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The Ingelfinger rule is an eponymous rule named after Franz J. Ingelfinger, the The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. Editorials in most journals were published anonymously that time, so the paper was published without an author's name.^[1]. This rule - basically meant for scientific publishing, was originally meant only for NEJM. The rule was, that NEJM would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since.^[2] Historically it has also helped to ensure that the journal's content is fresh and does not duplicate content previously reported elsewhere,^[3] and seeks to protect the scientific embargo system.^[4]

An earlier version of the policy had been expressed in 1960 by Samuel Goudsmit, editor of the Physical Review Letters, but did not become as well known.^[5]

The Ingelfinger rule has been seen as having the aim of preventing authors from performing duplicate publications which would unduly inflate their publication record.^[6] On the other hand, it has also been stated that the real reason for the Ingelfinger rule is to protect the journals' revenue stream, and with the increase in popularity of preprint servers ^[7] such as arXiv, bioRxiv, and HAL many journals have loosened their requirements concerning the Ingelfinger rule.^[8] In a defense of the policy, the journal said in an editorial that the practice discouraged scientists from talking to the media before their work was peer reviewed.^[9]

References

^ "Definition of "sole contribution"". N Engl J Med. 281 (12): 676–677. September 1969. doi:10.1056/NEJM196909182811208. PMID 5807917.
^ Marshall, E (1998). "Franz Ingelfinger's Legacy Shaped Biology Publishing". Science. 282 (5390): 861–3, 865–7. doi:10.1126/science.282.5390.861. PMID 9841429.
^ "Ingelfinger rule definition". Medicine.net. 13 June 2000. Archived from the original on 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
^ Schachtman, NA (20 June 2014). "Selective Leaking — Breaking Ingelfinger's Rule". Schachtman Law Blog. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
^ Lewenstein, BV (1988). "It's Not Really the Relman Rule". ScienceWriters. 36 (2): 17–18.
^ Lariviere, V; Gingras, Y (2009). "On the prevalence and scientific impact of duplicate publications in different scientific fields (1980-2007)". arXiv:0906.4019 [physics.soc-ph].
^ Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza (2021-05-31). "COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics". Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology. 10 (1): 1–4. doi:10.51329/mehdiophthal1414. ISSN 2322-3219. PMC 10460218. PMID 37641621. S2CID 236407601.
^ Borgman, CL (2007). Scholarship in the digital age: information, infrastructure, and the Internet. MIT Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-262-02619-2.
^ Angell, M; Kassirer, J (1991). "The Ingelfinger Rule Revisited". The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (19): 1371–1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199111073251910. PMID 1669838.

Relman, AS (1981). "The Ingelfinger Rule". The New England Journal of Medicine. 305 (14): 824–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198110013051408. PMID 7266634.
Spain, A (26 February 2011). "Casting a critical eye on the embargo system: one year of Embargo Watch". Association of British Science Writers. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Altman, LK (1996). "The Ingelfinger rule, embargoes, and journal peer review–Part 1". The Lancet. 347 (9012): 1382–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91016-8. PMID 8637347. S2CID 44524038.
Toy, J (2002). "The Ingelfinger Rule: Franz Ingelfinger at the New England Journal of Medicine 1967–77" (PDF). Science Editor. 25 (6): 195–198.^{[permanent dead link]}
Harnad, S (2000). "Ingelfinger Over-Ruled: The Role of the Web in the Future of Refereed Medical Journal Publishing". The Lancet Perspectives. 356: s16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)92002-6. PMID 11191471.
White, E (2014). "Why the Ecology Letters editorial board should reconsider its No vote on preprints". Jabberwocky Ecology.
Desjardins-Proulx, P; White, EP; Adamson, JJ; Ram, K; Poisot, T; Gravel, D (2013). "The Case for Open Preprints in Biology". PLOS Biology. 11 (5): e1001563. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001563. PMC 3653830. PMID 23690752.

[”NEJM_1969”-1] "Definition of "sole contribution"". N Engl J Med. 281 (12): 676–677. September 1969. doi:10.1056/NEJM196909182811208. PMID 5807917.

[2] Marshall, E (1998). "Franz Ingelfinger's Legacy Shaped Biology Publishing". Science. 282 (5390): 861–3, 865–7. doi:10.1126/science.282.5390.861. PMID 9841429.

