1939 papal conclave: Difference between revisions

Papal conclave
March 1939
Papal conclave; March 1939;
Dates and location
	1–2 March 1939; Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,; Vatican City
Key officials
Dean	Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte
Sub-dean	Donato Sbarretti
Camerlengo	Eugenio Pacelli
Protopriest	William Henry O'Connell
Protodeacon	Camillo Caccia-Dominioni
Secretary	Vincenzo Santoro
Election
Ballots	3
Elected pope
	Eugenio Pacelli; Name taken: Pius XII
	← 1922 1958 →

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Latest revision as of 22:51, 14 October 2024

The papal conclave held on 1 and 2 March 1939 saw Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli elected on the third ballot to succeed Pius XI, who had died on 10 February, as pope. All 62 cardinals took part. Pacelli, who had been camerlengo and secretary of state, took the name Pius XII. The day was his 63rd birthday.

The conclave of 1939 was the shortest of the 20th century.^[1] It was also the last to include all living cardinals.

Pacelli was the first Pope born in Rome since Innocent XIII, in 1721, and the first member of the Roman Curia to become Pontiff since Gregory XVI (1831).^[2]^[3] Another Curial cardinal would not be elected Pope until the 2005 papal conclave, who chose the name Benedict XVI.

Papabili

Time magazine announced that likely contenders for the papacy included August Hlond of Gniezno-Poznań, Karl Joseph Schulte of Cologne, the Curia veteran Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant, Ildefonso Schuster of Milan, Adeodato Giovanni Piazza of Venice, Maurilio Fossati of Turin, and Eugenio Pacelli, a longtime diplomat in the service of the Holy See. The prospect of a non-Italian pope for the first time since Adrian VI in 1522 was considered more likely than in previous conclaves.^[4]^[5] On 13 February, The New York Times dismissed the idea of a non-Italian given the current state of international hostilities, though it thought Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve of Quebec the least objectionable to the contending powers. It discounted Pacelli since there was no precedent for the election of the secretary of state, and precedent argued against the election of any member of the Curia as well as three key Italians who were members of religious orders. The five Italians remaining were Alessio Ascalesi of Naples, Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano of Bologna, Luigi Lavitrano of Palermo, Maurilio Fossati of Turin, and Elia dalla Costa of Florence.^[6] By 20 February the paper found greater interest in the curial cardinals, Francesco Marmaggi, Massimo Massimi, and Luigi Maglione.^[7]

Pacelli was heavily favored among the cardinals to win. Pius XI had hinted that he favored Pacelli as his successor.^[8] On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst."^[9]^[10] He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."^[10]

Like Pius X, Pius XI had been a blunt-spoken, no-nonsense pontiff. Assembling in 1939 as the outbreak of hostilities that became the Second World War was widely anticipated, the cardinals turned to a soft-spoken diplomat.

Balloting

Pacelli, in his role as Camerlengo, announced on 10 February that the College would wait the maximum time allowed, eighteen days from the death of the pope, to start the conclave. The time period before starting had been lengthened following the previous conclave, for which three North American cardinals had arrived too late to participate.^[11]^[12] When the 31 cardinals available discussed the question on 11 February, they amended his plan only to provide that they would start earlier if all those who planned to attend had arrived in Rome.^[5] The cardinals arrived slowly in Rome, with just 37 attending the papal funeral on 14 February^[13] and 46 at a funeral Mass on 18 February.^[14] By 20 February, starting the conclave on 28 February appeared to be a possibility, as only three non-Italians had yet to arrive: William Henry O'Connell of Boston, Sebastião da Silveira Cintra of Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago Copello of Buenos Aires.^[15] On 22 February the cardinals sitting in general congregation settled on 1 March, expecting the three to arrive at Naples on the S.S. Neptunia on that morning.^[16]

The conclave was held in the Apostolic Palace. All the cardinals attended, 35 Italians and 27 from other countries.^[6] The doors closed at 6:17 pm.^[17]

