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{{Short description|Private research university in China from 1919 to 1952}}
{{Infobox university
{{Infobox university
| name = Yenching University
| name = Yenching University
| native_name = 燕京大學
| native_name = 燕京大學
| image_name = Yanching Emblem.svg
| image_name = Yanching Emblem.svg
| image_upright = .7
| SealInfo =
| motto = 因真理 得自由 以服務
| SealInfo =
| mottoeng = Freedom Through Truth For Service
| motto = 因真理 得自由 以服務
| mottoeng = Freedom Through Truth For Service
| established = 1919
| established = 1919
| closed = 1952
| city = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| closed = 1952
| city = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
|}}
| coordinates = {{coord|39.9917|N|116.3040|E|format=dms|region:CN_type:person|display=inline,title}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| module = {{infobox Chinese
|showflag=p
| child = yes
⚫
|t=燕京大學
|s=燕京大学
| s = 燕京大学
⚫
| t = 燕京大學
⚫
|j=Jin3ging1 Daai6hok6 ''or''<br />Jin1ging1 Daai6hok6
⚫
| p = Yānjīng Dàxué
⚫
|y=Yingīng Daaihhohk ''or''<br />Yīngīng Daaihhohk
⚫
| w = Yen<sup>1</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup> Ta<sup>4</sup>-hsüeh<sup>2</sup>
⚫
|p=Yānjīng Dàxué
⚫
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yan|1|.|j|ing|1|-|d|a|4|.|x|üe|2}}
⚫
|bpmf=ㄧㄢ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄥ<br />ㄉㄚˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄒㄩㄝˊ
⚫
| j = Jin3ging1 Daai6hok6 ''or''<br />Jin1ging1 Daai6hok6
⚫
|gr=Ianjing Dahshyue
⚫
| y = Yingīng Daaihhohk ''or''<br />Yīngīng Daaihhohk
⚫
|w=Yen<sup>1</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup> Ta<sup>4</sup>-hsüeh<sup>2</sup>
| ci =
⚫
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|yan|1|.|j|ing|1|-|d|a|4|.|x|üe|2}}
⚫
| bpmf =ㄧㄢ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄥ<br />ㄉㄚˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄒㄩㄝˊ
⚫
| gr = Ianjing Dahshyue
| order = st}}|
}}
}}

[[File:Yenching University campus.jpg|thumb|250px|Yenching University campus]]
[[File:Yenching University campus.jpg|thumb|250px|Yenching University campus]]

⚫
'''Yenching University''' ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=燕京大學|p=Yānjīng Dàxué}}), was a [[university]] in [[Beijing]], China, that was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/yenchinguniversi0000west|url-access=registration|title=Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952|last=West|first=Philip|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=9780674965690|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenchinguniversi0000west/page/34 34]–39|via=}}</ref> The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of [[Yan (state)|the state of Yan]], one of the seven [[Warring States]] that existed until the 3rd century BC.
'''Yenching University''' ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=燕京大學|p=Yānjīng Dàxué}}) was a [[Private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[Beijing]], China, from 1919 to 1952.

⚫
The university was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/yenchinguniversi0000west|url-access=registration|title=Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952|last=West|first=Philip|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=9780674965690|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenchinguniversi0000west/page/34 34]–39}}</ref> The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of [[Yan (state)|the state of Yan]], one of the seven [[Warring States]] that existed until the 3rd century BC.


