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{{Short description|1990 war drama film by Agnieszka Holland}}
{{Distinguish|Europa (1991 film)}}
{{Distinguish|Europa (1991 film)|Europe, Europe}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Europa Europa
| name = Europa Europa
Line 11: Line 12:
* [[Marco Hofschneider]]
* [[Marco Hofschneider]]
* [[Julie Delpy]]
* [[Julie Delpy]]
* [[Hanns Zischler]]
* [[Hanns Zischler]]}}
* [[André Wilms]]}}
| music = [[Zbigniew Preisner]]
| music = [[Zbigniew Preisner]]
| cinematography = Jacek Petrycki
| cinematography = Jacek Petrycki
| editing = {{ubl|Isabelle Lorente|Ewa Smal}}
| editing = {{ubl|Isabelle Lorente|Ewa Smal}}
| distributor = [[Orion Pictures]] (US)
| distributor = [[Orion Pictures]] (US)
| released = {{film date|1990|11|14|France|ref1=<ref name="filmportal" />|1991|06|28|US}}
| released = {{film date|df=y|1990|11|14|France|ref1=<ref name="filmportal" />|1991|06|28|US}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = {{plainlist|*Germany
| country = {{plainlist|*Germany
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}}
}}


'''''Europa Europa''''' ({{lang-de|Hitlerjunge Salomon}}, lit., "Hitler Youth Salomon") is a 1990 [[historical drama|historical]] [[war film|war]] [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Agnieszka Holland]], and starring [[Marco Hofschneider]], [[Julie Delpy]], [[Hanns Zischler]], and [[André Wilms]]. It is based on the 1989 autobiography of [[Solomon Perel]], a [[Germany|German]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] boy who escaped [[the Holocaust]] by masquerading as a [[Nazi]] and joining the [[Hitler Youth]]. Perel himself appears briefly as "himself" in the film's finale. The film's title refers to [[World War II]]'s division of continental [[Europe]], resulting in a constant national shift of allegiances, identities, and [[front line]]s. The film is an [[international co-production]] between the German company [[CCC Film]] and companies in [[France]] and [[Poland]].
'''''Europa Europa''''' ({{langx|de|Hitlerjunge Salomon}}, lit., "Hitler Youth Salomon") is a 1990 [[Historical drama|historical]] [[War film|war]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Agnieszka Holland]], and starring [[Marco Hofschneider]], [[Julie Delpy]], [[Hanns Zischler]], and [[André Wilms]]. It is based on the 1989 autobiography of [[Solomon Perel]], a [[German Jews|German-Jewish]] boy who escaped [[the Holocaust]] by masquerading as a [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] and joining the [[Hitler Youth]]. Perel himself appears briefly as "himself" in the film's finale. The film's title refers to [[World War II]]'s [[European theatre of World War II|division of continental Europe]], resulting in a constant national shift of allegiances, identities, and [[front line]]s.


''Europa Europa'' won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and received an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] in 1992.
The film is an [[international co-production]] between the German company [[CCC Film]] and companies in [[France]] and [[Poland]]. ''Europa Europa'' won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and received an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] in 1992.


==Plot==
==Plot==
In 1938, in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], thirteen-year-old Solomon "Solek" Perel takes a bath on the eve of his [[Bar and bat mitzvah|bar mitzvah]] when ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' occurs. Solek evades the Nazis, but returns home to find his sister Berta has been murdered. His father decides the Perel family will move to his birthplace of [[Łódź]] in central [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], as he believes it will be safer there. Less than a year later, [[World War II]] begins, with the German [[invasion of Poland]]. Solek's family decides he and his brother Isaak should flee to [[Eastern Europe]]. Isaak and Solek head for the eastern border of Poland, only to find that the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviets have invaded]]. The brothers are separated, and Solek ends up in a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] orphanage in [[Grodno]] with other Polish refugee children.
In 1938, in [[Nazi Germany]], on the eve of thirteen-year-old Solomon "Solek" Perel's [[Bar and bat mitzvah|bar mitzvah]], ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' occurs. Solek evades the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] and later learns that his sister has been murdered. His father decides the family will move to his birthplace of [[Łódź]] in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], believing it will be safer there. Less than a year later, [[World War II]] begins, and [[German invasion of Poland|Germany invades Poland]]. Solek's family decides he and his brother Isaak should flee to [[Eastern Europe]]. The brothers head for the eastern border of Poland, only to learn the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviets have invaded]]. The brothers are separated, and Solek ends up in a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[orphanage]] in [[Grodno]] with other [[Internment of refugees in the Soviet Union during World War II|Polish refugee children]].