Pacelli won a narrow victory on the second ballot with the lowest possible two-thirds majority, 42 out of 62. He then asked for an additional ballot to confirm his election by a larger margin.^[11]^[a] To the question "Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem?", Pacelli replied "Accepto in crucem" (I accept it as a cross). He explained his choice of Pius by saying, "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards Pius XI."^[19]

**PAPAL CONCLAVE, 1939**
Duration	2 days
Number of ballots	3
Electors	62
Absent	0
Africa	0
Latin America	2
North America	4
Asia	1
Europe	55
Oceania	0
Italians	35
DECEASED POPE	PIUS XI (1922–1939)
NEW POPE	PIUS XII (1939–1958)

The white smoke signifying a successful election appeared at 5:30 pm, but began to turn black.^[4] Vincenzo Santoro, the conclave secretary, then sent a note to Vatican Radio to confirm that the smoke was white and Pacelli had been elected.^[20] At 6:06 pm,^[2] the Protodeacon, Cardinal Camillo Caccia-Dominioni, made the Habemus Papam announcement in Latin from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica. He said that the new pope had chosen the name Pius and did not mention the ordinal "the twelfth".^[21]^[22]^[23] The crowd below in St. Peter's Square began to sing the hymn Christus Vincit.^[2]

Change in conclave procedure

Pius had been narrowly elected before seeking an additional ballot to demonstrate wider support, and he knew that a very close ballot in the 1914 conclave had raised the question of the impact of a cardinal's vote for himself. Pius promulgated the apostolic constitution Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis on 8 December 1945, more than six years after his election. He made only two significant changes in conclave procedures, otherwise following those established by Pope Pius X on 25 December 1904 with the constitution Vacante Sede Apostolica.^[24] (1) He increased the majority required for election from two-thirds of those voting to two-thirds plus one, so that an elector's vote for himself would be insufficient to produce a two-thirds majority. He also eliminated the rule against voting for oneself, which the two-thirds-plus-one rule obviated.^[25]^[26] It holds, though, that if one had an exact two-thirds majority, not counting one's own vote, a cardinal could cast the deciding vote for himself. (2) From 1621 to 1945, the ballots were signed with folded over flaps to conceal the signatures of the electors. Pius XII removed the signature portion of the new form of ballot, so that a completely secret ballot is now cast by each elector with the oath taken at the same moment, now being anonymous. All this is clearly stated in the Apostolic Constitution "Vancantis Apostolicae Sedis" promulgated by Pius XII on 8 December 1945.^[27]

Notes

^ Another account says he received 41 votes on the second ballot.^[18] Another adds that Pacelli's ballot was examined after the second ballot to establish that he had not voted for himself.^[11]

References

^ Allen Jr., John L. (2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385504560. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Hailed by Throngs" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 March 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ Padellaro, Nazareno (1957). Portrait of Pius XII. Dutton. p. 7.
^ ^a ^b "Death of a Pope". Time. 20 February 1939. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ ^a ^b "31 Cardinals Meet to Plan Conclave" (PDF). New York Times. 12 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b "5 Cardinals Lead in Vatican Contest" (PDF). New York Times. 13 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ "Vatican Regards Americans Highly" (PDF). New York Times. 20 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ Weigel, George (21 April 2005). "Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel". Madison Catholic Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 (in Italian)
^ ^a ^b Lehnert, Pascalina (1986). Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII (in German). Würzburg: Naumann. pp. 49, 57. ISBN 3885670410.
^ ^a ^b ^c Walsh, Michael (2003). The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. Sheed & Ward. p. 150. ISBN 9781461601814. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ "Conclave to Elect Pope is Postponed to March 1" (PDF). New York Times. 11 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ "Pope Pius is Buried in St. Peter's Crypt with Splendid Rite" (PDF). New York Times. 13 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ "Rites at St. Peter's Held by Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 18 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ "Rites for Pope Pius Brought to a Close" (PDF). New York Times. 20 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ "Vatican Conclave is Set for March 1" (PDF). New York Times. 22 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ "Vatican Door Shut on 62 Cardinals as Conclave Opens to Elect Pope" (PDF). The New York Times. 2 March 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ Brosch, Joseph (1968). Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit. Trier: Kreuzring. p. 45.
^ "The "Siri Thesis" Unravels". Inside the Vatican. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
^ "Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
^ "Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII" (in Italian). YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ "Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII" (in Italian). YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ Jedin, Hubert, ed. (1981). "The Code and Development of Canon Law to 1974". The Church in the Modern Age. Vol. X. London: Burns & Oates. p. 157. ISBN 9780860120926. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ Pope Pius XII (8 December 1945). Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 25 November 2017; paragraph 68.
^ Acts of the Apostolic See, Vol 38, 1946. pages 65-99