==History==
==History==
Yenching University was formed through the merger of four Christian schools over the course of five years, from 1915 to 1920:<ref name=":0" />
Yenching University was formed through the merger of four Christian schools over the course of five years, from 1915 to 1920:<ref name=":0" />
* Hweiwen University ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=匯文大學|p=Huìwén Dàxué}}), also known as the Methodist Peking University, founded in 1890 by the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]. This should not be confused with the [[Peking University|National Peking University]] founded eight years later in 1898. Huiwen's precursor (崇內懷理書院) was founded in 1870. [[Hiram Harrison Lowry]] was its principal.
* Hweiwen University ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=匯文大學|labels=no}}), also known as the Methodist Peking University, founded in 1890 by the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]. This should not be confused with the [[Peking University|National Peking University]] founded eight years later in 1898. Huiwen's precursor (崇內懷理書院) was founded in 1870. [[Hiram Harrison Lowry]] was its principal.
*North China Union College in [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|Tongzhou]] ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=通州協和大學|p=Tōngzhōu Xiéhé Dàxué}}). Its precursor (公理會潞河書院) was founded by the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]]. Devello Z. Sheffield was the school's principal.
* North China Union College in [[Tongzhou District, Beijing|Tongzhou]] ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=通州協和大學|labels=no}}). Its precursor (公理會潞河書院) was founded by the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]]. Devello Z. Sheffield was the school's principal.
*North China Union Women's College ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=華北協和女子大學|p=Huáběi Xiéhé Nǚzǐ Dàxué}}). Its precursor, Bridgman Academy ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=貝滿女塾|p=Bèimǎn Nǚ Shú}}), was founded in 1864 [[Eliza Jane Gillett Bridgman|Eliza J. Bridgman]]. It would be renamed the North China Union Women's College in 1907, with [[Luella Miner]] as its first president. When it joined Yenching University in 1920, it bore the name College of Arts and Sciences for Women of Peking University.<ref name="Rosenbaum2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdYuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|title=New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952: A Liberal Education for a New China|last=Wakeman|first=Carolyn|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-28524-8|editor=Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum|location=Leiden|page=355|chapter=Beyond Gentility: The Mission of Women Educators at Benching}}</ref>
*North China Union Women's College ({{Zh|c=|s=|t=華北協和女子大學|labels=no}}). Its precursor, Bridgman Academy ({{Zh|c=|s=贝满女塾|labels=no}}), was founded in 1864 by [[Eliza Jane Gillett Bridgman|Eliza J. Bridgman]]. It would be renamed the North China Union Women's College in 1907, with [[Luella Miner]] as its first president. When it joined Yenching University in 1920, it bore the name College of Arts and Sciences for Women of Peking University.<ref name="Rosenbaum2015">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdYuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|title=New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952: A Liberal Education for a New China|last=Wakeman|first=Carolyn|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-28524-8|editor=Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum|location=Leiden|page=355|chapter=Beyond Gentility: The Mission of Women Educators at Benching}}</ref>
*The school of theology was itself a union of the theological seminary of North China Education Union and two Methodist theological schools in Beijing.
*The school of theology was itself a union of the theological seminary of North China Education Union and two Methodist theological schools in Beijing.
[[File:John Leighton Stuart1948.jpg|thumb|John Leighton Stuart, first principal of the university]]
[[File:John Leighton Stuart1948.jpg|thumb|John Leighton Stuart, first principal of the university]]
Line 36: Line 44:
Stuart determined to create a university that served the Chinese nation. He attracted major Chinese and Western scholars to teach. Religion was not a qualification, although Stuart gave major support to the School of Theology. Among the first was [[William Hung (sinologist)|William Hung]], who became Chairman of the History Department and Dean. In 1928, the [[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] was jointly founded by Yenching University and [[Harvard University]] for the teaching of the humanities and social sciences in [[East Asia]]. Under Hung, the university's reputation for Chinese studies rose steadily, especially with the publication of the ''Harvard-Yenching Sinological Index Series''. By 1930, the school was among the top universities in China, its teaching distinguished itself by a considerable academic freedom.
Stuart determined to create a university that served the Chinese nation. He attracted major Chinese and Western scholars to teach. Religion was not a qualification, although Stuart gave major support to the School of Theology. Among the first was [[William Hung (sinologist)|William Hung]], who became Chairman of the History Department and Dean. In 1928, the [[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] was jointly founded by Yenching University and [[Harvard University]] for the teaching of the humanities and social sciences in [[East Asia]]. Under Hung, the university's reputation for Chinese studies rose steadily, especially with the publication of the ''Harvard-Yenching Sinological Index Series''. By 1930, the school was among the top universities in China, its teaching distinguished itself by a considerable academic freedom.