Solek lives in the orphanage for two years, where he joins the [[Komsomol]], receives [[Communism|Communist]] education, and learns [[Russian language|Russian]]. He takes a romantic interest in Inna, a young and attractive instructor who defends him when the authorities at school discover Solek's class origin is [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]]. Zenek, a Polish [[Catholic Church in Poland|Catholic]] boy whose father was captured by the Soviets, antagonizes Solek for being a [[Eastern European Jewry|Jew]], and accuses him of being a [[Stalinism|Stalinist]]. Solek receives a letter from his parents informing him of their imprisonment in the [[Łódź Ghetto]].
Solek lives in the orphanage for two years, where he joins the [[Komsomol]], receives a [[Education in the Soviet Union|communist education]], and learns [[Russian language|Russian]]. He takes a romantic interest in Inna, a young instructor who defends him when the authorities discover his class origin is [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]]. Solek receives a letter from his parents informing him of their imprisonment in the [[Łódź Ghetto]].


Solek is captured by German soldiers during the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]], and finds himself amongst a group of Soviet prisoners. As the German soldiers single out the Jews and [[commissars]] for execution, Solek hides his identity papers and tells the Germans he is "Josef Peters", a "''[[Volksdeutsche]]r''" from a [[Baltic Germans|Baltic German]] family in [[Latvia]]. The soldiers deduce that "Josef" was in the orphanage because his parents were killed by the Soviets, and promise him vengeance. The unit adopts Solek as their interpreter, due to his fluency in German and Russian.
Solek is captured by German soldiers during the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] and finds himself amongst Soviet prisoners. As the Germans single out the Jews and [[commissars]] for execution, Solek hides his identity papers and tells the Germans he is "Josef Peters", a "''[[Volksdeutsche]]r''" from [[Grodno]].{{efn|Horodno, a city in [[Belarus]], formerly [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grodno |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/grodno |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>}} The soldiers believe Josef's parents were ethnic German, and he was in the orphanage because his parents were killed by the Soviets. Using his German-Russian bilingual language skill, "Josef" helps the unit identify a prisoner as [[Yakov Dzhugashvili]], [[Joseph Stalin]]'s son. The unit is impressed and adopts Solek as their interpreter, due to his fluency in German and Russian.


Solek avoids any public bathing or urinating, as his [[circumcision|circumcised penis]] would expose him as a Jew. Robert, one of the soldiers, sneaks in on Solek while he bathes. Robert reveals he is [[homosexual male|homosexual]], and promises solidarity to Solek, as both have secrets that the Nazis would kill them for. During combat, Robert is killed, and Solek, the lone survivor of his unit, attempts to reach the Soviet lines. As he crosses a bridge, the unit charges across behind him, and the Soviet troops surrender; Solek is hailed as a hero. The company commander decides to adopt Solek and send him to the elite [[Hitler Youth]] Academy in [[Braunschweig]], to receive a Nazi education.
Solek avoids any public bathing or urinating, as his [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised penis]] would expose him as a Jew. A closeted [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] German soldier named Robert discovers Solek's secret but shows solidarity and sympathizes with him as they share a common ground of being in danger of persecution due to their backgrounds. During combat, Robert is killed, and Solek, the lone survivor of his unit, attempts to reach the Soviets. As he crosses a bridge, German soldiers charge across behind him, and the Soviet troops surrender; Solek is hailed as a hero. The company commander decides to adopt Solek and send him to the elite [[Hitler Youth]] Academy in [[Braunschweig]], to receive a [[Adult education in Nazi Germany|Nazi education]].


At the school, "Josef Peters" is introduced to the other boys as a heroic combat veteran. Solek manages to avoid baring himself through several methods, and attempts to disguise his circumcision with string and rubber bands to simulate a foreskin. During class, a Nazi "expert" in [[scientific racism|racial science]] uses Solek as a subject to determine his [[anthropometry|anthropometric indices]], declaring him to be of [[East Baltic race|East Baltic]] heritage, but still with "[[Aryan race|Aryan]] stock". Leni, a member of the [[Bund Deutscher Mädel]] who serves meals at the Academy, becomes infatuated with Solek. He returns Leni's affections, but does not consummate their relationship for fear of exposing himself. The two eventually part ways after Leni makes a violent [[antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] remark to Solek.
At the school, Solek is very careful to hide his circumcision. Leni, a member of the [[Bund Deutscher Mädel]] who serves meals at the Academy, becomes infatuated with Solek. He returns her affections, but does not consummate their relationship for fear of exposing himself.


During his leave from the Academy, Solek travels to Łódź to find his family; however, the ghetto is sealed off and guarded by the ''[[Feldgendarmerie]]''. Solek rides a tram that travels through the ghetto, observing horrific sights of tortured and starved people. He spots an elderly woman resembling his mother, but is unable to get closer to the woman. Later, Solek visits Leni's mother, who does not sympathize with the Nazis. She tells him Leni is pregnant by Solek's roommate, Gerd, and intends to give up the child to the "''[[Lebensborn]]''" program. When Leni's mother presses Josef on his identity, he breaks down and confesses he is Jewish; she tells him she had suspected, but promises not to betray him. He does not see Leni again.
During his leave from the Academy, Solek travels to Łódź to find his family; however, the ghetto is sealed off and guarded. Solek rides a tram that travels through the ghetto, observing sights of tortured and starved people. Later, Solek visits Leni's mother, who does not sympathize with the Nazis. She tells him Leni is pregnant by Solek's roommate, Gerd, and will give up the child to the ''[[Lebensborn]]'' program. When Leni's mother presses Josef on his identity, he breaks down and confesses he is Jewish; she promises not to betray him.