Sources

Alvarez, David; Graham, Robert A. (2013). Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican, 1939–1945. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-1-135-21714-3.
Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198716167.
Tornielli, Andrea (2007). Pio XII: Eugenio Pacelli : un uomo sul trono di Pietro (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori. ISBN 978-88-04-57010-3.
Ventresca, Robert A. (2013). "4. A Tremendous Responsibility". Soldier of Christ: The Life of Pope Pius XII. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 129–138. ISBN 978-0-674-06730-1.
Acts of the Apostolic See established 1908 by St Pius X, under Vatican auspices and website

External links

Pope Pius XII (8 December 1945). Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 25 November 2017.

[19] Another account says he received 41 votes on the second ballot.^[18] Another adds that Pacelli's ballot was examined after the second ballot to establish that he had not voted for himself.^[11]

[1] Allen Jr., John L. (2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385504560. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[nyt19390303-2] "Hailed by Throngs" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 March 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[3] Padellaro, Nazareno (1957). Portrait of Pius XII. Dutton. p. 7.

[time20feb-4] "Death of a Pope". Time. 20 February 1939. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.

[nyt19390212-5] "31 Cardinals Meet to Plan Conclave" (PDF). New York Times. 12 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[nyt19390213-6] "5 Cardinals Lead in Vatican Contest" (PDF). New York Times. 13 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[nyt19399213-7] "Vatican Regards Americans Highly" (PDF). New York Times. 20 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[8] Weigel, George (21 April 2005). "Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel". Madison Catholic Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2014.

[9] "Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 (in Italian)

[Lehnert1-10] Lehnert, Pascalina (1986). Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII (in German). Würzburg: Naumann. pp. 49, 57. ISBN 3885670410.

[walsh-11] Walsh, Michael (2003). The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. Sheed & Ward. p. 150. ISBN 9781461601814. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[12] "Conclave to Elect Pope is Postponed to March 1" (PDF). New York Times. 11 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[13] "Pope Pius is Buried in St. Peter's Crypt with Splendid Rite" (PDF). New York Times. 13 February 1939. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[14] "Rites at St. Peter's Held by Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 18 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[15] "Rites for Pope Pius Brought to a Close" (PDF). New York Times. 20 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[16] "Vatican Conclave is Set for March 1" (PDF). New York Times. 22 February 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[17] "Vatican Door Shut on 62 Cardinals as Conclave Opens to Elect Pope" (PDF). The New York Times. 2 March 1939. Retrieved 4 November 2017.

[18] Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[20] Brosch, Joseph (1968). Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit. Trier: Kreuzring. p. 45.

[21] "The "Siri Thesis" Unravels". Inside the Vatican. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2007.

[22] "Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2012.

[23] "Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII" (in Italian). YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2013.

[24] "Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII" (in Italian). YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2013.

[jedin-25] Jedin, Hubert, ed. (1981). "The Code and Development of Canon Law to 1974". The Church in the Modern Age. Vol. X. London: Burns & Oates. p. 157. ISBN 9780860120926. Retrieved 25 November 2017.

