Jump to content

Habibullah Khan: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted 1 edit by 2806:2F0:4781:F7A0:B8D7:EC8D:A3C8:38FA (talk) to last revision by Chariotrider555
 
(21 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
| name = Habibullah Khan I<br />
| name = Habibullah Khan I<br />
| title = Emir of Afghanistan
| title = Emir of Afghanistan
| ethnicity = Tajik
| dynasty = [[Barakzai dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Barakzai dynasty]]
| image = Habibullah.jpg
| image = Habibullah.jpg
Line 30: Line 29:
}}
}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
'''Habibullah Khan''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Dari]]: {{lang|ps|{{nq|حبيب الله خان}}}} ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] from 1901 until his death in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], whom he succeeded by right of [[primogeniture]] in October 1901. His grandfather was [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]].<ref name=afghans17/><ref name=fpg/>
'''Habibullah Khan''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Dari]]: {{lang|ps|{{nq|حبيب الله خان}}}} ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] from 1901 until his assassination in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], whom he succeeded by right of [[primogeniture]] in October 1901. His grandfather was [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]].<ref name=afghans17/><ref name=fpg/>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]] in 1871. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan.]]
Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]] to a [[Pashtun]] family in 1872. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan.]]


== Reign ==
== Reign ==
[[File:King Habibullah Khan with Afghan military men.jpg|thumb|290x290px|King Habibullah Khan with Afghan soldiers]]
[[File:King Habibullah Khan with Afghan military men.jpg|thumb|290x290px|King Habibullah Khan with Afghan soldiers]]
Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into [[exile]] by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLEZbZE3lAC&pg=PT14|title=Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan|isbn=9783643102256|last1=Peroz|first1=Nazir|year=2009}}</ref> In 1903, Habibullah founded the [[Habibia High School|Habibia school]] as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, [[Sahibzada Abdul Latif|Abdul Lateef]] was sentenced to death in 1903 for [[apostasy]], being stoned to death in [[Kabul]]. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. [[Qala-e-Seraj]] in [[Mihtarlam]] was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. {{!}} ACKU Images System|url=https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000v0Om7i3953g|url-status=live|access-date=|website=ackuimages.photoshelter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seraj Castle Restoration Completed|url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture/seraj-castle-restoration-completed|url-status=live|access-date=|website=TOLOnews|language=en}}</ref>
Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into [[exile]] by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLEZbZE3lAC&pg=PT14|title=Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan|isbn=9783643102256|last1=Peroz|first1=Nazir|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref> In 1901, Habibullah passed a law forcing Hindu men to wear yellow turbans and women to wear a yellow veil in public in order to distinguish and discriminate them from Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutter |first=Manfred |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |chapter=Afghanistan}}</ref> In 1903, Habibullah founded the [[Habibia High School|Habibia school]] as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, [[Sahibzada Abdul Latif|Abdul Lateef]] was sentenced to death in 1903 for [[apostasy]], being stoned to death in [[Kabul]]. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. [[Qala-e-Seraj]] in [[Mihtarlam]] was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. {{!}} ACKU Images System|url=https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000v0Om7i3953g|access-date=|website=ackuimages.photoshelter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seraj Castle Restoration Completed|url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture/seraj-castle-restoration-completed|access-date=|website=TOLOnews|language=en}}</ref>


=== Khost rebellion ===
=== Khost rebellion ===
Line 46: Line 45:
Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in [[World War I]], despite strenuous efforts by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] and a German military mission ([[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with [[British Raj|British India]], signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into [[Freemasonry]], at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html|title = Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason}}</ref><ref>McMahon, Henry A (1939). ''An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry''. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.</ref>
Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in [[World War I]], despite strenuous efforts by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] and a German military mission ([[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with [[British Raj|British India]], signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into [[Freemasonry]], at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html|title = Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason}}</ref><ref>McMahon, Henry A (1939). ''An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry''. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.</ref>