Solek is summoned to the [[Gestapo]] offices, and is nearly exposed when he is prodded about his supposed parentage and is asked to show a "Certificate of Racial Purity". When Solek claims the certificate is in Grodno, the Gestapo official says he will send for it and then rants about how the war will be won by [[Hitler]]'s "''[[Wunderwaffen]]''". As Solek leaves to meet with Gerd, the building is destroyed by Allied bombs; Solek's relief is tempered by Gerd's death in the bombing.
Solek is summoned to the [[Gestapo]] offices. There, he is prodded about his supposed parentage and is asked to show a "Certificate of Racial Purity". When Solek claims the certificate is in Grodno, the Gestapo official says he will send for it. As Solek leaves to meet with Gerd, the building is destroyed by Allied bombs; Solek survives while Gerd dies in the bombing.


As Soviet troops close in on [[Berlin]], the Hitler Youth are sent to the front lines. Solek deserts his unit, and surrenders to the Soviets. His captors are initially doubtful that Solek is a Jew, and accuse him of being a traitor. When a Soviet officer angrily shows Solek photos of murdered Jews from [[Nazi concentration camps|death camps]] they liberated, Solek explains he was not aware of the extent of the death camps. They are about to have Solek shot by an elderly Communist [[political prisoner]] when Solek's brother Isaak, just released from a concentration camp, recognizes Solek. Isaak reveals to Solek that their parents were killed years prior when the Łódź Ghetto was "[[Łódź Ghetto#Liquidation|liquidated]]". Before leaving the camp, Isaak tells Solek to never reveal his story to anyone, saying it would never be believed. Shortly thereafter, Solek [[Aliyah|emigrates]] to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. The film ends with the real Solomon Perel, as an older man, singing a Jewish folk song taken from the [[Book of Psalms]] ("[[Hine Ma Tov]]," [[Psalm 133]]:1).
As Soviet troops close in on [[Berlin]], the Hitler Youth are sent to the front lines. Solek deserts his unit and surrenders to the Soviets. His captors doubt that he is a Jew and accuse him of being a traitor. There, Solek learns of the [[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi death camps]]. The Soviets are about to have him shot when Solek's brother Isaak, just released from a camp, recognizes Solek. Isaak reveals their parents were killed years prior when the Łódź Ghetto was "[[Łódź Ghetto#Liquidation|liquidated]]". Shortly thereafter, Solek [[Aliyah|emigrates]] to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]].

The real Solomon Perel, seen in modern day, sings as the film fades to a close.


==Cast==
==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
{{Cast listing|* [[Marco Hofschneider]] as Solomon "Solek" Perel
* [[André Wilms]] as Robert Kellerman, a gay soldier who promises to protect Solek after discovering his Jewish identity
⚫
* [[Marco Hofschneider]] as Solomon "Solek" Perel
* [[Julie Delpy]] as Leni
* [[Julie Delpy]] as Leni
⚫
* René Hofschneider as Isaak Perel
⚫
* [[Hanns Zischler]] as Hauptmann
⚫
* Piotr Kozłowski as David Perel
* René Hofschneider as Isaak
⚫
* Piotr Kozlowski as David
* [[André Wilms]] as Robert Kellerman, soldier
* Ashley Wanninger as Gerd
⚫
* Halina Łabonarska as Leni's mother
* Klaus Abramowsky as Solomon's father
* Klaus Abramowsky as Solomon's father
* Michèle Gleizer as Solomon's mother
* Michèle Gleizer as Solomon's mother
* Marta Sandrowicz as Berta
* Ashley Wanninger as Gerd
* Nathalie Schmidt as Basia
* Nathalie Schmidt as Basia
* [[Delphine Forest]] as Inna
* [[Delphine Forest]] as Inna Moyseevna
⚫
* Halina Łabonarska as Leni's mother
* Marta Sandrowicz as Bertha Perel
* Andrzej Mastalerz as Zenek Dracz
⚫
* [[Hanns Zischler]] as Hauptmann von Larenau
* [[Włodzimierz Press]] as [[Yakov Dzhugashvili]], Stalin's son
* Martin Maria Blau as Ulmayer
* Martin Maria Blau as Ulmayer
* Andrzej Mastalerz as Zenek
* [[Solomon Perel]] as himself}}
* [[Solomon Perel]] as himself
}}


== Release ==
== Release ==
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=== Reception ===
=== Reception ===
''Europa Europa'' received widespread acclaim from critics. ''Europa Europa'' has an approval rating of 95% on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10.<ref>{{Citation|title=Europa, Europa|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/europa_europa|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en|access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] assigned the film a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generaly favourable reviews".<ref>https://www.metacritic.com/movie/europa-europa?ftag=MCD-06-10aaa1c</ref>
''Europa Europa'' received widespread acclaim from critics. ''Europa Europa'' has an approval rating of 95% on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. <ref>{{Citation|title=Europa, Europa|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/europa_europa|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en|access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>


