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{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=YJ-12
|name=YJ-12
|image= YJ-12A anti-ship missile launcher.png
|image=
|caption=
|caption=YJ-12A anti-ship missile launcher
|type=[[anti-ship missile|Anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]]
|type=[[anti-ship missile|Anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]]
|service={{circa}}2011–present
|service={{circa}}2011–present
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|is_missile=yes
|is_missile=yes
|origin=China
|origin=China
|used_by=*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]
|used_by=*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]
*[[Pakistan Navy]]
*[[Pakistan Navy]]
*[[Algerian National Navy]]
*[[Algerian National Navy]]
|manufacturer=[[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation]] (CASIC)
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|propellant=
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|weight=
|weight=
|wingspan=
|wingspan=
|speed=[[Mach number|Mach]] 2.5 to 4
⚫
|speed=[[Mach number|Mach]] 4<ref name="CN">{{cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |title=China's anti-ship missiles YJ-12 and YJ-100 revealed |editor-last1=Renjie |editor-first1=Guo |date=4 February 2015 |website=China Military Online |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211201300/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|vehicle_range={{convert|250-400|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="jfq-75_p102" /><ref name="CN" />
|vehicle_range={{cvt|250-270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}}
|ceiling=
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|altitude=
|filling={{convert|205-500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CN" /><ref name="nwcr-vol64iss2_p14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|title=Pradun: From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts, p.14|access-date=2015-05-21|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204038/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|filling={{convert|205-500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="CN" /><ref name="nwcr-vol64iss2_p14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|title=Pradun: From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts, p.14|access-date=2015-05-21|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204038/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|guidance=[[BeiDou]] satellite navigation with [[mid-course update]]s, terminal [[active radar homing]]
|guidance=Terminal guidance
|detonation=
|detonation=
|launch_platform= {{ubl
|launch_platform= {{ubl
| Surface ship launched<ref name="diplomat_pasandideh_2018"/>
| Surface ship launched
| TEL-launched
| TEL-launched
| Air-launched
| Air-launched
Line 35: Line 36:
}}
}}


The '''YJ-12''' ({{zh|c=鹰击-12|p=yīngjī-12|l=Eagle Strike 12}}) is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] supersonic [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]].
The '''YJ-12''' ({{zh|c=鹰击-12|p=yīngjī-12|l=Eagle Strike 12}}) is a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] supersonic [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]]{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=58}} manufactured by [[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation]] (CASIC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mil.sina.cn/zgjq/2016-11-09/detail-ifxxnety7793189.d.html |title=震撼：中国3大军工巨头在航展上竟展示如此多新导弹 |website=Sina News |date=9 November 2016 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:侵犯中華民國航空識別區的轟-6.jpg|thumb|[[Xi'an H-6]] [[Strategic bomber]] armed with YJ-12 anti-ship missiles]]
The YJ-12 is an anti-ship missile missile<ref name="cms-11_p20">{{Cite report |editor1-last=Dutton |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Erickson |editor2-first=Andrew S. |editor3-last=Martinson |editor3-first=Ryan |date=February 2014 |title=China's Near Seas Combat Capabilities |series=China Maritime Studies |volume=11 |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/Research---Gaming/China-Maritime-Studies-Institute/Publications/documents/Web-CMS11-(1)-(1).aspx |publisher=[[United States Naval War College]] |page=20 |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521174215/https://www.usnwc.edu/Research---Gaming/China-Maritime-Studies-Institute/Publications/documents/Web-CMS11-(1)-(1).aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> that resembles a lengthened [[Kh-31]].<ref name="jfq-75_p102" /> A 2011 article in the [[Naval War College|United States Naval War College Review]] credited the "[[YJ-91]]/YJ-12" with a range of 400&nbsp;km and a 205&nbsp;kg [[Explosive material|high explosive]] warhead, compared to the {{convert|130|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} range of a [[Harpoon anti-ship missile]]. Furthermore, an aircraft could launch the "YJ-91/YJ-12" while still 230&nbsp;km beyond the range of [[RIM-66|SM-2]] and [[RIM-162|Sparrow anti-air missiles]], which have ranges of less than 170&nbsp;km.<ref name="nwcr-vol64iss2_p14"/><ref name="nwcr-vol64iss2_p25">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|title=Pradun: From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts, p.25|access-date=2015-05-21|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204038/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a September 2014 article published in Joint Forces Quarterly, the missile was credited with a range of up to 250&nbsp;km and a speed of Mach 2.5.<ref name="jfq-75_p102"/> In February 2015, military expert Li Li claimed the YJ-12 has a {{convert|400-500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead and a range of {{convert|300|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} when traveling at Mach 3, or 400&nbsp;km at a speed of Mach 4.<ref name="CN" /> The YJ-12 can also do evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2016/05/12/china-puts-guam-within-missile-range/|title=China Puts Guam Within Missile Range|first=Wendell|last=Minnick|date=August 8, 2017|website=Defense News}}</ref>
⚫
The YJ-12 resembles a lengthened [[Kh-31]].<ref name="jfq-75_p102" /> According to the United States, the air-launched (YJ-12) and ship-launched (YJ-12A) variants have {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} ranges.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=58}} Speeds of Mach 2.5<ref name="jfq-75_p102" /> to 4<ref name="CN">{{cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |title=China's anti-ship missiles YJ-12 and YJ-100 revealed |editor-last1=Renjie |editor-first1=Guo |date=4 February 2015 |website=China Military Online |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211201300/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-02/04/content_6340222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> have been reported. The YJ-12 may perform evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2016/05/12/china-puts-guam-within-missile-range/ |title=China Puts Guam Within Missile Range |first=Wendell |last=Minnick |date=August 8, 2017 |website=Defense News}}</ref>