During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the area was occupied by Japan and the university was moved to [[Chengdu]] in [[Sichuan]]. After the [[People's Republic of China]] was established in 1949, Yenching University remained open, although under control of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1952, following the entry of China into the [[Korean War]], its arts and science faculty were transferred to [[Peking University]] and other state-operated institutions, its politics and law faculty were transferred to [[China University of Political Science and Law]], its economics faculty were transferred to [[Central University of Finance and Economics]], its sociology faculty were transferred to [[Minzu University of China]], and other faculty transferred to other institutions. At the same time, its [[engineering]] section was merged with [[Tsinghua University]], and Peking University moved from central downtown Beijing to take over the former Yenching University campus in the city's [[Haidian District]].
During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the area was occupied by Japan and the university was moved to [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]. After the [[People's Republic of China]] was established in 1949, Yenching University remained open.

In response to the PRC's entry into the [[Korean War]], the US froze all Chinese assets in America.<ref name=":Li2">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, NY |jstor=10.7312/li--20704}}</ref>{{Rp|page=50}} The United States also prohibited transfers funds from the United States to recipients within the PRC, which cut off funding for American-influenced institutions in the PRC.<ref name=":Li2" />{{Rp|page=50}} The PRC began efforts to remove American cultural influence from China, including by nationalizing cultural institutions affiliated with the United States.<ref name=":Li2" />{{Rp|page=3}} In early 1951, Yenching University was nationalized and became administered by the [[Ministry of Education (China)|Ministry of Education]].<ref name=":Li2" />{{Rp|page=66}}

In 1952, [[Mao Zedong]]'s government re-grouped the country's higher education institutions with individual institutions tending to specialize in a certain field of study after the Soviet model. As a result, Yenching University was closed up, and its arts and science faculties were merged into [[Peking University]] and other state-operated institutions, its politics and law faculties were merged into [[China University of Political Science and Law]], its economics faculties were merged into [[Central University of Finance and Economics]], its sociology faculties were merged into [[Minzu University of China]], and other faculties merged into other institutions. At the same time, its [[engineering]] section was merged with [[Tsinghua University]], and Peking University moved from central downtown Beijing to take over the former Yenching University campus in the city's [[Haidian District]].


==Scholars==
==Scholars==
Line 44: Line 56:
* [[Zhao Zichen]] (theology)
* [[Zhao Zichen]] (theology)
* [[Qian Mu]] (historian)
* [[Qian Mu]] (historian)
* [[John Stuart Burgess]] (sociologist)
* [[John Stewart Burgess]] (sociologist)
* [[Kenneth K.S. Chen]] (historian of Buddhism)
* [[Kenneth K.S. Chen]] (historian of Buddhism)
* [[Lu Zhiwei]] (theologian)
* [[Lu Zhiwei]] (theologian)
Line 50: Line 62:
* [[Louis Rhys Oxley Bevan]] (Law)
* [[Louis Rhys Oxley Bevan]] (Law)
*[[Luella Miner]] (dean of the women's college)
*[[Luella Miner]] (dean of the women's college)
*[[Margaret Bailey Speer]] (dean of the women's college)


==Alumni==
==Alumni==
Line 62: Line 75:
* [[James Shen]] (diplomat)
* [[James Shen]] (diplomat)
* [[Larry Wu-tai Chin]] (double-agent)<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|title = SPY FOR CHINA FOUND SUFFOCATED IN PRISON, APPARENTLY A SUICIDE|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/22/us/spy-for-china-found-suffocated-in-prison-apparently-a-suicide.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1986-02-22|access-date = 2015-10-15|issn = 0362-4331|first = Stephen|last = Engelberg|quote=He appeared to be coping well with his confinement and was upbeat, suggesting in an interview that his prison cell was better appointed than his room at Yenching University in Peking.}}</ref>
* [[Larry Wu-tai Chin]] (double-agent)<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|title = SPY FOR CHINA FOUND SUFFOCATED IN PRISON, APPARENTLY A SUICIDE|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/22/us/spy-for-china-found-suffocated-in-prison-apparently-a-suicide.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1986-02-22|access-date = 2015-10-15|issn = 0362-4331|first = Stephen|last = Engelberg|quote=He appeared to be coping well with his confinement and was upbeat, suggesting in an interview that his prison cell was better appointed than his room at Yenching University in Peking.}}</ref>
*[[Y. C. James Yen|James Yen '''晏阳初''']]


