Dot (diacritic): Difference between revisions

◌̇ ◌̣
◌̇ ◌̣
Dot
	U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE; U+0323 ◌̣ COMBINING DOT BELOW;

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Latest revision as of 22:46, 31 October 2024

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis. For the meaning of how ⟨ ⟩, | |, / /, and [ ] are used here, see this page.

When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot refers to the glyphs "combining dot above" (◌̇), and "combining dot below" (◌̣) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in a variety of languages. Similar marks are used with other scripts.

Overdot

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:

In some forms of Arabic romanization, ġ stands for ghayn (غ).
The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ.
Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a ponc séimhithe or buailte "dot of lenition": ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter h, thus: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th. In Old Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ḟ ṡ, while the following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua. Thus ċ and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
Lithuanian: ė is pronounced as [eː], as opposed to ę, which is pronounced a lower [æː] (formerly nasalised), or e, pronounced [ɛ, æː].
Livonian uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels.
Maltese: ċ is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, ġ for a voiced palato-alveolar affricate, and ż for a voiced alveolar sibilant.
Old English: In modernized orthography, ċ is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /t͡ʃ/, ġ for a palatal approximant /j/ (probably a voiced palatal fricative /ʝ/ in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) sċ for a voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ and cġ for a voiced palato-alveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/.
Polish: ż is used for a voiced retroflex sibilant /ʐ/.
The Siouan languages such as Lakota, Osage, and Crow sometimes use the dot above to indicate ejective stops.
In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree, Ojibwe, and Inuktitut languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a circumflex over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
In Turkish, the dot above lowercase i and j (and uppercase İ) is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle. I without an overdot is a separate letter.
In the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of r.
The Ulithian alphabet includes ȧ, ė, and ȯ.^[1]
The ISO 9 (1968) Romanization of Cyrillic uses ė, ḟ, and ẏ.
In the ISO 259 Romanization of Hebrew, the overdot is used to transcribe the dagesh: ⟨ḃ ḋ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ṙ ṡ ṥ ṧ ṩ ṫ⟩; ⟨ẇ⟩ transcribes the shuruk.
In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing languages of India, ṅ is used to represent /ŋ/.
UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ṙ.^[1]
In the Venda language, ṅ is used to represent /ŋ/.
Some countries use the overdot as a decimal mark.
The overdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called anusvara.

In mathematics and physics, when using Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in $v={\dot {x}}$ . In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in $0.{\dot {3}}$ , which is equal to the fraction 1⁄3, and $0.{\dot {1}}{\dot {4}}{\dot {2}}{\dot {8}}{\dot {5}}{\dot {7}}$ or $0.{\dot {1}}4285{\dot {7}}$ , which is equal to 1⁄7.

Underdot

In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a raised or relatively high vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked.
- In Rotuman, ạ represents /ɔ/.
- In Romagnol, ẹ ọ are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect fradẹll, ọcc [fraˈdell, ˈotʃː] "brothers, eyes".
- In academic notation of Old Latin, ẹ̄ (e with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably /eː/, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei. This vowel usually became ī in Classical Latin.
- In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/, in contrast with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are represented as e and o with ogonek (ę ǫ).
- Academic transcription of Middle English uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above.
- In academic transcription of Serbo-Croatian dialects, ẹ ọ ạ (typically /e/ /o/ /ɐ/) represent higher vowels than standard e o a, and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below, e̦ o̦ (typically /ɛ/ /ɔ/).
In Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ, and ṿ. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization, transcribing languages of India, a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ, while m with underdot (ṃ) signifies an anusvara and h with underdot (ḥ) signifies a visarga. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the ring (diacritic) below the vocalic r and l.
In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages, particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages, an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant. The romanization of Arabic uses ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩.
In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LC Romanization of Hebrew, ṿ represents vav (ו), while v without the underdot represents beth (ב). ḳ represents qoph (ק) while k represents kaph (כ). ḥ represents chet (ח).
The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩ represent the emphaticized sounds /d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/.
In Asturian, ḷḷ (underdotted double ll) represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate, depending on dialect, and ḥ (underdotted h) the voiceless glottal fricative.
In the O'odham language, Ḍ (d with underdot) represents a voiced retroflex stop.
In Vietnamese, The nặng tone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
In Igbo, an underdot can be used on i, o, and u to make ị, ọ, and ụ. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height.
In Yoruba, an underdot can be used on e and o to make ẹ and ọ, symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on s to make ṣ, symbolizing a postalveolar articulation.
In Americanist phonetic notation, x with underdot x̣ represents a voiceless uvular fricative.
Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a.
In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa, in g̣, ḥ, and ḳ, underdot is used to indicate labialization when either ⟨o⟩ or ⟨w⟩ following them was lost in syncope.
The Sicilian nexus ḍḍ is used to represent [ɖɖ].
In Kalabari, ḅ and ḍ are used.
In Marshallese, underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ṃ.
UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ, and ỵ.^[1]
In Mizo, ṭ represents /t͡r/.
The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called nukta.