[3] "Ingelfinger rule definition". Medicine.net. 13 June 2000. Archived from the original on 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2011-08-20.

[4] Schachtman, NA (20 June 2014). "Selective Leaking — Breaking Ingelfinger's Rule". Schachtman Law Blog. Retrieved 2015-05-23.

[5] Lewenstein, BV (1988). "It's Not Really the Relman Rule". ScienceWriters. 36 (2): 17–18.

[6] Lariviere, V; Gingras, Y (2009). "On the prevalence and scientific impact of duplicate publications in different scientific fields (1980-2007)". arXiv:0906.4019 [physics.soc-ph].

[7] Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza (2021-05-31). "COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics". Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology. 10 (1): 1–4. doi:10.51329/mehdiophthal1414. ISSN 2322-3219. PMC 10460218. PMID 37641621. S2CID 236407601.

[8] Borgman, CL (2007). Scholarship in the digital age: information, infrastructure, and the Internet. MIT Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-262-02619-2.

[editorial-9] Angell, M; Kassirer, J (1991). "The Ingelfinger Rule Revisited". The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (19): 1371–1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199111073251910. PMID 1669838.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-In [[scientific journal|scientific publishing]], the '''Ingelfinger rule''' originally stipulated that ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' (''NEJM'') would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since.<ref>
+The '''Ingelfinger rule''' is an eponymous rule named after [[Franz J. Ingelfinger]], the ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' (''NEJM'') editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. Editorials in most journals were published anonymously that time, so the paper was published without an author's name.<ref name=”NEJM_1969”>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Definition of "sole contribution" | journal = N Engl J Med  | volume = 281 | issue = 12 | pages = 676-677| date = September 1969 | doi =10.1056/NEJM196909182811208 |PMID = 5807917 | URL= https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM196909182811208}}</ref>. This rule - basically meant for [[scientific journal|scientific publishing]], was originally meant only for ''NEJM''. The rule was, that ''NEJM'' would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since.<ref>
 {{cite journal
  |last1=Marshall |first1=E
  |year=1998
  |title=Franz Ingelfinger's Legacy Shaped Biology Publishing
- |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/282/5390/861.full
  |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
  |volume=282 |issue=5390 |pages=861–3,&nbsp;865–7
@@ Line 10: / Line 9: @@
  |doi-access=free
  |pmid=9841429
-}}</ref> Historically it has also helped to ensure that the journal's content is fresh and does not duplicate content previously reported elsewhere,<ref>
+}}</ref> Historically it has also helped to ensure that the journal's content is fresh and does not duplicate content previously reported elsewhere,<ref>{{cite web
-{{cite web
- |author=
  |date=13 June 2000
  |title=Ingelfinger rule definition
  |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13488
  |publisher=[[Medicine.net]]
- |accessdate=2011-08-20
+ |access-date=2011-08-20
+ |archive-date=2014-07-11
-}}</ref> and seeks to protect the scientific embargo system.<ref>
+ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711164954/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13488
+ |url-status=dead
+ }}</ref> and seeks to protect the scientific embargo system.<ref>
 {{cite web
  |last=Schachtman |first=NA
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
  |url=http://schachtmanlaw.com/selective-leaking-breaking-ingelfingers-rule/
  |work=Schachtman Law Blog
- |accessdate=2015-05-23
+ |access-date=2015-05-23
+}}</ref>
+An earlier version of the policy had been expressed in 1960 by [[Samuel Goudsmit]], editor of the ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'', but did not become as well known.<ref>
+{{cite journal
+ |last=Lewenstein |first=BV
+ |year=1988
+ |title=It's Not Really the Relman Rule
+ |journal=ScienceWriters
+ |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=17–18
 }}</ref>
 The Ingelfinger rule has been seen as having the aim of preventing authors from performing [[duplicate publication]]s which would unduly inflate their publication record.<ref>
-{{cite arxiv
+{{cite arXiv
  |last1=Lariviere |first1=V
  |last2=Gingras |first2=Y
@@ Line 36: / Line 45: @@
  |eprint=0906.4019
  |class=physics.soc-ph