Writing for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', critic Michael Wilmington lauded the film's multi-faceted structure, calling ''Europa Europa'' "a tense [[Thriller film|suspense]] story, an ironic [[Romance film|romance]], and a truly [[black comedy]] — all driving toward a dark crisis of identity".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wilmington |first=Michael |date=18 February 1992 |title="Europa" at Center of Oscar Storm: Commentary: Debate over why the film won't be a foreign-language nominee reveals inequities of process. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-18-ca-2490-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In a positive review, [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said it "accomplishes what every film about the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] seeks to achieve: It brings new immediacy to the outrage by locating specific, wrenching details that transcend cliche".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |date=28 June 1991 |title=Reviews/Film; A Boy Confronts His Jewish Heritage as a Hero of Hitler Youth |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/movies/reviews-film-a-boy-confronts-his-jewish-heritage-as-a-hero-of-hitler-youth.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Writing for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', critic Michael Wilmington lauded the film's multi-faceted structure, calling ''Europa Europa'' "a tense [[Thriller film|suspense]] story, an ironic [[Romance film|romance]], and a truly [[black comedy]] — all driving toward a dark crisis of identity".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wilmington |first=Michael |date=18 February 1992 |title="Europa" at Center of Oscar Storm: Commentary: Debate over why the film won't be a foreign-language nominee reveals inequities of process. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-18-ca-2490-story.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


[[Hal Hinson]], of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', praised the direction, saying "Holland isn't a dour moral instructor; she's an [[Ironism|ironist]] with a deft ability to capture the absurd aspects of her material and keep them in balance with the tragic".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |author-link=Hal Hinson |date=9 August 1991 |title='Europa Europa' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/europaeuroparhinson_a0a6d7.htm |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Hinson commended the film for its "[awareness] of the toll [Solly's] shape-shifting compromises exacts".<ref name=":1" /> [[Desson Thomson|Desson Howe]], also of ''[[The Washington Post|The Post]]'', was more critical, citing the film's "emotional distance",<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |author-link=Desson Howe |date=9 August 1991 |title='Europa Europa' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/europaeuroparhowe_a0b314.htm |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> and, similarly to Maslin, said the film did not fully probe Solly's conscience.<ref name=":2" />
In a positive review, [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said it "accomplishes what every film about the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] seeks to achieve: It brings new immediacy to the outrage by locating specific, wrenching details that transcend cliche".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |date=28 June 1991 |title=Reviews/Film; A Boy Confronts His Jewish Heritage as a Hero of Hitler Youth |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/movies/reviews-film-a-boy-confronts-his-jewish-heritage-as-a-hero-of-hitler-youth.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[Hal Hinson]], of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', praised the direction, saying "Holland isn't a dour moral instructor; she's an [[Ironism|ironist]] with a deft ability to capture the absurd aspects of her material and keep them in balance with the tragic".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |author-link=Hal Hinson |date=9 August 1991 |title='Europa Europa' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/europaeuroparhinson_a0a6d7.htm |access-date=5 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Hinson commended the film for its "[awareness] of the toll [Solly's] shape-shifting compromises exacts".<ref name=":1" /> [[Desson Thomson|Desson Howe]], also of ''[[The Washington Post|The Post]]'', was more critical, citing the film's "emotional distance",<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |author-link=Desson Howe |date=9 August 1991 |title='Europa Europa' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/europaeuroparhowe_a0b314.htm |access-date=5 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> and, similarly to Maslin, said the film did not fully probe Solly's conscience.<ref name=":2" />