[26] Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0. Retrieved 25 November 2017.

[27] Pope Pius XII (8 December 1945). Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 25 November 2017; paragraph 68.

[28] Acts of the Apostolic See, Vol 38, 1946. pages 65-99

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Election of Pope Pius XII}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
 {{Infobox papal conclave
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 | nextconclave_link=1958 papal conclave
 }}
-Following the death of [[Pope Pius XI]] on 10 February 1939, all [[Cardinal electors for the 1939 papal conclave|62 cardinals]] of the Catholic Church met in the '''1939 papal conclave''' on 1 March. The next day, on the third ballot, they elected [[Eugenio Pacelli|Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli]], who was [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]] and [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], as pope. He accepted and took the name ''Pius XII''. It was his 63rd birthday.
+The [[papal conclave]] held on 1 and 2 March 1939 saw Cardinal [[Eugenio Pacelli]] elected on the third ballot to succeed [[Pius XI]], who had died on 10 February, as [[pope]]. All [[Cardinal electors for the 1939 papal conclave|62 cardinals]] took part. Pacelli, who had been [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|camerlengo]] and [[Cardinal Secretary of State|secretary of state]], [[papal name|took the name]] Pius XII. The day was his 63rd birthday.
-The conclave of 1939 was the shortest of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election|date=2002|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=9780385504560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsltdTp6OgC&pg=PT103|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
+The conclave of 1939 was the shortest of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election|date=2002|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=9780385504560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsltdTp6OgC&pg=PT103|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> It was also the last to include all living cardinals.
-Pacelli was the first member of the Roman Curia to become pope since [[Gregory XVI]] (1831)<ref name=nyt19390303/> and the first Roman since [[Innocent XIII]] (1731).<ref>{{cite book| title= Portrait of Pius XII | publisher= Dutton | date= 1957 | first= Nazareno | last = Padellaro| page=7}}</ref>
+Pacelli was the first Pope born in [[Rome]] since [[Innocent XIII]], in 1721, and the first member of the Roman Curia to become Pontiff since [[Gregory XVI]] (1831).<ref name=nyt19390303/><ref>{{cite book| title= Portrait of Pius XII | publisher= Dutton | date= 1957 | first= Nazareno | last = Padellaro| page=7}}</ref> Another Curial cardinal would not be elected Pope  until the [[2005 papal conclave]], who chose the name [[Benedict XVI]].
 ==Papabili==
-''Time'' magazine announced that [[Papabile|likely contenders]] for the [[Pope|papacy]] included [[August Hlond]] of Gniezno-Poznań, [[Karl Joseph Schulte]] of Cologne, the [[Roman Curia|Curia]] veteran [[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant]], [[Ildefonso Schuster]] of Milan, [[Adeodato Giovanni Piazza]] of Venice, [[Maurilio Fossati]] of Turin, and Eugenio Pacelli, a longtime diplomat in the service of the [[Holy See]].  The prospect of a non-Italian pope for the first time since  [[Pope Adrian VI]] in 1522 was considered more likely than in previous conclaves.<ref name=time20feb>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title= Death of a Pope |date= 20 February 1939}}</ref><ref name=nyt19390212/> On 13 February, ''[[The New York Times]]'' dismissed the idea of a non-Italian given the current state of international hostilities, though it thought [[Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve]] of Quebec the least objectionable to the contending powers. It discounted Pacelli since there was no precedent for the election of the Secretary of State, and precedent argued against the election of any member of the Curia as well as three key Italians who were members of religious orders. The five Italians remaining were [[Alessio Ascalesi]] of Naples, [[Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano]] of Bologna, [[Luigi Lavitrano]] of Palermo, [[Maurilio Fossati]] of Turin, and [[Elia dalla Costa]] of Florence.<ref name=nyt19390213>{{cite news|title=5 Cardinals Lead in Vatican Contest|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/13/91551897.pdf |access-date=2 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=13 February 1939}}</ref> By 20 February the paper found greater interest in the curial cardinals, [[Francesco Marmaggi]], [[Massimo Massimi]], and [[Luigi Maglione]].<ref name=nyt19399213>{{cite news|title=Vatican Regards Americans Highly |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/20/94680514.pdf |access-date=4 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=20 February 1939}}</ref>
+''Time'' magazine announced that [[Papabile|likely contenders]] for the [[papacy]] included [[August Hlond]] of Gniezno-Poznań, [[Karl Joseph Schulte]] of Cologne, the [[Roman Curia|Curia]] veteran [[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant]], [[Ildefonso Schuster]] of Milan, [[Adeodato Giovanni Piazza]] of Venice, [[Maurilio Fossati]] of Turin, and Eugenio Pacelli, a longtime diplomat in the service of the [[Holy See]].  The prospect of a non-Italian pope for the first time since  [[Adrian VI]] in 1522 was considered more likely than in previous conclaves.<ref name=time20feb>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760766,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title= Death of a Pope |date= 20 February 1939}}</ref><ref name=nyt19390212/> On 13 February, ''[[The New York Times]]'' dismissed the idea of a non-Italian given the current state of international hostilities, though it thought [[Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve]] of Quebec the least objectionable to the contending powers. It discounted Pacelli since there was no precedent for the election of the secretary of state, and precedent argued against the election of any member of the Curia as well as three key Italians who were members of religious orders. The five Italians remaining were [[Alessio Ascalesi]] of Naples, [[Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano]] of Bologna, [[Luigi Lavitrano]] of Palermo, [[Maurilio Fossati]] of Turin, and [[Elia dalla Costa]] of Florence.<ref name=nyt19390213>{{cite news|title=5 Cardinals Lead in Vatican Contest|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/13/91551897.pdf |access-date=2 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=13 February 1939}}</ref> By 20 February the paper found greater interest in the curial cardinals, [[Francesco Marmaggi]], [[Massimo Massimi]], and [[Luigi Maglione]].<ref name=nyt19399213>{{cite news|title=Vatican Regards Americans Highly |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/20/94680514.pdf |access-date=4 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=20 February 1939}}</ref>