== Death ==
== Assassination ==
In the summer of 1918, an ultimatum was sent to Habibullah. The ultimatum demanded the formation of a constitutional government and was followed by a threat, which was disregarded. During prepared celebrations for his birthday, Habibullah was shot at while driving through the Shor Bazaar in [[Kabul]]. However, the bullet only hit the car he was driving in.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=447 |language=English}}</ref>
⚫
Habibullah was assassinated by a military officer whilst hunting at Kalagosh, [[Laghman Province]] on 20 February 1919.<ref>Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/afghanistan-1919-present/ | title=6. Afghanistan (1919-present) }}</ref> Habibullah's brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]] briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by [[Amanullah Khan]], Habibullah's third son.<ref name="India Office Sources">[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records]</ref> This occurred a few months before the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].
Habibullah requested Mustufi Husain Khan to find the assassins', and utilized this attempt to remove political dissenters and reformers against his government. Mustufi Husain identified numerous people, including associates of [[Mahmud Tarzi]] such as Abd al-Rahman Ludin, and Abd al-Hadi Dawai. Mustufi Husain also identified the Amir's son, [[Amanullah Khan]] as being involved. This was, however, disregarded entirely. With the winter of 1918—1919 approaching, as well as a [[Influenza|flu]] outbreak in Kabul, Habibullah retreated to his winter quarters in [[Jalalabad]], leaving Amanullah Khan regent in Kabul as he left. In January 1919, Habibullah embarked on a hunt, and arrived in Kalagosh, an area in the province of [[Laghman Province|Laghman]]. During the night of 19 February 1919, an assassin managed to avoid the Amir's bodyguards, and shot him through the ear at very close range, killing Habibullah.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=447-448}}<ref>Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/afghanistan-1919-present/ | title=6. Afghanistan (1919-present) }}</ref>

⚫
Habibullah's brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]] briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by [[Amanullah Khan]], Habibullah's third son.<ref name="India Office Sources">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html |title=Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116111138/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1919to1928/sources1919to1928.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This occurred a few months before the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].


==Honours==
==Honours==
Line 83: Line 85:
[[Category:Barakzai dynasty]]
[[Category:Barakzai dynasty]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Afghan secularists]]
[[Category:Afghan critics of religions]]
⚫
[[Category:Assassinated Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:People murdered in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:People murdered in Afghanistan]]
Line 92: Line 93:
[[Category:1900s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1900s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1910s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1910s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1910s assassinated politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s]]
⚫
[[Category:Afghan politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]

Latest revision as of 19:36, 10 October 2024

This article is about the Amir of Afghanistan. For the pre-1947 Indian freedom fighter and post-1947 Pakistani political leader, see Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi.

Habibullah Khan I
Emir of Afghanistan
Emir of Afghanistan
Reign1 October 1901 – 20 February 1919
PredecessorAbdur Rahman Khan
SuccessorNasrullah Khan
Born3 June 1872
Samarkand, Emirate of Bukhara[1][2]
Died20 February 1919(1919-02-20) (aged 46)
Kalagosh, Laghman Province, Afghanistan
DynastyBarakzai dynasty
FatherAbdur Rahman Khan
MotherAsal Begum
ReligionSunni Islam
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC
Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom 1500–535 BC
Median Empire 728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite kingdom 320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns 380–560
Hephthalite Empire 410–557
Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
Tibetan Empire 660–842
Umayyads 661–750
Zunbils 680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Ghurids before 879–1215
Seljuks 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1215–1231
Mongol Invasion 1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245
Qarlughids 1224–1266
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1507
Arghuns 1520–1591
Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate ?–1859
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Maimana Khanate 1747–1892
Herat 1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic 1973–1978
Saur Revolution 1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

Habibullah Khan (Pashto/Dari: حبيب الله خان ; 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1901 until his assassination in 1919. He was the eldest son of the Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, whom he succeeded by right of primogeniture in October 1901. His grandfather was Mohammad Afzal Khan.[1][2]

Early life

[edit]

Habibullah was the eldest son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to a Pashtun family in 1872. He had a younger brother, born on December 7, 1874, Nasrullah Khan.