=== Best Foreign Film controversy ===
=== Best Foreign Film controversy ===
As it won four major "best foreign-language film" prizes from American critics' groups of the 1991 [[Film awards seasons|awards season]], ''Europa Europa'' was strongly regarded as a contender for a [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Film Oscar]] for the [[64th Academy Awards]] ceremony.<ref name=":0" /> However, the German Export Film Union, which oversaw the Oscar selection committee for German films, declined to submit the film for a nomination.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=14 January 1992 |title=The Talk of Hollywood; "Europa" Surfaces in Oscar Angling |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/14/movies/the-talk-of-hollywood-europa-surfaces-in-oscar-angling.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The committee reasoned the film did not meet certain eligibility criteria, such as not qualifying as a German film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, the film was a co-production between [[Germany]], [[Poland]], and [[France]];<ref name=":0" /> in addition, much of the film is spoken in German, while the film's producer and much of the cast and crew is German.<ref name=":3" /> Export committee members reportedly called the film "junk" and "an embarrassment".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Marc |date=20 February 1992 |title=A MESSAGE ON "EUROPA" |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/20/a-message-on-europa/d6b5ae37-df0a-41d3-bf6f-e35e093400f8/ |access-date=14 December 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The film's unconventional use of black comedy, as opposed to full [[tragedy]], in a Holocaust film has been speculated to be a main cause for the committee's omission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannone |first=Pasquale |date=October 2011 |title=Europa Europa |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2011/cteq/europa-europa/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[Senses of Cinema]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taubin|first=Amy|author-link=Amy Taubin|date=9 July 2019|title=Europa Europa: Border States|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6484-europa-europa-border-states|url-status=live|access-date=|website=[[The Criterion Collection]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Hornaday |date=5 December 1993 |title=FILM; For Foreign Films, the Rules For an Oscar Are Set in Sand |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/05/movies/film-for-foreign-films-the-rules-for-an-oscar-are-set-in-sand.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The omission prompted leading German film-makers to write a public letter of support for the film and its director, [[Agnieszka Holland]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=28 January 1992 |title=German Film-Makers Express Support for "Europa" |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/28/movies/german-film-makers-express-support-for-europa.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Thomas (film critic) |date=29 January 1992 |title=Germany Divided on "Europa": Movies: German film-makers protest the German Export Film Union's decision not to enter "Europa Europa" for best foreign-language film in the Academy Awards. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-29-ca-862-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The letter signees included [[Werner Herzog]], [[Wolfgang Petersen]], and [[Wim Wenders]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
As it won four major "best foreign-language film" prizes from American critics' groups of the 1991 [[Film awards seasons|awards season]], ''Europa Europa'' was strongly regarded as a contender for a [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Film Oscar]] for the [[64th Academy Awards]] ceremony.<ref name=":0" /> However, the German Export Film Union, which oversaw the Oscar selection committee for German films, declined to submit the film for a nomination.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=14 January 1992 |title=The Talk of Hollywood; "Europa" Surfaces in Oscar Angling |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/14/movies/the-talk-of-hollywood-europa-surfaces-in-oscar-angling.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The committee reasoned the film did not meet certain eligibility criteria, such as not qualifying as a German film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, the film was a co-production between [[Germany]], [[Poland]], and [[France]];<ref name=":0" /> in addition, much of the film is spoken in German, while the film's producer and much of the cast and crew is German.<ref name=":3" /> Export committee members reportedly called the film "junk" and "an embarrassment".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Marc |date=20 February 1992 |title=A MESSAGE ON "EUROPA" |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/20/a-message-on-europa/d6b5ae37-df0a-41d3-bf6f-e35e093400f8/ |access-date=14 December 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The film's unconventional use of black comedy, as opposed to full [[tragedy]], in a Holocaust film has been speculated to be a main cause for the committee's omission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannone |first=Pasquale |date=October 2011 |title=Europa Europa |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2011/cteq/europa-europa/ |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[Senses of Cinema]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taubin|first=Amy|author-link=Amy Taubin|date=9 July 2019|title=Europa Europa: Border States|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6484-europa-europa-border-states|access-date=|website=[[The Criterion Collection]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Hornaday |date=5 December 1993 |title=FILM; For Foreign Films, the Rules For an Oscar Are Set in Sand |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/05/movies/film-for-foreign-films-the-rules-for-an-oscar-are-set-in-sand.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The omission prompted leading German film-makers to write a public letter of support for the film and its director, [[Agnieszka Holland]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=28 January 1992 |title=German Film-Makers Express Support for "Europa" |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/28/movies/german-film-makers-express-support-for-europa.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Thomas (film critic) |date=29 January 1992 |title=Germany Divided on "Europa": Movies: German film-makers protest the German Export Film Union's decision not to enter "Europa Europa" for best foreign-language film in the Academy Awards. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-29-ca-862-story.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The letter signees included [[Werner Herzog]], [[Wolfgang Petersen]], and [[Wim Wenders]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />


Despite the film's omission, it went on to be a critical and commercial success in the United States,<ref name=":0" /> where it became the second most successful German film, after 1981's ''[[Das Boot]]'',<ref name=":4" /> and received an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]].<ref name="Oscars1992" />
Despite the film's omission, it went on to be a critical and commercial success in the United States,<ref name=":0" /> where it became the second most successful German film, after 1981's ''[[Das Boot]]'',<ref name=":4" /> and received an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]].<ref name="Oscars1992" />
Line 161: Line 164:


== Home media ==
== Home media ==
The film was released on DVD by [[MGM Home Entertainment]] on March 4, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa Europa DVD |url=https://www.amazon.com/Europa-Marco-Hofschneider/dp/B00007KQ9X |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> [[The Criterion Collection]] released a special edition [[Blu-ray]] of the film on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lybarger |first=Dan |date=26 July 2019 |title=Europa Europa deserving of its Criterion status |work=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]] |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/jul/26/europa-europa-deserving-of-its-criterio/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225202/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/jul/26/europa-europa-deserving-of-its-criterio/ |archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>
The film was released on DVD by [[MGM Home Entertainment]] on 4 March 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa Europa DVD |url=https://www.amazon.com/Europa-Marco-Hofschneider/dp/B00007KQ9X |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|date=4 March 2003 }}</ref> [[The Criterion Collection]] released a special edition [[Blu-ray]] of the film on 9 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lybarger |first=Dan |date=26 July 2019 |title=Europa Europa deserving of its Criterion status |work=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]] |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/jul/26/europa-europa-deserving-of-its-criterio/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225202/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/jul/26/europa-europa-deserving-of-its-criterio/ |archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 drama films]]
[[Category:1990 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:1990 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners]]
[[Category:1990 multilingual films]]
[[Category:German coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1990s French films]]
[[Category:German war drama films]]
[[Category:1990s German films]]
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[[Category:Polish war drama films]]
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[[Category:French coming-of-age drama films]]
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[[Category:French war drama films]]
[[Category:1990s German-language films]]
[[Category:1990s German-language films]]
[[Category:Holocaust films]]
[[Category:1990s Polish-language films]]
⚫
[[Category:1990s Russian-language films]]
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[[Category:1990s war drama films]]
[[Category:Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners]]
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[[Category:Biographical films about writers]]
[[Category:Films about Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Films about Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Films based on biographies]]
[[Category:Films based on autobiographies]]
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[[Category:LGBT-related films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agnieszka Holland]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agnieszka Holland]]
[[Category:Films scored by Zbigniew Preisner]]
[[Category:Films scored by Zbigniew Preisner]]
[[Category:Films set in Belarus]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films set in Łódź]]
[[Category:Films set in Łódź]]
[[Category:Films set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Films set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Films set in Belarus]]
[[Category:French coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1990s Polish-language films]]
[[Category:French LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:1990s war drama films]]
[[Category:French multilingual films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:French war drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:French LGBT-related films]]
⚫
[[Category:German LGBT-related films]]
⚫
[[Category:Polish LGBT-related films]]
⚫
[[Category:1990 drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:Biographical films about writers]]
⚫
[[Category:World War II films based on actual events]]
⚫
[[Category:German World War II films]]
[[Category:French World War II films]]
[[Category:French World War II films]]
[[Category:Polish World War II films]]
[[Category:German coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1990 multilingual films]]
[[Category:German LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:German multilingual films]]
[[Category:German multilingual films]]
⚫
[[Category:German war drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:German World War II films]]
⚫
[[Category:German-language French films]]
⚫
[[Category:Holocaust films]]
⚫
[[Category:1990s LGBTQ-related drama films]]
⚫
[[Category:LGBTQ-related films based on actual events]]
⚫
[[Category:Polish LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Polish multilingual films]]
[[Category:Polish multilingual films]]
[[Category:French multilingual films]]
[[Category:Polish war drama films]]
[[Category:1990s French films]]
[[Category:Polish World War II films]]
[[Category:1990s German films]]
[[Category:World War II films based on actual events]]
⚫
[[Category:Polish coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Warsaw]]
[[Category:Films produced by Margaret Ménégoz]]
[[Category:Films about the Soviet Union in the Stalin era]]
[[Category:German-language war films]]

Latest revision as of 06:10, 21 October 2024

Not to be confused with Europa (1991 film) or Europe, Europe.
Europa Europa
French theatrical release poster
Directed byAgnieszka Holland
Screenplay byAgnieszka Holland
Based onI Was Hitler Youth Salomon
by Solomon Perel
Produced byArtur Brauner
Margaret Ménégoz
Starring
CinematographyJacek Petrycki
Edited by
  • Isabelle Lorente
  • Ewa Smal
Music byZbigniew Preisner
Distributed byOrion Pictures (US)
Release dates
  • 14 November 1990 (1990-11-14) (France)[1]
  • 28 June 1991 (1991-06-28) (US)
Running time
112 minutes
Countries
LanguagesGerman
Russian
Polish
Hebrew
Yiddish
Box office$5,575,738 (domestic)[4]

Europa Europa (German: Hitlerjunge Salomon, lit., "Hitler Youth Salomon") is a 1990 historical war drama film directed by Agnieszka Holland, and starring Marco Hofschneider, Julie Delpy, Hanns Zischler, and André Wilms. It is based on the 1989 autobiography of Solomon Perel, a German-Jewish boy who escaped the Holocaust by masquerading as a Nazi and joining the Hitler Youth. Perel himself appears briefly as "himself" in the film's finale. The film's title refers to World War II's division of continental Europe, resulting in a constant national shift of allegiances, identities, and front lines.

The film is an international co-production between the German company CCC Film and companies in France and Poland. Europa Europa won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1992.

Plot

[edit]

In 1938, in Nazi Germany, on the eve of thirteen-year-old Solomon "Solek" Perel's bar mitzvah, Kristallnacht occurs. Solek evades the Nazis and later learns that his sister has been murdered. His father decides the family will move to his birthplace of Łódź in Poland, believing it will be safer there. Less than a year later, World War II begins, and Germany invades Poland. Solek's family decides he and his brother Isaak should flee to Eastern Europe. The brothers head for the eastern border of Poland, only to learn the Soviets have invaded. The brothers are separated, and Solek ends up in a Soviet orphanage in Grodno with other Polish refugee children.