 Pacelli was heavily favored among the cardinals to win. Pius XI had hinted that he favored Pacelli as his successor.<ref>{{cite news| journal= Madison Catholic Herald |url=http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html |last=Weigel| first=George| title=Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel|date=21 April 2005|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst."<ref>"''Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis''. Everybody knew what the pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, ''Pio XII'', Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref name=Lehnert1>{{cite book |last=Lehnert |first=Pascalina |title=Ich durfte Ihm Dienen: Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII |publisher=Naumann |location=Würzburg |year=1986 |pages=49, 57 |isbn=3885670410 |language=de}}</ref> He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."<ref name=Lehnert1/>
-Like [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]], Pius XI had been a blunt-spoken, no-nonsense pontiff. Assembling in 1939 as the outbreak of hostilities that became [[World War II]] was widely anticipated, the cardinals turned to a soft-spoken diplomat.
+Like [[Pius X]], Pius XI had been a blunt-spoken, no-nonsense pontiff. Assembling in 1939 as the outbreak of hostilities that became the [[Second World War]] was widely anticipated, the cardinals turned to a soft-spoken diplomat.
 ==Balloting==
@@ Line 84: / Line 85: @@
 !colspan="1" style="background:#8888aa"|PIUS XII (1939–1958)
 |}
-The white smoke signifying a successful election appeared at 5:30&nbsp;pm, but began to turn black.<ref name=time20feb/> Vincenzo Santoro, the conclave secretary, then sent a note to [[Radio Vaticana|Vatican Radio]] to confirm that the smoke was white and Pacelli had been elected.<ref>{{cite news| work=Inside the Vatican |url=http://www.insidethevatican.com/articles/siri-thesis.htm |title= The "Siri Thesis" Unravels}}</ref> At 6:06 pm,<ref name=nyt19390303>{{cite news|title=Hailed by Throngs|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/03/03/103214340.pdf|access-date=4 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=3 March 1939}}</ref> the [[Protodeacon]], Cardinal [[Camillo Caccia-Dominioni]], made the ''[[Habemus Papam]]'' announcement in Latin from the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. He said that the new pope had chosen the name ''Pius'' and did not mention the ordinal "the twelfth".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRfvjvSLKXA  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/xRfvjvSLKXA |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 21 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcpPYyEtcA0  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/YcpPYyEtcA0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 17 March 2013 |language=it}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qPkr7zh8AY  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/8qPkr7zh8AY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 10 October 2013 | language=it}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The crowd below in [[St. Peter's Square]] began to sing the [[hymn]] ''Christus Vincit''.<ref name=nyt19390303/>
+The white smoke signifying a successful election appeared at 5:30&nbsp;pm, but began to turn black.<ref name=time20feb/> Vincenzo Santoro, the conclave secretary, then sent a note to [[Radio Vaticana|Vatican Radio]] to confirm that the smoke was white and Pacelli had been elected.<ref>{{cite news | work=Inside the Vatican | url=http://www.insidethevatican.com/articles/siri-thesis.htm | title=The "Siri Thesis" Unravels | access-date=11 April 2007 | archive-date=15 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215221200/http://insidethevatican.com/articles/siri-thesis.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> At 6:06 pm,<ref name=nyt19390303>{{cite news|title=Hailed by Throngs|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/03/03/103214340.pdf|access-date=4 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=3 March 1939}}</ref> the [[Protodeacon]], Cardinal [[Camillo Caccia-Dominioni]], made the ''[[Habemus Papam]]'' announcement in Latin from the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. He said that the new pope had chosen the name ''Pius'' and did not mention the ordinal "the twelfth".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRfvjvSLKXA  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/xRfvjvSLKXA |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 21 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcpPYyEtcA0  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/YcpPYyEtcA0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 17 March 2013 |language=it}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qPkr7zh8AY  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/8qPkr7zh8AY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII |publisher= YouTube |access-date= 10 October 2013 | language=it}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The crowd below in [[St. Peter's Square]] began to sing the [[hymn]] ''Christus Vincit''.<ref name=nyt19390303/>
 ==Change in conclave procedure==
