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| hq_location = [[Foster City, California]]
| hq_location = [[Foster City, California]]
| products = [[Self-driving cars]]
| products = [[Self-driving cars]]
| website = {{URL|www.zoox.com}}
| website = {{URL|zoox.com}}
| parent = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com, Inc.]]
| parent = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com, Inc.]]
| key_people = [[Aicha Evans]] (CEO)
| key_people = [[Aicha Evans]] (CEO)
| num_employees = {{circa|2,000}} (2023)<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Abhirup |date=2023-02-13 |title=Amazon's Zoox tests robotaxi on public road with employees as passengers |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazons-zoox-tests-robotaxi-public-road-with-employees-passengers-2023-02-13/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
| num_employees = {{circa|2,200}} (2023)<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Abhirup |last2=Sriram |first2=Akash |date=2023-06-27 |title=Zoox headcount grows as Amazon's self-driving unit expands testing in Vegas |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/zoox-headcount-grows-amazons-self-driving-unit-expands-testing-vegas-2023-06-27/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Zoox, Inc.''' is a subsidiary of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] developing [[Self-driving car|autonomous vehicles]] that provide [[mobility as a service]]. It is headquartered in [[Foster City, California]] and has offices of operations in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]. Zoox sits in the Amazon Devices & Services organization alongside other Amazon units like [[Amazon Lab126]], [[Amazon Alexa]], and [[Kuiper Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon to acquire autonomous driving startup Zoox|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/06/26/amazon-to-acquire-autonomous-driving-startup-zoox/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=TechCrunch|date=26 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|date=2021-10-12|title=How Amazon runs Alexa, with Dave Limp|url=https://www.theverge.com/22719945/amazon-alexa-dave-limp-interview-ambient-computing-ring-eero-decoder|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Insider|first=Business|date=2020-10-28|title=Amazon owned Zoox now under Alexa and hardware boss Dave Limp - Business Insider|url=https://headtopics.com/us/amazon-owned-zoox-now-under-alexa-and-hardware-boss-dave-limp-business-insider-16539069|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Head Topics|language=en}}</ref>
'''Zoox, Inc.''' is a subsidiary of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] developing [[Self-driving car|autonomous vehicles]] that provide [[mobility as a service]]. It is headquartered in [[Foster City, California]] and has offices of operations in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]. Zoox sits in the Amazon Devices & Services organization alongside other Amazon units like [[Amazon Lab126]], [[Amazon Alexa]], and [[Kuiper Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon to acquire autonomous driving startup Zoox|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/26/amazon-to-acquire-autonomous-driving-startup-zoox/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=TechCrunch|date=26 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|date=2021-10-12|title=How Amazon runs Alexa, with Dave Limp|url=https://www.theverge.com/22719945/amazon-alexa-dave-limp-interview-ambient-computing-ring-eero-decoder|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Eugene|date=2020-10-28|title=Amazon might be aiming its newly acquired Zoox self-driving division toward a full-on rivalry with Uber and Lyft|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-owned-zoox-under-alexa-and-hardware-boss-dave-limp-2020-10|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Business Insider|language=en}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Visiting Jesse Levinson & the ZOOX co-founders at their global HQ and magic garage (16106392378).jpg|thumb|Left to right: Jesse Levinson, Tim Kentley Klay, Steve Jurvetson and ... (2015)]]
[[File:Visiting Jesse Levinson & the ZOOX co-founders at their global HQ and magic garage (16106392378).jpg|thumb|left|Left to right: Jesse Levinson, Tim Kentley Klay, Steve Jurvetson and Mo Islam (2015)]]
⚫
Zoox was founded in 2014 by [[Australia]]n artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Overview of Zoox Inc.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=344500417|access-date=2019-02-11|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-12|title=Secretive robot-car maker Zoox opens up|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Secretive-robot-car-maker-Zoox-opens-up-13221844.php|access-date=2019-02-11|quote=Zoox sprang up in 2014 as the brainchild of Australian artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay, who had no tech background but was excited about self-driving cars' potential.}}</ref> and Jesse Levinson, son of [[Apple Inc.]] chairman [[Arthur D. Levinson]], who was developing self-driving technology at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=The Wild Ride Of Zoox|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/feature/zoox-autonomous-cars-taxis/|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> The name "Zoox" is a reference to [[Zooxanthellae]], a marine organism that, like the Zoox [[Robotaxi|robo-taxi]], depends on renewable energy and is able to maintain a symbiotic relationship with organisms in its surrounding habitat.<ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://pca.st/7qqo84la#t=1h2m55s|title=Aicha Evans and Jesse Levinson: Self-driving taxis will be here in 2021|website=Recode Decode|publisher=Vox|first=Kara|last=Swisher|author-link=Kara Swisher|date=2020-03-06|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>
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[[File:Zoox Test Vehicles (50047425813).jpg|thumb|Early test vehicles at Zoox headquarters in 2016]]
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[[File:Zoox autonomous prototype vehicle on Lombard St San Francisco dllu.jpg|thumb|Zoox prototype testing in San Francisco in 2019]]


