || naa
|-
! two
| wijá || wiya || hija || hiya || wijá || wiya
|}

==Evolution==
Paniai Lakes reflexes of [[proto-Trans-New Guinea]] (pTNG) etyma are:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

[[Ekari language]]:
*{{lang|ekg|ama|italic=yes}} ‘breast’ < {{lang|ekg|*amu|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|benáî|italic=yes}} ‘arm’ < {{lang|ekg|*mbena|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|modo|italic=yes}} ‘belly’ < {{lang|ekg|*mundun|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|ama|italic=yes}} ‘breast’ < {{lang|ekg|*amu|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|kado|italic=yes}} ‘skin’ < {{lang|ekg|*k(a,o)(nd,t)apu|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|yame|italic=yes}} ‘louse’ < {{lang|ekg|*niman|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|mei-|italic=yes}} ‘come’ < {{lang|ekg|*me|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|wawa|italic=yes}} ‘father’ < {{lang|ekg|*mbapa|italic=no}}
*{{lang|ekg|mana|italic=yes}} ‘speech, talk’ < {{lang|ekg|*mana|italic=no}} ‘instructions’
*{{lang|ekg|tani|italic=yes}} ‘sun’ < {{lang|ekg|*ketane|italic=no}}

[[Moni language]]:
*{{lang|mnz|ama|italic=yes}} ‘breast’ < {{lang|mnz|*amu|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|(duku)mudu|italic=yes}} ‘heart’ < {{lang|mnz|*mundun|italic=no}} ‘internal organs, belly’
*{{lang|mnz|ada|italic=yes}} ‘skin’ < {{lang|mnz|*k(a,o)(nd,t)apu|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|pane|italic=yes}} ‘woman’ < {{lang|mnz|*panV|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|timu|italic=yes}} ‘night’ < {{lang|mnz|*k(i,u)tuma|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|homa|italic=yes}} ‘stone’ < {{lang|mnz|*ka(mb,m)uCV|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|usa|italic=yes}} ‘tree’ < {{lang|mnz|*inda|italic=no}}
*{{lang|mnz|me-|italic=yes}} ‘come’ < {{lang|mnz|*me-|italic=no}}


==References==
==References==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a word list at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Paniai Lakes word lists|Appendix:Paniai Lakes word lists]]'''''}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}
[[Category:Paniai Lakes languages]]
{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}

[[Category:Paniai Lakes languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of western New Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of western New Guinea]]
[[Category:West Papuan Highlands languages]]
[[Category:West Papuan Highlands languages]]


{{papuan-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 09:12, 4 August 2024

Paniai Lakes
Wissel Lakes
Geographic
distribution		Paniai Lakes and highlands of Papua, Western New Guinea
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
Language codes
Glottologpani1259

The Paniai Lakes languages, also known as the Wissel Lakes or Wissel Lakes – Kemandoga River, are a small family of closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the Paniai Lakes region of the highlands of Western New Guinea in the Paniai Lakes region of Papua. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea status to be established.

Languages

[edit]

The languages are:[1]

They are most closely related to the Dani languages, Amung and Dem.[1]

Pronouns

[edit]

Independent pronouns and possessive prefixes are:

singular dual plural
1 *ani, *na- *ina *ini, *ni-
2 *aka, *ka- *ika *iki
3 *oka, *e-

Vocabulary comparison

[edit]

The following basic vocabulary words are from Larson & Larson (1972)[2] and Voorhoeve (1975),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[4]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. homa, huma for “stone”) or not (e.g. bodiya, usa for “fire”).

gloss Ekari
(Paniai Lake dialect)		 Ekari Moni
(Kemandoga dialect)		 Moni Wolani
(Upper Mbijandoga dialect)		 Wolani
head migo muŋagi moto
hair iyo mbagu elo
eye peka seŋgamu
nose juma jange juma
tooth egó ego baga baga hego hego
tongue etá dabe debegada
leg bado bado
louse uka uka amu amu uka uka
dog dodi home kawino
pig ekina wogo iŋgina
bird bedo bedo beka bega bido bido
egg nipo ŋgeda
blood emo emo eka ega emo emo
bone mitoo mitoo iwa iwa mitoo mitoo
skin kadó kado ada ada ebada ebada
breast ama ama ama
tree pija piya bo bo pija piya
man jame yame aka me me me
sun meuka; tani tani emondani emondani dame dame
moon agoo tinawi agoo
water uwo uwo du du uwo uwo
fire bodija bodiya usa usa bida bida
stone mogo mogo homa ŋeda huma huma
road, path itá kejako hindá
name eka eka eje eze ekada ekada
eat nai nai nuija nuya nona nona
one ena; kate ena; kato hako hago naa naa
two wijá wiya hija hiya wijá wiya

Evolution

[edit]

Paniai Lakes reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[5]

Ekari language:

  • ama ‘breast’ < *amu
  • benáî ‘arm’ < *mbena
  • modo ‘belly’ < *mundun
  • ama ‘breast’ < *amu
  • kado ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
  • yame ‘louse’ < *niman
  • mei- ‘come’ < *me
  • wawa ‘father’ < *mbapa
  • mana ‘speech, talk’ < *mana ‘instructions’
  • tani ‘sun’ < *ketane

Moni language:

  • ama ‘breast’ < *amu
  • (duku)mudu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘internal organs, belly’
  • ada ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
  • pane ‘woman’ < *panV
  • timu ‘night’ < *k(i,u)tuma
  • homa ‘stone’ < *ka(mb,m)uCV
  • usa ‘tree’ < *inda
  • me- ‘come’ < *me-

References

[edit]
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Paniai Lakes word lists
  1. ^ a b NewGuineaWorld
  2. ^ Larson, Gordon F. & Larson, M.O. 1972. The Ekagi-Wodani-Moni Language family of West Irian. Irian, 1(3), pp. 80–95.
  3. ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
  4. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  5. ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
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