Raised dot and middle dot

In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ᓴ. Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either ᣜ or ᣝ; there also is a raised dot "Final" (ᣟ), which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.

Side dot

The diacritics 〮 and 〯 , known as Bangjeom (방점; 傍點), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing.

Letters with dot

Dot ◌̇ ◌̣
Latin: Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ
Ạ ạ Ậ ậ
Ặ ặ
Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ
Ċ ċ C̣ c̣
Ç̇ ç̇ Ć̣ ć̣
Č̣ č̣ Ꜿ ꜿ
Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ
Ė ė Ė́ ė́
Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ
Ệ ệ
Ḟ ḟ F̣ f̣
Ġ ġ G̣ g̣
Ḣ ḣ Ḥ ḥ
İ
i̇̀ i̇́ i̇̃ į̇́ į̇̃
Ị ị
J̣ j̣
K̇ k̇ Ḳ ḳ
L̇ l̇ Ḷ ḷ
Ḹ ḹ Ŀ ŀ
Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ
Ṅ ṅ Ṇ ṇ
Ȯ ȯ O͘ o ͘
Ọ ọ Ộ ộ
Ȱ ȱ Ợ ợ
Ṗ ṗ P̣ p̣
Q̇ q̇ Q̣ q̣
Q̣̇ q̣̇ Q̣̈ q̣̈
Ṙ ṙ Ṛ ṛ
Ṝ ṝ Ṡ ṡ
ẛ Ṡ̃ ṡ̃
Ṣ ṣ Ṥ ṥ
Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ
Ṫ ṫ Ṭ ṭ
U̇ u̇ U̇̄ u̇̄
Ụ ụ Ự ự
V̇ v̇ Ṿ ṿ
Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ
Ẋ ẋ X̣ x̣
Ẏ ẏ Ỵ ỵ
Ż ż Ẓ ẓ

Encoding

In Unicode, the dot is encoded at:

U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE

and at:

U+0323 ◌̣ COMBINING DOT BELOW
U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT
U+1DF8 ◌᷸ COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT

There is also:

U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (&DiacriticalDot;, &dot;)
U+18DF ᣟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT

Pre-composed characters:

U+0226 Ȧ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE U+0227 ȧ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EA0 Ạ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW U+1EA1 ạ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EB6 Ặ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW U+1EB7 ặ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW
U+1E02 Ḃ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E03 ḃ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE
U+010A Ċ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE U+010B ċ LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E0A Ḋ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E0B ḋ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0116 Ė LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE U+0117 ė LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EC6 Ệ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW U+1EC7 ệ LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1E1E Ḟ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E1F ḟ LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0120 Ġ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE U+0121 ġ LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E22 Ḣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E23 ḣ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0130 İ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE U+0069 i LATIN SMALL LETTER I
U+1ECA Ị LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW U+1ECB ị LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E38 Ḹ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON U+1E39 ḹ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E40 Ṁ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E41 ṁ LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E44 Ṅ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E45 ṅ LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE
U+022E Ȯ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE U+022F ȯ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1ECC Ọ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW U+1ECD ọ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW
U+0230 Ȱ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON U+0231 ȱ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON
U+0298 ʘ LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK
U+1E56 Ṗ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E57 ṗ LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E58 Ṙ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E59 ṙ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E5C Ṝ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON U+1E5D ṝ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E9B ẛ LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E60 Ṡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E62 Ṣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW U+1E63 ṣ LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E66 Ṧ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE U+1E67 ṧ LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E6A Ṫ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E6B ṫ LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1EE4 Ụ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW U+1EE5 ụ LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW

U+1E86 Ẇ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E87 ẇ LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E8A Ẋ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E8B ẋ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E8E Ẏ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E8F ẏ LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE
U+017B Ż LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE U+017C ż LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
U+01E0 Ǡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON U+01E1 ǡ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON
U+1EAC Ậ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW U+1EAD ậ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1E04 Ḅ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW U+1E05 ḅ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW
U+A73E Ꜿ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT U+A73F ꜿ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT
U+1E0C Ḍ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW U+1E0D ḍ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EB8 Ẹ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW U+1EB9 ẹ LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E24 Ḥ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW U+1E25 ḥ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E32 Ḳ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW U+1E33 ḳ LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E36 Ḷ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW U+1E37 ḷ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW
U+013F Ŀ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE DOT U+0140 ŀ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE DOT
U+1E42 Ṃ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW U+1E43 ṃ LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E46 Ṇ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW U+1E47 ṇ LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW
U+1ED8 Ộ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW U+1ED9 ộ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW
U+1EE2 Ợ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW U+1EE3 ợ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW
U+1E5A Ṛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW U+1E5B ṛ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E60 Ṡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE U+1E61 ṡ LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E64 Ṥ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE U+1E65 ṥ LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E68 Ṩ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE U+1E69 ṩ LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE
U+1E6C Ṭ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW U+1E6D ṭ LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF0 Ự LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW U+1EF1 ự LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW
U+1E7E Ṿ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW U+1E7F ṿ LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E88 Ẉ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW U+1E89 ẉ LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF4 Ỵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW U+1EF5 ỵ LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E92 Ẓ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW U+1E93 ẓ LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW

U+1F100 🄀 DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP
U+2488 ⒈ DIGIT ONE FULL STOP
U+2489 ⒉ DIGIT TWO FULL STOP
U+248A ⒊ DIGIT THREE FULL STOP
U+248B ⒋ DIGIT FOUR FULL STOP
U+248C ⒌ DIGIT FIVE FULL STOP
U+248D ⒍ DIGIT SIX FULL STOP
U+248E ⒎ DIGIT SEVEN FULL STOP
U+248F ⒏ DIGIT EIGHT FULL STOP
U+2490 ⒐ DIGIT NINE FULL STOP
U+237F ⍿ VERTICAL LINE WITH MIDDLE DOT
U+2299 ⊙ CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR
U+22A1 ⊡ SQUARED DOT OPERATOR

U+1404 ᐄ CANADIAN SYLLABICS II U+1410 ᐐ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WII U+1411 ᐑ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WII U+1406 ᐆ CANADIAN SYLLABICS OO U+1414 ᐔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOO U+1415 ᐕ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WOO U+140B ᐋ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AA U+1419 ᐙ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAA U+141A ᐚ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WAA U+18B2 ᢲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY
U+1432 ᐲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PII U+143E ᐾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWII U+143F ᐿ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWII U+1434 ᐴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS POO U+1442 ᑂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOO U+1443 ᑃ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWOO U+1439 ᐹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAA U+1446 ᑆ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWAA U+1447 ᑇ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWAA
U+144F ᑏ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TII U+145B ᑛ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWII U+145C ᑜ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWII U+1451 ᑑ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TOO U+145F ᑟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWOO U+1460 ᑠ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWOO U+1456 ᑖ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAA U+1463 ᑣ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWAA U+1464 ᑤ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWAA
U+146E ᑮ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KII U+1478 ᑸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWII U+1479 ᑹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWII U+1470 ᑰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KOO U+147C ᑼ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWOO U+147D ᑽ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWOO U+1473 ᑳ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAA U+1480 ᒀ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAA U+1481 ᒁ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWAA
U+148C ᒌ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CII U+1496 ᒖ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWII U+1497 ᒗ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWII U+148E ᒎ CANADIAN SYLLABICS COO U+149A ᒚ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWOO U+149B ᒛ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWOO U+1491 ᒑ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAA U+149E ᒞ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWAA U+149F ᒟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWAA
U+14A6 ᒦ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MII U+14B0 ᒰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWII U+14B1 ᒱ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWII U+14A8 ᒨ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOO U+14B4 ᒴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWOO U+14B5 ᒵ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWOO U+14AB ᒫ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAA U+14B8 ᒸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWAA U+14B9 ᒹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWAA

U+14C3 ᓃ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NII U+18C8 ᣈ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWII U+18C9 ᣉ CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWII U+14C5 ᓅ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOO U+18CC ᣌ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWOO U+18CD ᣍ CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWOO U+14C8 ᓈ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAA U+14CD ᓍ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWAA U+14CE ᓎ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWAA
U+14D6 ᓖ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LII U+14E0 ᓠ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWII U+14E1 ᓡ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWII U+14D8 ᓘ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LOO U+14E4 ᓤ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWOO U+14E5 ᓥ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWOO U+14DB ᓛ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAA U+14E8 ᓨ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWAA U+14E9 ᓩ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWAA
U+14F0 ᓰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SII U+14FA ᓺ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWII U+14FB ᓻ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWII U+14F2 ᓲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOO U+14FE ᓾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWOO U+14FF ᓿ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWOO U+14F5 ᓵ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAA U+1502 ᔂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWAA U+1503 ᔃ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWAA
U+1512 ᔒ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHII U+151B ᔛ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWII U+151C ᔜ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWII U+1514 ᔔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOO U+151F ᔟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOO U+1520 ᔠ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWOO U+1516 ᔖ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAA U+1523 ᔣ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWAA U+1524 ᔤ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWAA
U+1529 ᔩ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YII U+1533 ᔳ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWII U+1534 ᔴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWII U+152B ᔫ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOO U+1537 ᔷ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWOO U+1538 ᔸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWOO U+152E ᔮ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAA U+153B ᔻ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWAA U+153C ᔼ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWAA
U+1547 ᕇ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RII U+1549 ᕉ CANADIAN SYLLABICS ROO U+154C ᕌ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAA U+154E ᕎ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWAA U+154F ᕏ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RWAA

U+1556 ᕖ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FII U+1558 ᕘ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FOO U+155A ᕚ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAA U+155B ᕛ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FWAA U+155C ᕜ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE FWAA
U+1562 ᕢ CANADIAN SYLLABICS THII U+1563 ᕣ CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THII U+1565 ᕥ CANADIAN SYLLABICS THOO U+1567 ᕧ CANADIAN SYLLABICS THAA U+1568 ᕨ CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWAA U+1569 ᕩ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE THWAA
U+1576 ᕶ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HII U+1578 ᕸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HOO U+157A ᕺ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HAA
U+1580 ᖀ CANADIAN SYLLABICS QII U+1582 ᖂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS QOO U+1584 ᖄ CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAA
U+1590 ᖐ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGII U+1592 ᖒ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGOO U+1594 ᖔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAA
U+15A1 ᖡ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHII U+15A3 ᖣ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHOO U+15A5 ᖥ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHAA
U+15A9 ᖩ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THII U+1679 ᙹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWII U+15AB ᖫ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THOO U+167B ᙻ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWOO U+15AD ᖭ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THAA U+167D ᙽ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWAA
U+1672 ᙲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGII U+1674 ᙴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGOO U+1676 ᙶ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGAA
U+18D0 ᣐ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWII U+18D2 ᣒ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWOO U+18E1 ᣡ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LOO U+18E2 ᣢ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LAA
U+18E6 ᣦ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHOO U+18E7 ᣧ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHAA
U+18E9 ᣩ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHOO
U+18EB ᣫ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHOO
U+18EC ᣬ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HOO
U+18EE ᣮ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DENE GEE U+18EF ᣯ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GAA
U+18F1 ᣱ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JUU

References

^ ^a ^b ^c United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). New York: United Nations. p. 169. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5.

