Habibullah Khan: Difference between revisions

Habibullah Khan I
Habibullah Khan I;
Emir of Afghanistan
Emir of Afghanistan
Reign	1 October 1901 – 20 February 1919
Predecessor	Abdur Rahman Khan
Successor	Nasrullah Khan
Born	3 June 1872; Samarkand, Emirate of Bukhara
Died	20 February 1919 (aged 46); Kalagosh, Laghman Province, Afghanistan
Dynasty	Barakzai dynasty
Father	Abdur Rahman Khan
Mother	Asal Begum
Religion	Sunni Islam

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Habibullah Khan (Pashto/Dari: حبيب الله خان ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1901 until his assassination in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, whom he succeeded by right of primogeniture in October 1901. His grandfather was Mohammad Afzal Khan.^[1]^[2]

Early life

Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to a Pashtun family in 1872. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, Nasrullah Khan.

Reign

Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into exile by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.^[3] In 1901, Habibullah passed a law forcing Hindu men to wear yellow turbans and women to wear a yellow veil in public in order to distinguish and discriminate them from Muslims.^[4] In 1903, Habibullah founded the Habibia school as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, Abdul Lateef was sentenced to death in 1903 for apostasy, being stoned to death in Kabul. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. Qala-e-Seraj in Mihtarlam was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.^[5]^[6]

Khost rebellion

In May 1912, Habibullah faced the only crisis in his career when a rebellion erupted in Khost led by Jehandad Khan, a rival claimant to the Afghan throne, known as the Khost rebellion.^[7] This rebellion ended in August that same year, when the rebels were given concessions by the Afghan government.^[8]

World War I

Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in World War I, despite strenuous efforts by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a German military mission (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with British India, signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into Freemasonry, at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.^[9]^[10]

Assassination

In the summer of 1918, an ultimatum was sent to Habibullah. The ultimatum demanded the formation of a constitutional government and was followed by a threat, which was disregarded. During prepared celebrations for his birthday, Habibullah was shot at while driving through the Shor Bazaar in Kabul. However, the bullet only hit the car he was driving in.^[11] Habibullah requested Mustufi Husain Khan to find the assassins', and utilized this attempt to remove political dissenters and reformers against his government. Mustufi Husain identified numerous people, including associates of Mahmud Tarzi such as Abd al-Rahman Ludin, and Abd al-Hadi Dawai. Mustufi Husain also identified the Amir's son, Amanullah Khan as being involved. This was, however, disregarded entirely. With the winter of 1918—1919 approaching, as well as a flu outbreak in Kabul, Habibullah retreated to his winter quarters in Jalalabad, leaving Amanullah Khan regent in Kabul as he left. In January 1919, Habibullah embarked on a hunt, and arrived in Kalagosh, an area in the province of Laghman. During the night of 19 February 1919, an assassin managed to avoid the Amir's bodyguards, and shot him through the ear at very close range, killing Habibullah.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Habibullah's brother Nasrullah Khan briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by Amanullah Khan, Habibullah's third son.^[15] This occurred a few months before the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Honours

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – 1896
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 1907^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Vogelsang, The Afghans (2001, p. 270)
^ ^a ^b "HH Sir Amir Habibullah Khan". Ancestry. 5 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^ Peroz, Nazir (2009). Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643102256.
^ Hutter, Manfred (2018). "Afghanistan". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
^ "Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. | ACKU Images System". ackuimages.photoshelter.com.
^ "Seraj Castle Restoration Completed". TOLOnews.
^ The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited. 1926. p. 46.
^ The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ "Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason".
^ McMahon, Henry A (1939). An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.
^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 447. ISBN 9781789140101.
^ Lee 2019, p. 447-448.
^ Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
^ "6. Afghanistan (1919-present)".
^ "Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records". Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

Bibliography

Vogelsang, Willem (2001), The Afghans, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3

External links

Nölle-Karimi, Christine (2017). "Ḥabīballāh Khān". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Ancestry.com: Afghan royalty

Regnal titles
Preceded by Abdur Rahman Khan	Barakzai dynasty Emir of Afghanistan 1901–1919	Succeeded by Nasrullah Khan

[afghans17-1] Vogelsang, The Afghans (2001, p. 270)

[fpg-2] "HH Sir Amir Habibullah Khan". Ancestry. 5 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

[3] Peroz, Nazir (2009). Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643102256.