-Pius had been narrowly elected before seeking an additional ballot to demonstrate wider support, and he knew that a very close ballot in the [[Papal conclave, 1914|1914 conclave]] had raised the question of the impact of a cardinal's vote for himself. Pius promulgated the [[apostolic constitution]] ''Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis'' on 8 December 1945, more than six years after his election. He made only two significant changes in conclave procedures, otherwise following those established by [[Pope Pius X]] on 25 December 1904 with the constitution ''Vacante Sede Apostolica''.<ref name=jedin>{{cite book|editor-first1=Hubert |editor-last1=Jedin| title=The Church in the Modern Age|page=157|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA157|access-date=25 November 2017| chapter=The Code and Development of Canon Law to 1974| volume=X |publisher=Burns & Oates|location=London| date=1981|isbn=9780860120926}}</ref> (1) He increased the majority required for election from two-thirds of those voting to two-thirds ''plus one'', so that an elector's vote for himself would be insufficient to produce a two-thirds majority. He also eliminated the rule against voting for oneself, which the two-thirds-plus-one rule obviated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pham|first1=John-Peter|title=Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession| date=2004| publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham/page/333 333]|isbn=978-0-19-517834-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham|url-access=registration|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Pope Pius XII| access-date= 25 November 2017 | date= 8 December 1945 | title=Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html | language=la | publisher= Libreria Editrice Vaticana | postscript=;}} paragraph 68.</ref> It holds, though, that if one had an exact two-thirds majority, not counting one's own vote, a cardinal could cast the deciding vote for himself. (2) From 1621 to 1945, the ballots were signed with folded over flaps to conceal the signatures of the electors.  Pius XII removed the signature portion of the new form of ballot, so that a completely secret ballot is now cast by each elector with the oath taken at the same moment, now being anonymous.  All this is clearly stated in the Apostolic Constitution "Vancantis Apostolicae Sedis" promulgated by Pius XII on 8 December 1945.{{fact}}
+Pius had been narrowly elected before seeking an additional ballot to demonstrate wider support, and he knew that a very close ballot in the [[Papal conclave, 1914|1914 conclave]] had raised the question of the impact of a cardinal's vote for himself. Pius promulgated the [[apostolic constitution]] ''Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis'' on 8 December 1945, more than six years after his election. He made only two significant changes in conclave procedures, otherwise following those established by [[Pope Pius X]] on 25 December 1904 with the constitution ''Vacante Sede Apostolica''.<ref name=jedin>{{cite book|editor-first1=Hubert |editor-last1=Jedin| title=The Church in the Modern Age|page=157|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA157|access-date=25 November 2017| chapter=The Code and Development of Canon Law to 1974| volume=X |publisher=Burns & Oates|location=London| date=1981|isbn=9780860120926}}</ref> (1) He increased the majority required for election from two-thirds of those voting to two-thirds ''plus one'', so that an elector's vote for himself would be insufficient to produce a two-thirds majority. He also eliminated the rule against voting for oneself, which the two-thirds-plus-one rule obviated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pham|first1=John-Peter|title=Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession| date=2004| publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham/page/333 333]|isbn=978-0-19-517834-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham|url-access=registration|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Pope Pius XII| access-date= 25 November 2017 | date= 8 December 1945 | title=Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html | language=la | publisher= Libreria Editrice Vaticana | postscript=;}} paragraph 68.</ref> It holds, though, that if one had an exact two-thirds majority, not counting one's own vote, a cardinal could cast the deciding vote for himself. (2) From 1621 to 1945, the ballots were signed with folded over flaps to conceal the signatures of the electors.  Pius XII removed the signature portion of the new form of ballot, so that a completely secret ballot is now cast by each elector with the oath taken at the same moment, now being anonymous.  All this is clearly stated in the Apostolic Constitution "Vancantis Apostolicae Sedis" promulgated by Pius XII on 8 December 1945.<ref>Acts of the Apostolic See, Vol 38, 1946. pages 65-99</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 102: / Line 103: @@
 * {{Cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|author-link=David Kertzer|title=The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198716167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ}}
 *{{cite book|last=Tornielli|first=Andrea|title=Pio XII: Eugenio Pacelli : un uomo sul trono di Pietro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-YRAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Mondadori|location=Milano|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-57010-3}}
-*{{cite book|last=Ventresca|first=Robert A. |title=Soldier of Christ: The Life of Pope Pius XII|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3KBY-VjSAAC&pg=PA39|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge MA USA|isbn=978-0-674-06730-1|pages=129–138|chapter=4. A Tremendous Responsibility}}
+*{{cite book|last=Ventresca|first=Robert A. |title=Soldier of Christ: The Life of Pope Pius XII|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3KBY-VjSAAC&pg=PA39|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-674-06730-1|pages=129–138|chapter=4. A Tremendous Responsibility}}
+*Acts of the Apostolic See established 1908 by St Pius X, under Vatican auspices and website
 ==External links==
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 |wikt=y|wikt-search=Pope
+|d=y}}
-|d=y|d-search= Q19546
-}}
 [[Category:1939 papal conclave| ]]
-[[Category:1939 elections in Europe]]
+[[Category:1939 elections in Europe|Papal conclave]]
-[[Category:1939 in Italy]]
+[[Category:1939 in Italy|Papal conclave]]
 [[Category:20th-century Catholicism]]
-[[Category:1939 in Christianity]]
+[[Category:1939 in Christianity|Papal conclave]]
-[[Category:March 1939 events]]
+[[Category:March 1939 events in Europe|Papal conclave]]
 [[Category:Political history of Vatican City]]