External links

Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents

[p169_ungegn-1] United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). New York: United Nations. p. 169. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Diacritical mark}}
-{{About|single dot diacritics|diaeresis, umlaut etc |two dots (diacritic)}}
+{{About|single dot diacritics|the dot on the letters i and j|tittle|the diaeresis and similar-looking diacritics|two dots (diacritic)}}
 {{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̇ &thinsp;◌̣
 |name=Dot
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:
-* In some forms of [[romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]], {{transliteration|sem|[[ġ]]}} stands for ''[[ghayin]]'' (غ).
+* In some forms of [[romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]], {{transliteration|sem|[[ġ]]}} stands for ''[[ghayn]]'' (غ).
 * The Latin orthography for [[Chechen language|Chechen]] includes ''ċ'', ''ç̇'', ''ġ'', ''q̇'', and ''ẋ''.
 * [[Irish orthography#Alphabet|Traditional Irish typography]], where the dot denotes [[lenition]], and is called a {{lang|ga|ponc séimhithe}} or {{lang|ga|buailte}} "dot of lenition": ''ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ''. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter ''h'', thus: ''bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th''. In [[Old Irish]] orthography, the dot was used only for ''ḟ ṡ'', while the following ''h'' was used for ''ch ph th''; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in [[Insular script|Gaelic script]] and the following ''h'' when writing in [[Antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]]. Thus ''ċ'' and ''ch'' represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
-* {{lang-lt|ė}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[eː]}}, as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower {{IPA|[æː]}} (formerly [[nasal vowel|nasalised]]), or ''e'', pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ, æː]}}.
+* {{langx|lt|ė}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[eː]}}, as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower {{IPA|[æː]}} (formerly [[nasal vowel|nasalised]]), or ''e'', pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ, æː]}}.
 * [[Livonian language|Livonian]] uses ''ȯ'' as one of its eight vowels.
-* {{lang-mt|ċ}} is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]], ''ġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]], and ''ż'' for a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]].
+* {{langx|mt|ċ}} is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]], ''ġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]], and ''ż'' for a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]].
 * [[Old English]]: In modernized orthography, ''ċ'' is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, ''ġ'' for a [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA|/j/}} (probably a [[voiced palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ʝ/}} in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) ''sċ'' for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and ''cġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}.
-* {{lang-pl|ż}} is used for a [[voiced retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|/ʐ/}}.
+* {{langx|pl|ż}} is used for a [[voiced retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|/ʐ/}}.
-* The [[Siouan languages|Sioux]] languages such as [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Osage language|Osage]], and [[Crow language|Crow]] sometimes use the dot above to indicate [[ejective consonant|ejective stops]].
+* The [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] languages such as [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Osage language|Osage]], and [[Crow language|Crow]] sometimes use the dot above to indicate [[ejective consonant|ejective stops]].
 * In the [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] orthography for the [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], and [[Inuktitut]] languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii), placing a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a [[circumflex]] over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
 * In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the dot above lowercase ''[[i]]'' and ''[[j]]'' (and uppercase ''[[I-dot|İ]]'') is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a [[tittle]]. [[Dotless I|I without an overdot]] is a separate letter.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 * In [[IAST]] and [[National Library at Calcutta romanization]], transcribing [[languages of India]], a dot below a letter distinguishes the [[retroflex consonant]]s ''ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ'', while ''m'' with underdot (''ṃ'') signifies an ''[[anusvara]]'' and ''h'' with underdot (''ḥ'') signifies a ''[[visarga]]''. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the [[ring (diacritic)]] below the vocalic ''r'' and ''l''.
 * In romanizations of some [[Afroasiatic languages]], particularly [[Semitic Languages]] and [[Berber Languages]], an underdot indicates an [[emphatic consonant]]. The romanization of Arabic uses {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}}.
-* In the [[DIN 31636]] and [[ALA-LC]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], ''ṿ'' represents vav ([[ו]]), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth ([[ב]]). ''ḳ'' represents qoph ([[ק]]) while ''k'' represents kaph ([[כ]])
+* In the [[DIN 31636]] and [[ALA-LC]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], ''ṿ'' represents vav ([[ו]]), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth ([[ב]]). ''ḳ'' represents qoph ([[ק]]) while ''k'' represents kaph ([[כ]]). ḥ represents chet ([[Heth|ח]]).
 * The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}} represent the emphaticized sounds {{IPA|/d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/}}.
 *In [[Asturian language|Asturian]], ''[[ḷḷ]]'' (underdotted double ''ll'') represents the [[voiced retroflex plosive]] or the [[voiceless retroflex affricate]], depending on dialect, and ''ḥ'' (underdotted ''h'') the [[voiceless glottal fricative]].
-*In [[O'odham language]], ''[[Ḍ]]'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a [[voiced retroflex stop]].
+*In the [[O'odham language]], ''[[Ḍ]]'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a [[voiced retroflex stop]].
-* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: The ''nặng'' [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''.
+*In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], The ''nặng'' [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''.
 * In [[Igbo language|Igbo]], an underdot can be used on ''i'', ''o'', and ''u'' to make ''ị'', ''ọ'', and ''ụ''.  The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the [[vowel height]].
 * In [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], an underdot can be used on ''e'' and ''o'' to make ''ẹ'' and ''ọ'', symbolizing a reduction in the [[vowel height]], as well as on ''s'' to make ''ṣ'', symbolizing a [[postalveolar]] articulation.
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 * The underdot is also used in the [[Devanagari script]], where it is called [[nukta]].
-==Raised dot and middle dot <span class="anchor" id="Raised dot"></span>==
+==Raised dot and middle dot ==
 * In [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]], in addition to the [[interpunct|middle dot]] as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a [[two dots (diacritic)|two-dot diacritic]] in the [[Naskapi language]] representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter {{char|ᓴ}}. Additionally, in [[Northwestern Ojibwe language|Northwestern Ojibwe]], a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either {{char|ᣜ}} or {{char|ᣝ}}; there also is a raised dot [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics#"Finals", or reduced letters|"Final"]] ({{char|ᣟ}}), which represents /w/ in some [[Swampy Cree language|Swampy Cree]] and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.
+==Side dot==
+The diacritics ''' 〮''' and '''〯'''&nbsp;, known as Bangjeom ({{lang|ko|방점; 傍點}}), were used to mark pitch accents in [[Hangul]] for [[Middle Korean]]. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing.
 == Letters with dot ==
@@ Line 115: / Line 118: @@
 | V̇{{NBSP}}v̇{{NBSP}}[[Ṿ|Ṿ{{NNBSP}}ṿ]]
 | [[Ẇ|Ẇ{{NNBSP}}ẇ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ẉ|Ẉ{{NNBSP}}ẉ]]
-| [[Ẋ|Ẋ{{NNBSP}}ẋ]]{{NBSP}}[[X̣|X̣{{NNBSP}}x]]
+| [[Ẋ|Ẋ{{NNBSP}}ẋ]]{{NBSP}}[[X̣|X̣{{NNBSP}}x̣]]
 | [[Ẏ|Ẏ{{NNBSP}}ẏ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ỵ|Ỵ{{NNBSP}}ỵ]]
 | [[Ż|Ż{{NNBSP}}ż]]{{NBSP}}[[Ẓ|Ẓ{{NNBSP}}ẓ]]