⚫
In January 2019, Zoox appointed a new CEO, [[Aicha Evans]], who was previously the [[Chief Strategy Officer]] at [[Intel]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Tim|date=14 January 2019|title=Autonomous Vehicle Startup Zoox Names Intel Executive Aicha Evans as CEO|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/autonomous-vehicle-startup-zoox-names-intel-executive-aicha-evans-as-ceo-11547499600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox CEO Aicha Evans reveals what will set the company's electric, self-driving cars apart from the rest|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zoox-ceo-aicha-evans-interview-2019-4}}</ref> On June 26, 2020, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and Zoox signed a definitive merger agreement, under which Amazon acquired Zoox as a wholly-owned subsidiary for over $1.2 billion.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/37ae69d9-f160-48c3-b3c5-736730c110ce Amazon acquires self-driving start-up Zoox for over $1.2bn]. ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Annie Palmer,Ari|date=2020-06-26|title=Amazon to buy self-driving technology company Zoox|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/26/amazon-buys-self-driving-technology-company-zoox.html|access-date=2020-07-17|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> As is the case with other Amazon subsidiaries like [[Amazon Web Services]], Zoox has no independent board of directors, but operates as a separate legal entity with its own governance structure. Zoox sits within the Amazon Devices & Services organization with Evans reporting into Amazon Senior Vice President, Panos Panay.
⚫
Zoox was founded in 2014 by [[Australia]]n artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Overview of Zoox Inc.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=344500417|access-date=2019-02-11|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-12|title=Secretive robot-car maker Zoox opens up|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Secretive-robot-car-maker-Zoox-opens-up-13221844.php|access-date=2019-02-11|quote=Zoox sprang up in 2014 as the brainchild of Australian artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay, who had no tech background but was excited about self-driving cars' potential.}}</ref> and Jesse Levinson, son of [[Apple Inc.]] chairman [[Arthur D. Levinson]], who was developing self-driving technology at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=The Wild Ride Of Zoox|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/feature/zoox-autonomous-cars-taxis/|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> The name "Zoox" is a reference to [[Zooxanthellae]], a marine organism that, like the Zoox robo-taxi, depends on renewable energy and is able to maintain a symbiotic relationship with organisms in its surrounding habitat.<ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://pca.st/7qqo84la#t=1h2m55s|title=Aicha Evans and Jesse Levinson: Self-driving taxis will be here in 2021|website=Recode Decode|publisher=Vox|first=Kara|last=Swisher|date=2020-03-06|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>