[4] Hutter, Manfred (2018). "Afghanistan". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.

[5] "Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. | ACKU Images System". ackuimages.photoshelter.com.

[6] "Seraj Castle Restoration Completed". TOLOnews.

[7] The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited. 1926. p. 46.

[8] The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica

[9] "Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason".

[10] McMahon, Henry A (1939). An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.

[11] Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 447. ISBN 9781789140101.

[FOOTNOTELee2019447-448-12] Lee 2019, p. 447-448.

[13] Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101

[14] "6. Afghanistan (1919-present)".

[India_Office_Sources-15] "Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records". Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

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@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 }}
 {{History of Afghanistan}}
-'''Habibullah Khan''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Dari]]: {{lang|ps|{{nq|حبيب الله خان}}}} ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] from 1901 until his death in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], whom he succeeded by right of [[primogeniture]] in October 1901. His grandfather was [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]].<ref name=afghans17/><ref name=fpg/>
+'''Habibullah Khan''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Dari]]: {{lang|ps|{{nq|حبيب الله خان}}}} ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] from 1901 until his assassination in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], whom he succeeded by right of [[primogeniture]] in October 1901. His grandfather was [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]].<ref name=afghans17/><ref name=fpg/>
 == Early life ==
-Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]] in 1871. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan.]]
+Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]] to a [[Pashtun]] family in 1872. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan.]]
 == Reign ==
 [[File:King Habibullah Khan with Afghan military men.jpg|thumb|290x290px|King Habibullah Khan with Afghan soldiers]]
-Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into [[exile]] by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLEZbZE3lAC&pg=PT14|title=Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan|isbn=9783643102256|last1=Peroz|first1=Nazir|year=2009}}</ref> In 1903, Habibullah founded the [[Habibia High School|Habibia school]] as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, [[Sahibzada Abdul Latif|Abdul Lateef]] was sentenced to death in 1903 for [[apostasy]], being stoned to death in [[Kabul]]. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. [[Qala-e-Seraj]] in [[Mihtarlam]] was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. {{!}} ACKU Images System|url=https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000v0Om7i3953g|url-status=live|access-date=|website=ackuimages.photoshelter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seraj Castle Restoration Completed|url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture/seraj-castle-restoration-completed|url-status=live|access-date=|website=TOLOnews|language=en}}</ref>
+Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into [[exile]] by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLEZbZE3lAC&pg=PT14|title=Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan|isbn=9783643102256|last1=Peroz|first1=Nazir|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> In 1901, Habibullah passed a law forcing Hindu men to wear yellow turbans and women to wear a yellow veil in public in order to distinguish and discriminate them from Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutter |first=Manfred |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |chapter=Afghanistan}}</ref> In 1903, Habibullah founded the [[Habibia High School|Habibia school]] as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, [[Sahibzada Abdul Latif|Abdul Lateef]] was sentenced to death in 1903 for [[apostasy]], being stoned to death in [[Kabul]]. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. [[Qala-e-Seraj]] in [[Mihtarlam]] was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. {{!}} ACKU Images System|url=https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000v0Om7i3953g|access-date=|website=ackuimages.photoshelter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seraj Castle Restoration Completed|url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture/seraj-castle-restoration-completed|access-date=|website=TOLOnews|language=en}}</ref>
 === Khost rebellion ===
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 === World War I ===
-Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in [[World War I]], despite strenuous efforts by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] and a German military mission ([[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with [[British India]], signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into [[Freemasonry]], at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html|title = Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason}}</ref><ref>McMahon, Henry A (1939). ''An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry''. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.</ref>
+Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in [[World War I]], despite strenuous efforts by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] and a German military mission ([[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with [[British Raj|British India]], signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into [[Freemasonry]], at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html|title = Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason}}</ref><ref>McMahon, Henry A (1939). ''An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry''. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.</ref>
-== Death ==
+== Assassination ==
+In the summer of 1918, an ultimatum was sent to Habibullah. The ultimatum demanded the formation of a constitutional government and was followed by a threat, which was disregarded. During prepared celebrations for his birthday, Habibullah was shot at while driving through the Shor Bazaar in [[Kabul]]. However, the bullet only hit the car he was driving in.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=447 |language=English}}</ref>
-Habibullah was assassinated by a military officer whilst hunting at Kalagosh, [[Laghman Province]] on 20 February 1919.<ref>Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/afghanistan-1919-present/ | title=6. Afghanistan (1919-present) }}</ref> Habibullah's brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]] briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by [[Amanullah Khan]], Habibullah's third son.<ref name="India Office Sources">[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records]</ref> This occurred a few months before the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].
+Habibullah requested Mustufi Husain Khan to find the assassins', and utilized this attempt to remove political dissenters and reformers against his government. Mustufi Husain identified numerous people, including associates of [[Mahmud Tarzi]] such as Abd al-Rahman Ludin, and Abd al-Hadi Dawai. Mustufi Husain also identified the Amir's son, [[Amanullah Khan]] as being involved. This was, however, disregarded entirely. With the winter of 1918—1919 approaching, as well as a [[Influenza|flu]] outbreak in Kabul, Habibullah retreated to his winter quarters in [[Jalalabad]], leaving Amanullah Khan regent in Kabul as he left. In January 1919, Habibullah embarked on a hunt, and arrived in Kalagosh, an area in the province of [[Laghman Province|Laghman]]. During the night of 19 February 1919, an assassin managed to avoid the Amir's bodyguards, and shot him through the ear at very close range, killing Habibullah.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=447-448}}<ref>Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/afghanistan-1919-present/ | title=6. Afghanistan (1919-present) }}</ref>
+Habibullah's brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]] briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by [[Amanullah Khan]], Habibullah's third son.<ref name="India Office Sources">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html |title=Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116111138/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This occurred a few months before the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].
 ==Honours==
@@ Line 82: / Line 85: @@
 [[Category:Barakzai dynasty]]
 [[Category:Pashtun people]]
-[[Category:Afghan secularists]]
+[[Category:Afghan critics of religions]]
-[[Category:Assassinated Afghan politicians]]
 [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan]]
 [[Category:People murdered in Afghanistan]]
@@ Line 91: / Line 93: @@
 [[Category:1900s in Afghanistan]]
 [[Category:1910s in Afghanistan]]
+[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s]]
+[[Category:Afghan politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]

v t e Monarchs of Afghanistan
Hotak Empire	Mirwais Hotak Abdul Aziz Hotak Mahmud Hotak Ashraf Hotak Hussain Hotak
Durrani Empire	Ahmad Shah Durrani Timur Shah Durrani Zaman Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani Shah Shujah Durrani Ali Shah Durrani Ayub Shah Durrani
Barakzai Emirate	Sultan Mohammad Khan Dost Mohammad Khan Akbar Khan Sher Ali Khan Mohammad Afzal Khan Mohammad Azam Khan Mohammad Yaqub Khan Ayub Khan Abdur Rahman Khan Habibullah Khan Jehandad Khan Nasrullah Khan
Barakzai Kingdom	Amanullah Khan Abd-al Karim Inayatullah Khan
Saqqawist Emirate (unrecognized)	Habibullāh Kalakāni
Barakzai Kingdom (restored)	Mohammad Nadir Shah Mohammad Zahir Shah Salemai
Italics indicates localized rebel monarchs

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