v t e Diacritics
In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek	◌́ ◌̋ acute, double acute ◌᷄ apex ◌̆ ◌̑ breve, inverted breve ◌̌ caron, háček ◌̧ cedilla ◌̂ circumflex ◌̈ diaeresis, umlaut, other ◌̇ ◌̣ dot ◌̀ ◌̏ grave, double grave ◌̉ hook above ◌̡ ◌̢ palatal hook, retroflex hook ◌̛ horn ◌ͅ iota subscript ◌̄ macron ◌̨ ogonek, nosinė ◌̊ ◌̥ overring, underring ◌͂ perispomene ◌͗ sicilicus ◌̃ tilde ◌῾ ◌᾿ rough breathing, smooth breathing
In Early Cyrillic	◌҄ kamora ◌҇ pokrytie ◌҃ titlo
In Indic	ं ং ଂ ം anusvara ऽ ঽ ଽ ఽ ഽ ྅ avagraha ँ ఁ ྃ chandrabindu ़ nuqta ् ് ్ ್ ් ် virama ः ঃ ଃ ஃ visarga
In other scripts	Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanese kana diacritics ◌゙ ◌゚ dakuten, handakuten Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics
Marks used as diacritics	◌’ apostrophe ◌̸ bar ◌: colon ◌, comma ◌. full stop/period ◌˗ hyphen ◌′ prime
Non-diacritic uses	^ caret (computing) ° degree symbol ~ tilde § Mathematics
In Unicode	◌ dotted circle (placeholder glyph character) combining character § Unicode ranges
See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks Category: Diacritics