⚫
In January 2019, Zoox appointed a new CEO, [[Aicha Evans]], who was previously the [[Chief Strategy Officer]] at [[Intel]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Tim|date=14 January 2019|title=Autonomous Vehicle Startup Zoox Names Intel Executive Aicha Evans as CEO|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/autonomous-vehicle-startup-zoox-names-intel-executive-aicha-evans-as-ceo-11547499600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox CEO Aicha Evans reveals what will set the company's electric, self-driving cars apart from the rest|work=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zoox-ceo-aicha-evans-interview-2019-4}}</ref> On June 26, 2020, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and Zoox signed a definitive merger agreement, under which Amazon acquired Zoox as a wholly-owned subsidiary for over $1.2 billion.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/37ae69d9-f160-48c3-b3c5-736730c110ce Amazon acquires self-driving start-up Zoox for over $1.2bn]. ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Annie Palmer,Ari|date=2020-06-26|title=Amazon to buy self-driving technology company Zoox|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/26/amazon-buys-self-driving-technology-company-zoox.html|access-date=2020-07-17|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> As is the case with other Amazon subsidiaries like [[Amazon Web Services]], Zoox has no independent board of directors, but operates as a separate legal entity with its own governance structure. Zoox sits within the Amazon Devices & Services organization with Evans reporting into Amazon Senior Vice President, Dave Limp.


==Development and operations==
==Development and operations==
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[[File:Zoox Test Vehicles (50047425813).jpg|thumb|Early test vehicles at original Zoox headquarters in SLAC in 2016]]
Zoox is creating an entirely new autonomous vehicle targeted at the [[Robo-Taxi|robo-taxi]] market.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox's driverless cars will operate like Lyft and Uber|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/10/24/zooxs-driverless-cars-will-operate-like-lyft-and-uber.html|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> The company's approach is centered around the fact that a retrofitted vehicle is not optimized for autonomy. Zoox has applied the latest techniques in automotive, robotics and renewable energy to build a symmetrical, bi-directional battery-electric vehicle that solves for the unique challenges of autonomous mobility.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan|title=Robotaxi Startup Zoox Becomes A Big Acquirer Of Tesla-Incubated Talent|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2018/06/27/robotaxi-startup-zoox-tesla-talent-musk-autopilot-apple/|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoox car: Mysterious Australian start-up worth $1.9b, but what do they do?|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/mysterious-aussie-company-worth-19b-despite-no-one-knowing-exactly-what-it-does/news-story/4c99dfc8c93abb305628262d44eb98c8|access-date=2019-02-11|website=www.news.com.au}}</ref>
Zoox is creating an entirely new autonomous vehicle targeted at the [[Robo-Taxi|robo-taxi]] market.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox's driverless cars will operate like Lyft and Uber|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/10/24/zooxs-driverless-cars-will-operate-like-lyft-and-uber.html|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> The company's approach is centered around the fact that a retrofitted vehicle is not optimized for autonomy. Zoox has applied the latest techniques in automotive, robotics and renewable energy to build a symmetrical, bi-directional battery-electric vehicle that solves for the unique challenges of autonomous mobility.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan|title=Robotaxi Startup Zoox Becomes A Big Acquirer Of Tesla-Incubated Talent|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2018/06/27/robotaxi-startup-zoox-tesla-talent-musk-autopilot-apple/|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoox car: Mysterious Australian start-up worth $1.9b, but what do they do?|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/mysterious-aussie-company-worth-19b-despite-no-one-knowing-exactly-what-it-does/news-story/4c99dfc8c93abb305628262d44eb98c8|access-date=2019-02-11|website=www.news.com.au}}</ref>