==[[Y. C. James Yen|See also]]==
==See also==
{{Portal|China}}
{{Portal|China}}
* [[History of Beijing]]
* [[History of Beijing]]
*[[Michael Lindsay, 2nd Baron Lindsay of Birker]] and [[Hsiao Li Lindsay, Baroness Lindsay of Birker]]
*[[Michael Lindsay, 2nd Baron Lindsay of Birker]] and [[Hsiao Li Lindsay, Baroness Lindsay of Birker]]
*[[Yenching Academy]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
*West, Phillip ''Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
*West, Phillip ''Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
* Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum. ed., ''New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952 : A Liberal Education for a New China.'' (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 2012). {{ISBN|1879176483}}. Some of the essays were first published in ''[[Journal of American-East Asian Relations]]'' 14: 1-4 (2004-2006).
* Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum. ed., ''New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952 : A Liberal Education for a New China.'' (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 2012). {{ISBN|1879176483}}. Some of the essays were first published in ''[[Journal of American-East Asian Relations]]'' 14: 1-4 (2004-2006).

'''Further reading'''

* Edwards, Dwight Woodbridge. Yenching University. New York, United Board for Christian, Higher Education in Asia, 1959.


==External links==
==External links==
*Internet Mission Photography Archive (enter "Yenching University in Search Box)
*Internet Mission Photography Archive (enter "Yenching University in Search Box)
*[http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15799coll123 Photos at the International Mission Photography Archive]
*[http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15799coll123 Photos at the International Mission Photography Archive]
{{Protestant missions to China}}{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Yenching University| ]]
[[Category:Yenching University| ]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in China]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in China]]
[[Category:Christian schools in China]]
[[Category:Christian schools in China]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1870]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1870]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1919]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in China]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese architecture]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese architecture]]

Latest revision as of 19:46, 29 September 2024

Yenching University
燕京大學
Motto因真理 得自由 以服務
Motto in English
Freedom Through Truth For Service
Active1919–1952
Location
Beijing, China

39°59′30″N 116°18′14″E / 39.9917°N 116.3040°E / 39.9917; 116.3040
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese燕京大学
Traditional Chinese燕京大學
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYānjīng Dàxué
Bopomofoㄧㄢ   ㄐㄧㄥ
ㄉㄚˋ   ㄒㄩㄝˊ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhIanjing Dahshyue
Wade–GilesYen1-ching1 Ta4-hsüeh2
IPA[jɛ́n.tɕíŋ tâ.ɕɥě]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationYingīng Daaihhohk or
Yīngīng Daaihhohk
JyutpingJin3ging1 Daai6hok6 or
Jin1ging1 Daai6hok6
Yenching University campus

Yenching University (Chinese: 燕京大學; pinyin: Yānjīng Dàxué) was a private research university in Beijing, China, from 1919 to 1952.

The university was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920.[1] The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of the state of Yan, one of the seven Warring States that existed until the 3rd century BC.

History

[edit]

Yenching University was formed through the merger of four Christian schools over the course of five years, from 1915 to 1920:[1]

  • Hweiwen University (匯文大學), also known as the Methodist Peking University, founded in 1890 by the Methodist Episcopal Church. This should not be confused with the National Peking University founded eight years later in 1898. Huiwen's precursor (崇內懷理書院) was founded in 1870. Hiram Harrison Lowry was its principal.
  • North China Union College in Tongzhou (通州協和大學). Its precursor (公理會潞河書院) was founded by the Congregational Church. Devello Z. Sheffield was the school's principal.
  • North China Union Women's College (華北協和女子大學). Its precursor, Bridgman Academy (贝满女塾), was founded in 1864 by Eliza J. Bridgman. It would be renamed the North China Union Women's College in 1907, with Luella Miner as its first president. When it joined Yenching University in 1920, it bore the name College of Arts and Sciences for Women of Peking University.[2]
  • The school of theology was itself a union of the theological seminary of North China Education Union and two Methodist theological schools in Beijing.
John Leighton Stuart, first principal of the university