v t e Papal elections and conclaves
Papal selection before 1059 Papal conclave (1274–1276, 1294–present)
Elections and conclaves	1061 1073 1086 1088 1099 1118 1119 1124 1130 1143 1144 1145 1153 1154 1159 1181 1185 October 1187 December 1187 1191 1198 1216 1227 1241 1243 1254 1261 1264–1265 1268–1271 January 1276 July 1276 September 1276 1277 1280–1281 1285 1287–1288 1292–1294 1294 1303 1304–1305 1314–1316 1334 1342 1352 1362 1370 1378 1389 1404 1406 1417 1431 1447 1455 1458 1464 1471 1484 1492 September 1503 electors October 1503 electors 1513 1521–1522 1523 1534 1549–1550 April 1555 May 1555 1559 1565–1566 1572 1585 September 1590 October–December 1590 1591 1592 March–April 1605 electors May 1605 electors 1621 1623 1644 1655 1667 1669–1670 1676 1689 1691 1700 1721 1724 1730 1740 1758 1769 1774–1775 1799–1800 1823 1829 1830–1831 1846 1878 1903 1914 electors 1922 electors 1939 electors 1958 electors 1963 electors August 1978 electors October 1978 electors 2005 electors 2013 electors
Governing documents (selected)	Ubi periculum (1274) Aeterni Patris Filius (1621) Cum proxime (1922) Ingravescentem aetatem (1970) Romano Pontifici eligendo (1975) Universi Dominici gregis (1996) De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis (2007) Normas nonnullas (2013)
Category