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== Progress and competition ==
== Progress and competition ==
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[[File:Zoox autonomous prototype vehicle on Lombard St San Francisco dllu.jpg|thumb|Zoox prototype testing in San Francisco in 2019]]
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In December 2018, Zoox became the first company to gain approval for providing self-driving transport services to the public in [[California]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-21|title=California lets self-driving startup Zoox offer autonomous rides|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoox-selfdriving-idUSKCN1OK2AK|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox Inc. Snags First California Permit To Transport Passengers In Self-Driving Cars|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/23/679705342/zoox-inc-snags-first-california-permit-to-transport-passengers-in-self-driving-c|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Keck|first=Catie|title=Self-Driving Car Company Zoox to Offer Free Rides in California|work=Gizmodo|url=https://gizmodo.com/self-driving-car-company-zoox-to-offer-free-rides-in-ca-1831270076|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> By July 2018, according to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], Zoox had raised $800 million in venture capital, at a valuation of $3.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=$800 Million Says a Self-Driving Car Looks Like This|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-07-17/robot-taxi-startup-zoox-has-800-million-and-a-wild-pitch|access-date=2019-02-11|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=17 July 2018 }}</ref> [[Draper Fisher Jurvetson]] is an investor in the company. In September 2020, Zoox became the fourth company in the State of California to receive permit to test driverless automobiles on public roads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoox becomes fourth company to land driverless testing permit in California|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/09/18/zoox-becomes-fourth-company-to-land-driverless-testing-permit-in-california/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=TechCrunch|date=18 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> On December 14, 2020, Zoox showcased a fully autonomous, all-electric, purpose-built vehicle that is capable of driving up to 75&nbsp;mph.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-14|title=Amazon's Zoox Unveils Robotaxi for Future Ride-Hailing Service|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-14/amazon-s-zoox-unveils-robotaxi-for-future-ride-hailing-service|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Matt McFarland|title=Here's the robotaxi Amazon wants you to ride around in|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/14/cars/zoox-amazon-robotaxi/index.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=CNN|date=14 December 2020 }}</ref>
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[[File:Zoox autonomous vehicle at CVPR 2022.jpg|thumb|Zoox autonomous vehicle at [[Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|CVPR]] 2022]]
⚫
In December 2018, Zoox became the first company to gain approval for providing self-driving transport services to the public in [[California]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-21|title=California lets self-driving startup Zoox offer autonomous rides|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoox-selfdriving-idUSKCN1OK2AK|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoox Inc. Snags First California Permit To Transport Passengers In Self-Driving Cars|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/23/679705342/zoox-inc-snags-first-california-permit-to-transport-passengers-in-self-driving-c|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Keck|first=Catie|title=Self-Driving Car Company Zoox to Offer Free Rides in California|work=Gizmodo|url=https://gizmodo.com/self-driving-car-company-zoox-to-offer-free-rides-in-ca-1831270076|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> By July 2018, according to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], Zoox had raised $800 million in venture capital, at a valuation of $3.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=$800 Million Says a Self-Driving Car Looks Like This|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-07-17/robot-taxi-startup-zoox-has-800-million-and-a-wild-pitch|access-date=2019-02-11|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=17 July 2018 }}</ref> [[Draper Fisher Jurvetson]] is an investor in the company. In September 2020, Zoox became the fourth company in the State of California to receive permit to test driverless automobiles on public roads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoox becomes fourth company to land driverless testing permit in California|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/18/zoox-becomes-fourth-company-to-land-driverless-testing-permit-in-california/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=TechCrunch|date=18 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> On December 14, 2020, Zoox showcased a fully autonomous, all-electric, purpose-built vehicle that is capable of driving up to 75&nbsp;mph.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-14|title=Amazon's Zoox Unveils Robotaxi for Future Ride-Hailing Service|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-14/amazon-s-zoox-unveils-robotaxi-for-future-ride-hailing-service|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Matt McFarland|title=Here's the robotaxi Amazon wants you to ride around in|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/14/cars/zoox-amazon-robotaxi/index.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=CNN|date=14 December 2020 }}</ref>