Reign

[edit]
King Habibullah Khan with Afghan soldiers

Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into exile by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.[3] In 1901, Habibullah passed a law forcing Hindu men to wear yellow turbans and women to wear a yellow veil in public in order to distinguish and discriminate them from Muslims.[4] In 1903, Habibullah founded the Habibia school as well as a military academy. He also worked to put in place progressive reforms in his country. He instituted various legal reforms and repealed many of the harshest criminal penalties. One of his chief advisers, Abdul Lateef was sentenced to death in 1903 for apostasy, being stoned to death in Kabul. Other reforms included the dismantling of the internal intelligence organization that had been put in place by his father. Qala-e-Seraj in Mihtarlam was built by the Amir c. 1912–13 to spend his winters.[5][6]

Khost rebellion

[edit]
Main article: Khost rebellion (1912)

In May 1912, Habibullah faced the only crisis in his career when a rebellion erupted in Khost led by Jehandad Khan, a rival claimant to the Afghan throne, known as the Khost rebellion.[7] This rebellion ended in August that same year, when the rebels were given concessions by the Afghan government.[8]

World War I

[edit]

Habibullah maintained the country's neutrality in World War I, despite strenuous efforts by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a German military mission (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition) to enlist Afghanistan on its side. He also greatly reduced tensions with British India, signing a treaty of friendship in 1905 and paying an official state visit in 1907. While in India, he was initiated into Freemasonry, at Lodge Concordia, No. 3102.[9][10]

Assassination

[edit]

In the summer of 1918, an ultimatum was sent to Habibullah. The ultimatum demanded the formation of a constitutional government and was followed by a threat, which was disregarded. During prepared celebrations for his birthday, Habibullah was shot at while driving through the Shor Bazaar in Kabul. However, the bullet only hit the car he was driving in.[11] Habibullah requested Mustufi Husain Khan to find the assassins', and utilized this attempt to remove political dissenters and reformers against his government. Mustufi Husain identified numerous people, including associates of Mahmud Tarzi such as Abd al-Rahman Ludin, and Abd al-Hadi Dawai. Mustufi Husain also identified the Amir's son, Amanullah Khan as being involved. This was, however, disregarded entirely. With the winter of 1918—1919 approaching, as well as a flu outbreak in Kabul, Habibullah retreated to his winter quarters in Jalalabad, leaving Amanullah Khan regent in Kabul as he left. In January 1919, Habibullah embarked on a hunt, and arrived in Kalagosh, an area in the province of Laghman. During the night of 19 February 1919, an assassin managed to avoid the Amir's bodyguards, and shot him through the ear at very close range, killing Habibullah.[12][13][14]

Habibullah's brother Nasrullah Khan briefly succeeded him as Emir and held power for a week between 21 and 28 February 1919 before being ousted and imprisoned by Amanullah Khan, Habibullah's third son.[15] This occurred a few months before the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Honours

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Vogelsang, The Afghans (2001, p. 270)
  2. ^ a b "HH Sir Amir Habibullah Khan". Ancestry. 5 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  3. ^ Peroz, Nazir (2009). Framework for a Functional IT Supply in Higher Education in Afghanistan. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643102256.
  4. ^ Hutter, Manfred (2018). "Afghanistan". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
  5. ^ "Qalat us-Seraj Palace, Mehtarlam, Laghman. | ACKU Images System". ackuimages.photoshelter.com.
  6. ^ "Seraj Castle Restoration Completed". TOLOnews.
  7. ^ The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information; the Three New Supplementary Volumes Constituting with the Volumes of the Latest Standard Edition, the Thirteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Company, Limited. 1926. p. 46.
  8. ^ The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ "Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason".
  10. ^ McMahon, Henry A (1939). An Account of the Entry of H. M. Habibullah Khan Amir of Afghanistan into Freemasonry. London, UK: Favil Press, Ltd.
  11. ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 447. ISBN 9781789140101.
  12. ^ Lee 2019, p. 447-448.
  13. ^ Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
  14. ^ "6. Afghanistan (1919-present)".
  15. ^ "Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records". Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Habibullah Khan.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Barakzai dynasty
Emir of Afghanistan
1901–1919 		Succeeded by


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habibullah_Khan&oldid=1250496741"