Solek lives in the orphanage for two years, where he joins the Komsomol, receives a communist education, and learns Russian. He takes a romantic interest in Inna, a young instructor who defends him when the authorities discover his class origin is bourgeois. Solek receives a letter from his parents informing him of their imprisonment in the Łódź Ghetto.

Solek is captured by German soldiers during the German invasion of the Soviet Union and finds himself amongst Soviet prisoners. As the Germans single out the Jews and commissars for execution, Solek hides his identity papers and tells the Germans he is "Josef Peters", a "Volksdeutscher" from Grodno.[a] The soldiers believe Josef's parents were ethnic German, and he was in the orphanage because his parents were killed by the Soviets. Using his German-Russian bilingual language skill, "Josef" helps the unit identify a prisoner as Yakov Dzhugashvili, Joseph Stalin's son. The unit is impressed and adopts Solek as their interpreter, due to his fluency in German and Russian.

Solek avoids any public bathing or urinating, as his circumcised penis would expose him as a Jew. A closeted homosexual German soldier named Robert discovers Solek's secret but shows solidarity and sympathizes with him as they share a common ground of being in danger of persecution due to their backgrounds. During combat, Robert is killed, and Solek, the lone survivor of his unit, attempts to reach the Soviets. As he crosses a bridge, German soldiers charge across behind him, and the Soviet troops surrender; Solek is hailed as a hero. The company commander decides to adopt Solek and send him to the elite Hitler Youth Academy in Braunschweig, to receive a Nazi education.

At the school, Solek is very careful to hide his circumcision. Leni, a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel who serves meals at the Academy, becomes infatuated with Solek. He returns her affections, but does not consummate their relationship for fear of exposing himself.

During his leave from the Academy, Solek travels to Łódź to find his family; however, the ghetto is sealed off and guarded. Solek rides a tram that travels through the ghetto, observing sights of tortured and starved people. Later, Solek visits Leni's mother, who does not sympathize with the Nazis. She tells him Leni is pregnant by Solek's roommate, Gerd, and will give up the child to the Lebensborn program. When Leni's mother presses Josef on his identity, he breaks down and confesses he is Jewish; she promises not to betray him.

Solek is summoned to the Gestapo offices. There, he is prodded about his supposed parentage and is asked to show a "Certificate of Racial Purity". When Solek claims the certificate is in Grodno, the Gestapo official says he will send for it. As Solek leaves to meet with Gerd, the building is destroyed by Allied bombs; Solek survives while Gerd dies in the bombing.

As Soviet troops close in on Berlin, the Hitler Youth are sent to the front lines. Solek deserts his unit and surrenders to the Soviets. His captors doubt that he is a Jew and accuse him of being a traitor. There, Solek learns of the Nazi death camps. The Soviets are about to have him shot when Solek's brother Isaak, just released from a camp, recognizes Solek. Isaak reveals their parents were killed years prior when the Łódź Ghetto was "liquidated". Shortly thereafter, Solek emigrates to the British Mandate of Palestine.

The real Solomon Perel, seen in modern day, sings as the film fades to a close.

Cast

[edit]
  • Marco Hofschneider as Solomon "Solek" Perel
  • André Wilms as Robert Kellerman, a gay soldier who promises to protect Solek after discovering his Jewish identity
  • Julie Delpy as Leni
  • René Hofschneider as Isaak Perel
  • Piotr Kozłowski as David Perel
  • Klaus Abramowsky as Solomon's father
  • Michèle Gleizer as Solomon's mother
  • Ashley Wanninger as Gerd
  • Nathalie Schmidt as Basia
  • Delphine Forest as Inna Moyseevna
  • Halina Łabonarska as Leni's mother
  • Marta Sandrowicz as Bertha Perel
  • Andrzej Mastalerz as Zenek Dracz
  • Hanns Zischler as Hauptmann von Larenau
  • Włodzimierz Press as Yakov Dzhugashvili, Stalin's son
  • Martin Maria Blau as Ulmayer
  • Solomon Perel as himself

Release

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

The film was given a limited release in the United States on 28 June 1991, and grossed $31,433 in its opening weekend in two theaters. Its final international gross was US$5,575,738.[4]

Reception

[edit]

Europa Europa received widespread acclaim from critics. Europa Europa has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. [6]

Writing for the Los Angeles Times, critic Michael Wilmington lauded the film's multi-faceted structure, calling Europa Europa "a tense suspense story, an ironic romance, and a truly black comedy — all driving toward a dark crisis of identity".[7]

In a positive review, Janet Maslin of The New York Times said it "accomplishes what every film about the Holocaust seeks to achieve: It brings new immediacy to the outrage by locating specific, wrenching details that transcend cliche".[8]