On March 20, 2019, [[Tesla, Inc.]] filed a lawsuit against Zoox and several now-former Tesla employees (who left Tesla for employment at Zoox) alleging theft of Tesla's proprietary information and trade secrets related to warehousing, shipping, and logistics in late 2018 and early 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-20|title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, Case No. 3:19-cv-01462, Document 1|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/402640433/Tesla-s-lawsuit-against-former-employees-Zoox#from_embed?campaign=SkimbitLtd&ad_group=58287X1517249X314223ffda30c1da397e6600ecc8ddb8&keyword=660149026&source=hp_affiliate&medium=affiliate|via=Scribd}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed sum in April 2020 where Zoox "acknowledged that certain of its new hires from Tesla were in possession of Tesla documents pertaining to shipping, receiving, and warehouse procedures when they joined Zoox's logistics team".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2020/04/self-driving-startup-zoox-settles-claim-that-it-stole-secrets-from-tesla/ | title=Self-driving startup Zoox settles Tesla lawsuit, lays off 100 workers | date=16 April 2020 }}</ref>
On March 20, 2019, [[Tesla, Inc.]] filed a lawsuit against Zoox and several now-former Tesla employees (who left Tesla for employment at Zoox) alleging theft of Tesla's proprietary information and trade secrets related to warehousing, shipping, and logistics in late 2018 and early 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-20|title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, Case No. 3:19-cv-01462, Document 1|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/402640433/Tesla-s-lawsuit-against-former-employees-Zoox#from_embed?campaign=SkimbitLtd&ad_group=58287X1517249X314223ffda30c1da397e6600ecc8ddb8&keyword=660149026&source=hp_affiliate&medium=affiliate|via=Scribd}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed sum in April 2020 where Zoox "acknowledged that certain of its new hires from Tesla were in possession of Tesla documents pertaining to shipping, receiving, and warehouse procedures when they joined Zoox's logistics team".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2020/04/self-driving-startup-zoox-settles-claim-that-it-stole-secrets-from-tesla/ | title=Self-driving startup Zoox settles Tesla lawsuit, lays off 100 workers | date=16 April 2020 }}</ref>

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[[File:Zoox autonomous vehicle at CVPR 2022.jpg|thumb|Zoox autonomous vehicle at [[Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|CVPR]] 2022]]


In July 2022, Zoox became the first purpose-built, fully autonomous, all-electric passenger vehicle that was certified to the existing [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]] (FMVSS) without the need for regulatory changes or exemption requests.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zoox.com/journal/self-certification// | title=The next step on our journey to public roads | date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>
In July 2022, Zoox became the first purpose-built, fully autonomous, all-electric passenger vehicle that was certified to the existing [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]] (FMVSS) without the need for regulatory changes or exemption requests.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zoox.com/journal/self-certification// | title=The next step on our journey to public roads | date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>


In 2023, Zoox was given approval by the [[California Department of Motor Vehicles]] (DMV) to begin testing self-driving robotaxis on open public roads with passengers on board. The DMV provided Zoox with a limited permit to operate on roads at speeds of up to 35 miles an hour at a designated area around its Foster City headquarters.In June
In 2023, Zoox was given approval by the [[California Department of Motor Vehicles]] (DMV) to begin testing self-driving robotaxis on open public roads with passengers on board. The DMV provided Zoox with a limited permit to operate on roads at speeds of up to 35 miles an hour at a designated area around its Foster City headquarters.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazons-zoox-tests-robotaxi-public-road-with-employees-passengers-2023-02-13/ | title=Amazon's Zoox tests robotaxi on public road with employees as passengers | newspaper=Reuters | date=13 February 2023 | last1=Roy | first1=Abhirup }}</ref> In June 2023, Zoox expanded its facilities and operations to Las Vegas, Nevada, after being authorized by the [[Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles]] to operate its autonomous robotaxis on public roads.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/27/zoox-begins-testing-robotaxis-on-public-roads-in-las-vegas/ | title=Zoox begins testing robotaxis on public roads in Las Vegas | website=TechCrunch | date=27 June 2023 | last1=Bellan | first1=Rebecca }}</ref>

2023, Zoox expanded its facilities and operations to Las Vegas, Nevada, after being authorized by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DVM) to operate its autonomous robotaxis on public roads.