-}}</ref> On the other hand, it has also been stated that the real reason for the Ingelfinger rule is to protect the journals' revenue stream, and with the increase in popularity of [[preprint server]]s such as [[arXiv]], [[figshare]], [[bioRxiv]], and [[PeerJ|PeerJPrePrints]] many journals have loosened their requirements concerning the Ingelfinger rule.<ref>
+}}</ref> On the other hand, it has also been stated that the real reason for the Ingelfinger rule is to protect the journals' revenue stream, and with the increase in popularity of [[preprint server]]s <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heidary|first1=Fatemeh|last2=Gharebaghi|first2=Reza|date=2021-05-31|title=COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics|journal=Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.51329/mehdiophthal1414|s2cid=236407601|issn=2322-3219|doi-access=free|pmid=37641621 |pmc=10460218}}</ref> such as [[arXiv]], [[bioRxiv]], and [[HAL (open archive)|HAL]] many journals have loosened their requirements concerning the Ingelfinger rule.<ref>
 {{cite book
  |last=Borgman |first=CL
@@ Line 54: / Line 63: @@
  |volume=325 |issue=19
  |pages=1371–1373
- |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199111073251910
  |doi=10.1056/NEJM199111073251910
  |doi-access=free
  |pmid=1669838
-}}</ref>
-The rule is named for [[Franz J. Ingelfinger]], the ''NEJM'' editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. An earlier version of the policy had been expressed in 1960 by [[Samuel Goudsmit]], editor of the ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'', but did not become as well known.<ref>
-{{cite journal
- |last=Lewenstein |first=BV
- |year=1988
- |title=It's Not Really the Relman Rule
- |journal=ScienceWriters
- |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=17–18
 }}</ref>
 ==See also==
+*[[List of academic journals by preprint policy]]
 *[[News embargo]]
 *[[Network effect]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
  |year=1981
  |title=The Ingelfinger Rule
- |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198110013051408
  |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]
  |volume=305 |issue=14 |pages=824–6
@@ Line 94: / Line 93: @@
  |url=http://www.absw.org.uk/news-and-events/features/casting-a-critical-eye-on-the-embargo-system-one-year-of-embargo-watch
  |publisher=[[Association of British Science Writers]]
- |accessdate=2017-03-24
+ |access-date=2017-03-24
 }}
 *{{cite journal
@@ Line 104: / Line 103: @@
  |pmid=8637347
  |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91016-8
+|s2cid=44524038
-}}
+ |doi-access=free
+ }}
 *{{cite journal
- |last1=Toy |first1=S
+ |last1=Toy
+ |first1=J
  |year=2002
  |title=The Ingelfinger Rule: Franz Ingelfinger at the New England Journal of Medicine 1967–77
  |url=http://cseditors.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/v25n6p195-198.pdf
  |journal=[[Science Editor]]
- |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=195–198
+ |volume=25
+ |issue=6
+ |pages=195–198
+ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-}}
 *{{cite journal
  |last        = Harnad
@@ Line 118: / Line 122: @@
  |year        = 2000
  |title       = Ingelfinger Over-Ruled: The Role of the Web in the Future of Refereed Medical Journal Publishing
- |url         = http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/5941/2/harnad00.lancet.html
  |journal     = [[The Lancet Perspectives]]
  |volume      = 356
  |page        = s16
  |doi         = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)92002-6
+ |pmid = 11191471
  |doi-access  = free
+ }}
- |deadurl     = yes
- |archiveurl  = https://archive.is/20121228213429/http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/5941/2/harnad00.lancet.html
- |archivedate = 2012-12-28
- |df          =
-}}
 * {{cite web
  |last=White |first=E
@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
  |year=2013
  |title=The Case for Open Preprints in Biology
- |journal=[[PLoS Biology]]
+ |journal=[[PLOS Biology]]
  |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e1001563
  |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001563
@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 {{Academic publishing}}
-[[Category:Rules]]
-[[Category:Publishing]]
 [[Category:Academic publishing]]
-[[Category:Medical research]]
 [[Category:Peer review]]
+[[Category:Rules]]
+[[Category:1969 introductions]]

v t e Academic publishing
Journals	Academic journal Scientific journal Public health
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Grey literature	Working paper White paper Technical report Annual report Pamphlet Essay Lab notes
Other publication types	Thesis Collection of articles Patent Biological Chemical Book Monograph Chapter Poster session Proceedings
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Latest revision as of 19:38, 17 September 2024

See also

References

Further reading