v t e Pope Pius XII
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958 Pope (1939–1958) Camerlengo (1935–1939) Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939) Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica (1930–1939)
Biography	Early life Nunciature US visit Election Later years Illness and death Testament Canonization
Encyclicals in chronological order	Summi Pontificatus Sertum laetitiae Saeculo exeunte Mystici Corporis Christi Divino afflante Spiritu Orientalis Ecclesiae Communium interpretes dolorum Orientales omnes Ecclesias Quemadmodum Deiparae Virginis Mariae Fulgens radiatur Mediator Dei Optatissima pax Auspicia quaedam In multiplicibus curis Redemptoris nostri cruciatus Anni sacri Summi maeroris Humani generis Mirabile illud Evangelii praecones Sempiternus Rex Christus Ingruentium malorum Orientales Ecclesias Doctor Mellifluus Fulgens corona Sacra virginitas Ecclesiae fastos Ad Sinarum gentem Ad Caeli Reginam Musicae sacrae Haurietis aquas Luctuosissimi eventus Laetamur admodum Datis nuperrime Fidei donum Invicti athletae Le pèlerinage de Lourdes Miranda prorsus Ad Apostolorum principis Meminisse iuvat
World War II	The Holocaust statements conversion of Jews Persecution of Church German Resistance Nazi euthanasia Catholic Resistance Roman razzia Occupied dioceses Ustaše involvement Jewish orphans controversy Pontifical Relief Commission 1942 Christmas address Alleged kidnapping plot Yad Vashem Bombing of Rome
Foreign relations	Nazi Germany (Reichskonkordat) Post–World War II "Ratlines" Persecutions China Poland Russia
Theology	Social teachings Mariology Judaism Liturgy Eastern canon law Canonizations Beatifications Fátima and Balazar
Writings	Apostolic constitutions and bulls Encyclicals Apostolic writings Magisterium
Appointments	Tisserant Maglione Montini Tardini Orsenigo Muench Cardinals
Advisers	Bea Galeazzi-Lisi Kaas Lehnert Leiber Nogara Spellman Spiazzi
Works on Pius XII	The Deputy Three Popes and the Jews Actes et documents Hitler's Pope International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission Under His Very Windows The Myth of Hitler's Pope Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War The Pope's Jews
Related	Pius Wars