In May 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into potential flaws in Zoox vehicles after two rear-end collisions involving motorbikes and Zoox vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thadani |first=Trisha |last2=Duncan |first2=Ian |date=2024-05-24 |title=Major robotaxi firms face federal safety investigations after crashes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/05/24/all-major-robotaxi-firms-are-facing-federal-safety-investigations/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazons-zoox-tests-robotaxi-public-road-with-employees-passengers-2023-02-13/ | title=Amazon's Zoox tests robotaxi on public road with employees as passengers | newspaper=Reuters | date=13 February 2023 | last1=Roy | first1=Abhirup }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 05:41, 22 October 2024

Zoox, Inc.
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryAutomotive
Founded2014; 10 years ago (2014)
Founders
  • Tim Kentley-Klay
  • Jesse Levinson
HeadquartersFoster City, California
Key people
Aicha Evans (CEO)
ProductsSelf-driving cars
Number of employees
c. 2,200 (2023)[1]
ParentAmazon.com, Inc.
Websitezoox.com

Zoox, Inc. is a subsidiary of Amazon developing autonomous vehicles that provide mobility as a service. It is headquartered in Foster City, California and has offices of operations in the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle, Washington. Zoox sits in the Amazon Devices & Services organization alongside other Amazon units like Amazon Lab126, Amazon Alexa, and Kuiper Systems.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]
Left to right: Jesse Levinson, Tim Kentley Klay, Steve Jurvetson and Mo Islam (2015)

Zoox was founded in 2014 by Australian artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay[5][6] and Jesse Levinson, son of Apple Inc. chairman Arthur D. Levinson, who was developing self-driving technology at Stanford University.[7] The name "Zoox" is a reference to Zooxanthellae, a marine organism that, like the Zoox robo-taxi, depends on renewable energy and is able to maintain a symbiotic relationship with organisms in its surrounding habitat.[8]

In January 2019, Zoox appointed a new CEO, Aicha Evans, who was previously the Chief Strategy Officer at Intel.[9][10] On June 26, 2020, Amazon and Zoox signed a definitive merger agreement, under which Amazon acquired Zoox as a wholly-owned subsidiary for over $1.2 billion.[11][12] As is the case with other Amazon subsidiaries like Amazon Web Services, Zoox has no independent board of directors, but operates as a separate legal entity with its own governance structure. Zoox sits within the Amazon Devices & Services organization with Evans reporting into Amazon Senior Vice President, Panos Panay.

Development and operations

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Early test vehicles at original Zoox headquarters in SLAC in 2016

Zoox is creating an entirely new autonomous vehicle targeted at the robo-taxi market.[13] The company's approach is centered around the fact that a retrofitted vehicle is not optimized for autonomy. Zoox has applied the latest techniques in automotive, robotics and renewable energy to build a symmetrical, bi-directional battery-electric vehicle that solves for the unique challenges of autonomous mobility.[14][15]

The company has used retrofitted Toyota Highlanders with their self-driving system in final preparation for their commercial vehicle reveal in December 2020. As of July 2018 test driving was taking place in both San Francisco's Financial District and North Beach districts, as well as Las Vegas.[16]

Progress and competition

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Zoox prototype testing in San Francisco in 2019
Zoox autonomous vehicle at CVPR 2022

In December 2018, Zoox became the first company to gain approval for providing self-driving transport services to the public in California.[17][18][19] By July 2018, according to Bloomberg, Zoox had raised $800 million in venture capital, at a valuation of $3.2 billion.[20] Draper Fisher Jurvetson is an investor in the company. In September 2020, Zoox became the fourth company in the State of California to receive permit to test driverless automobiles on public roads.[21] On December 14, 2020, Zoox showcased a fully autonomous, all-electric, purpose-built vehicle that is capable of driving up to 75 mph.[22][23]

On March 20, 2019, Tesla, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Zoox and several now-former Tesla employees (who left Tesla for employment at Zoox) alleging theft of Tesla's proprietary information and trade secrets related to warehousing, shipping, and logistics in late 2018 and early 2019.[24] The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed sum in April 2020 where Zoox "acknowledged that certain of its new hires from Tesla were in possession of Tesla documents pertaining to shipping, receiving, and warehouse procedures when they joined Zoox's logistics team".[25]

In July 2022, Zoox became the first purpose-built, fully autonomous, all-electric passenger vehicle that was certified to the existing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) without the need for regulatory changes or exemption requests.[26]