John Leighton Stuart was appointed as the principal of the university in January 1919, prior to which he had been teaching Greek at the Jinling Theological Seminary (金陵神學院) in Nanjing. As the university was initially short on funds, he turned to fundraising worldwide and received support from the estate of Charles Martin Hall, an American executive of Alcoa Aluminum. The university bought the royal gardens of a Qing Dynasty prince to build a scenic campus and employed gardeners from the Imperial gardens. In 1926 the campus was completed. Theology, Law, and Medical were the main schools of the university, together with Arts and Science studies.

Stuart determined to create a university that served the Chinese nation. He attracted major Chinese and Western scholars to teach. Religion was not a qualification, although Stuart gave major support to the School of Theology. Among the first was William Hung, who became Chairman of the History Department and Dean. In 1928, the Harvard-Yenching Institute was jointly founded by Yenching University and Harvard University for the teaching of the humanities and social sciences in East Asia. Under Hung, the university's reputation for Chinese studies rose steadily, especially with the publication of the Harvard-Yenching Sinological Index Series. By 1930, the school was among the top universities in China, its teaching distinguished itself by a considerable academic freedom.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the area was occupied by Japan and the university was moved to Chengdu, Sichuan. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Yenching University remained open.

In response to the PRC's entry into the Korean War, the US froze all Chinese assets in America.[3]: 50  The United States also prohibited transfers funds from the United States to recipients within the PRC, which cut off funding for American-influenced institutions in the PRC.[3]: 50  The PRC began efforts to remove American cultural influence from China, including by nationalizing cultural institutions affiliated with the United States.[3]: 3  In early 1951, Yenching University was nationalized and became administered by the Ministry of Education.[3]: 66 

In 1952, Mao Zedong's government re-grouped the country's higher education institutions with individual institutions tending to specialize in a certain field of study after the Soviet model. As a result, Yenching University was closed up, and its arts and science faculties were merged into Peking University and other state-operated institutions, its politics and law faculties were merged into China University of Political Science and Law, its economics faculties were merged into Central University of Finance and Economics, its sociology faculties were merged into Minzu University of China, and other faculties merged into other institutions. At the same time, its engineering section was merged with Tsinghua University, and Peking University moved from central downtown Beijing to take over the former Yenching University campus in the city's Haidian District.

Scholars

[edit]

Among the scholars who taught at Yenching University were:

Alumni

[edit]

Prominent alumni include:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b West, Philip (1976). Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 34–39. ISBN 9780674965690.
  2. ^ Wakeman, Carolyn (2015). "Beyond Gentility: The Mission of Women Educators at Benching". In Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum (ed.). New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952: A Liberal Education for a New China. Leiden: Brill. p. 355. ISBN 978-90-04-28524-8.
  3. ^ a b c d Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231207058. JSTOR 10.7312/li--20704.
  4. ^ Engelberg, Stephen (1986-02-22). "SPY FOR CHINA FOUND SUFFOCATED IN PRISON, APPARENTLY A SUICIDE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-10-15. He appeared to be coping well with his confinement and was upbeat, suggesting in an interview that his prison cell was better appointed than his room at Yenching University in Peking.

References

[edit]
  • West, Phillip Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
  • Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum. ed., New Perspectives on Yenching University, 1916-1952 : A Liberal Education for a New China. (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 2012). ISBN 1879176483. Some of the essays were first published in Journal of American-East Asian Relations 14: 1-4 (2004-2006).

Further reading

  • Edwards, Dwight Woodbridge. Yenching University. New York, United Board for Christian, Higher Education in Asia, 1959.
[edit]
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