Hal Hinson, of The Washington Post, praised the direction, saying "Holland isn't a dour moral instructor; she's an ironist with a deft ability to capture the absurd aspects of her material and keep them in balance with the tragic".[9] Hinson commended the film for its "[awareness] of the toll [Solly's] shape-shifting compromises exacts".[9] Desson Howe, also of The Post, was more critical, citing the film's "emotional distance",[10] and, similarly to Maslin, said the film did not fully probe Solly's conscience.[10]

Best Foreign Film controversy

[edit]

As it won four major "best foreign-language film" prizes from American critics' groups of the 1991 awards season, Europa Europa was strongly regarded as a contender for a Best Foreign Film Oscar for the 64th Academy Awards ceremony.[7] However, the German Export Film Union, which oversaw the Oscar selection committee for German films, declined to submit the film for a nomination.[11] The committee reasoned the film did not meet certain eligibility criteria, such as not qualifying as a German film.[7][11] However, the film was a co-production between Germany, Poland, and France;[7] in addition, much of the film is spoken in German, while the film's producer and much of the cast and crew is German.[11] Export committee members reportedly called the film "junk" and "an embarrassment".[11][12] The film's unconventional use of black comedy, as opposed to full tragedy, in a Holocaust film has been speculated to be a main cause for the committee's omission.[13][14][15] The omission prompted leading German film-makers to write a public letter of support for the film and its director, Agnieszka Holland.[16][17] The letter signees included Werner Herzog, Wolfgang Petersen, and Wim Wenders.[7][16]

Despite the film's omission, it went on to be a critical and commercial success in the United States,[7] where it became the second most successful German film, after 1981's Das Boot,[16] and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.[18]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Category Nominee(s) Result
20/20 Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
Academy Awards[18] Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Agnieszka Holland Nominated
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards[19] Best Foreign Language Film Won
British Academy Film Awards[20] Best Film Not in the English Language Artur Brauner, Margaret Ménégoz, and Agnieszka Holland Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[21] Best Foreign Language Film Won
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[22] Best Foreign Film Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards[23] Best Foreign Language Film Runner-up
Best Music Score Zbigniew Preisner Won
National Board of Review Awards[24] Top Foreign Language Films Won
Best Foreign Language Film Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards[25] Best Foreign Language Film 3rd Place
Best Screenplay Agnieszka Holland 3rd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards[26] Best Foreign Language Film Won
Political Film Society Awards Human Rights Nominated
Viareggio Europa Cinema Awards Best Screenplay Agnieszka Holland Won

Home media

[edit]

The film was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on 4 March 2003.[27] The Criterion Collection released a special edition Blu-ray of the film on 9 July 2019.[28]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Horodno, a city in Belarus, formerly Poland-Lithuania.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Hitlerjunge Salomon". filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  2. ^ "Europa Europa". British Film Institute. London: BFI Film & Television Database. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  3. ^ "Europa Europa". Bifi.fr (in French). Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Europa Europa at Box Office Mojo
  5. ^ "Grodno". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  6. ^ "Europa, Europa", Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved 2022-12-12
  7. ^ a b c d e f Wilmington, Michael (18 February 1992). ""Europa" at Center of Oscar Storm: Commentary: Debate over why the film won't be a foreign-language nominee reveals inequities of process". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  8. ^ Maslin, Janet (28 June 1991). "Reviews/Film; A Boy Confronts His Jewish Heritage as a Hero of Hitler Youth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  9. ^ a b Hinson, Hal (9 August 1991). "'Europa Europa'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  10. ^ a b Howe, Desson (9 August 1991). "'Europa Europa'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d Weinraub, Bernard (14 January 1992). "The Talk of Hollywood; "Europa" Surfaces in Oscar Angling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  12. ^ Fisher, Marc (20 February 1992). "A MESSAGE ON "EUROPA"". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  13. ^ Iannone, Pasquale (October 2011). "Europa Europa". Senses of Cinema. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  14. ^ Taubin, Amy (9 July 2019). "Europa Europa: Border States". The Criterion Collection.
  15. ^ Hornaday, Ann (5 December 1993). "FILM; For Foreign Films, the Rules For an Oscar Are Set in Sand". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Weinraub, Bernard (28 January 1992). "German Film-Makers Express Support for "Europa"". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  17. ^ Thomas, Kevin (29 January 1992). "Germany Divided on "Europa": Movies: German film-makers protest the German Export Film Union's decision not to enter "Europa Europa" for best foreign-language film in the Academy Awards". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  19. ^ "BSFC Winners: 1990s". Boston Society of Film Critics. 27 July 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  20. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1993". BAFTA. 1993. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  21. ^ "Europa Europa – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  22. ^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1990-99". kcfcc.org. 14 December 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  23. ^ "The Annual 17th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  24. ^ "1991 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  25. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. 19 December 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  26. ^ "1991 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "Europa Europa DVD". Amazon. 4 March 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  28. ^ Lybarger, Dan (26 July 2019). "Europa Europa deserving of its Criterion status". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
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