In 2023, Zoox was given approval by the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to begin testing self-driving robotaxis on open public roads with passengers on board. The DMV provided Zoox with a limited permit to operate on roads at speeds of up to 35 miles an hour at a designated area around its Foster City headquarters.[27] In June 2023, Zoox expanded its facilities and operations to Las Vegas, Nevada, after being authorized by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles to operate its autonomous robotaxis on public roads.[28]

In May 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into potential flaws in Zoox vehicles after two rear-end collisions involving motorbikes and Zoox vehicles.[29]

References

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  1. ^ Roy, Abhirup; Sriram, Akash (2023-06-27). "Zoox headcount grows as Amazon's self-driving unit expands testing in Vegas". Reuters.
  2. ^ "Amazon to acquire autonomous driving startup Zoox". TechCrunch. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  3. ^ Patel, Nilay (2021-10-12). "How Amazon runs Alexa, with Dave Limp". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  4. ^ Kim, Eugene (2020-10-28). "Amazon might be aiming its newly acquired Zoox self-driving division toward a full-on rivalry with Uber and Lyft". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  5. ^ "Company Overview of Zoox Inc". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  6. ^ "Secretive robot-car maker Zoox opens up". San Francisco Chronicle. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11. Zoox sprang up in 2014 as the brainchild of Australian artist-designer Tim Kentley-Klay, who had no tech background but was excited about self-driving cars' potential.
  7. ^ "The Wild Ride Of Zoox". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  8. ^ Swisher, Kara (2020-03-06). "Aicha Evans and Jesse Levinson: Self-driving taxis will be here in 2021". Recode Decode (Podcast). Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  9. ^ Higgins, Tim (14 January 2019). "Autonomous Vehicle Startup Zoox Names Intel Executive Aicha Evans as CEO". The Wall Street Journal.
  10. ^ "Zoox CEO Aicha Evans reveals what will set the company's electric, self-driving cars apart from the rest". Business Insider.
  11. ^ Amazon acquires self-driving start-up Zoox for over $1.2bn. Financial Times.
  12. ^ Levy, Annie Palmer,Ari (2020-06-26). "Amazon to buy self-driving technology company Zoox". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Zoox's driverless cars will operate like Lyft and Uber". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  14. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "Robotaxi Startup Zoox Becomes A Big Acquirer Of Tesla-Incubated Talent". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  15. ^ "Zoox car: Mysterious Australian start-up worth $1.9b, but what do they do?". www.news.com.au. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  16. ^ Davies, Alex (2018-07-20). "Zoox Flashes Serious Self-Driving Skills in Chaotic San Francisco". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  17. ^ "California lets self-driving startup Zoox offer autonomous rides". Reuters. 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  18. ^ "Zoox Inc. Snags First California Permit To Transport Passengers In Self-Driving Cars". NPR. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  19. ^ Keck, Catie. "Self-Driving Car Company Zoox to Offer Free Rides in California". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  20. ^ "$800 Million Says a Self-Driving Car Looks Like This". Bloomberg.com. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  21. ^ "Zoox becomes fourth company to land driverless testing permit in California". TechCrunch. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  22. ^ "Amazon's Zoox Unveils Robotaxi for Future Ride-Hailing Service". Bloomberg.com. 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  23. ^ Matt McFarland (14 December 2020). "Here's the robotaxi Amazon wants you to ride around in". CNN. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  24. ^ "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, Case No. 3:19-cv-01462, Document 1". 2019-03-20 – via Scribd.
  25. ^ "Self-driving startup Zoox settles Tesla lawsuit, lays off 100 workers". 16 April 2020.
  26. ^ "The next step on our journey to public roads". 11 July 2022.
  27. ^ Roy, Abhirup (13 February 2023). "Amazon's Zoox tests robotaxi on public road with employees as passengers". Reuters.
  28. ^ Bellan, Rebecca (27 June 2023). "Zoox begins testing robotaxis on public roads in Las Vegas". TechCrunch.
  29. ^ Thadani, Trisha; Duncan, Ian (2024-05-24). "Major robotaxi firms face federal safety investigations after crashes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
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