A saturation attack by YJ-12's fired at long range would pose a grave threat to American [[carrier strike group]]s; once the wave of [[sea-skimming]] missiles appeared over the horizon and was detected by ships' own sensors, they would only have some 45 seconds to engage before impact and if there were enough, short range defenses would be overwhelmed. Given that fighters such as the [[Su-30MKK]] and [[Shenyang J-11|J-11B]] have a [[combat radius]] of about 1,500&nbsp;km, equipping them with the YJ-12 gives them a potential strike range out to {{convert|1,900|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}. The [[U.S. Navy]]'s counter is to use the [[Cooperative Engagement Capability]] to detect and destroy the YJ-12's launch aircraft with [[RIM-174|SM-6 missiles]] and fighters at long range before they can be fired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warontherocks.com/2014/07/chinas-most-dangerous-missile-so-far/ |title=China's Most Dangerous Missile (So Far) |last1=Haddick |first1=Robert |date=2 July 2014 |website=War on the Rocks |access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
According to ''War on the Rocks'', a ship has 45 seconds to engage a YJ-12 after [[sea-skimming]] missile appears over the horizon and is detected. In 2014, the [[United States Navy]] (USN) intended to counter air-launched YJ-12 saturation attacks by destroying Chinese strike aircraft at long range before the missiles are launched; the tactic relies on [[Cooperative Engagement Capability]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warontherocks.com/2014/07/chinas-most-dangerous-missile-so-far/ |title=China's Most Dangerous Missile (So Far) |last1=Haddick |first1=Robert |date=2 July 2014 |website=War on the Rocks |access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>


==Development==
==Development==
In August 2000, the Chinese unveiled a model of an air-launched missile labelled as the YJ-91, resembling the French [[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée]]. Later, a similar looking missile was seen that may have been designated as the YJ-12. Jane's reported that a YJ-12A was supposedly in development in 2004. The YJ-91 designation ultimately went to the Chinese development of the Russian [[Kh-31]].<ref name="janes_2008-07-21">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |title=YJ-91/YJ-12 (China), Offensive weapons |website=janes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202082723/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> The YJ-12 ultimately resembled a lengthened Kh-31.<ref name="jfq-75_p102"/>
In August 2000, the Chinese unveiled a model of an air-launched missile labeled as the YJ-91, resembling the French [[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée]]. Later, a similar-looking missile was seen that may have been designated as the YJ-12. The YJ-91 designation ultimately went to the Chinese development of the Russian [[Kh-31]].<ref name="janes_2008-07-21">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |title=YJ-91/YJ-12 (China), Offensive weapons |website=janes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202082723/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/YJ-91-YJ-12-China.html |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
Externally, the YJ-12 resembled a lengthened Kh-31.<ref name="jfq-75_p102"/>


The YJ-12 appeared at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade]],<ref name="Fisher_2015-09-04">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/54029/china-showcases-new-weapon-systems-at-3-september-parade |title=China showcases new weapon systems at 3 September parade |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. Jr. |date=4 September 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> indicating that the missile had entered active service since all weapons showcased during the parade are actively inducted prior to the parade.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 陈士强：抗战胜利70周年纪念活动充分展示我军战斗力--军事--人民网|url = http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0902/c1011-27541163.html|website = military.people.com.cn|access-date = 2015-12-13}}</ref>
The YJ-12 appeared at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade]],<ref name="Fisher_2015-09-04">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/54029/china-showcases-new-weapon-systems-at-3-september-parade |title=China showcases new weapon systems at 3 September parade |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. Jr. |date=4 September 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> indicating that the missile had entered active service since all weapons showcased during the parade are actively inducted prior to the parade.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 陈士强：抗战胜利70周年纪念活动充分展示我军战斗力--军事--人民网|url = http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0902/c1011-27541163.html|website = military.people.com.cn|access-date = 2015-12-13}}</ref>

The YJ-12A was reportedly in development in 2014.<ref name="janes_2008-07-21"/> The YJ-12A entered service around 2020 aboard refitted [[Type 051B destroyer|Type 051B]] and [[Sovremenny-class destroyer|Sovremenny-class]] destroyers of the [[People Liberation Army Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sutton |first1=H.I. |title=China Increases Potency Of Anti-Carrier Capabilities |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/05/01/upgrades-increase-potency-of-chinese-navys-anti-carrier-capabilities/ |website=Forbes |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>


The YJ-12B was reportedly deployed to the [[Spratly Islands]] around April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/02/china-added-missile-systems-on-spratly-islands-in-south-china-sea.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=May 2, 2018 |title=China quietly installed defensive missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea |first=Amanda |last=Macias}}</ref> They may cover the southern half of the South China Sea when based on three largest Chinese-controlled islands.<ref name="spratlys_yj12b">{{cite web |last1=Stashwick |first1=Steven |title=China deploys anti-ship missiles on islands in the South China Sea |website=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/chinas-new-missiles-in-the-spratlys-may-be-a-turning-point/ |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>
The YJ-12B was reportedly deployed to the [[Spratly Islands]] around April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/02/china-added-missile-systems-on-spratly-islands-in-south-china-sea.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=May 2, 2018 |title=China quietly installed defensive missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea |first=Amanda |last=Macias}}</ref> They may cover the southern half of the South China Sea when based on three largest Chinese-controlled islands.<ref name="spratlys_yj12b">{{cite web |last1=Stashwick |first1=Steven |title=China deploys anti-ship missiles on islands in the South China Sea |website=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/chinas-new-missiles-in-the-spratlys-may-be-a-turning-point/ |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
===YJ-12===
; YJ-12
: Air-launched variant with a {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=58}}
:Air-launched variant


===YJ-12B===
; YJ-12A
:Land-based variant with {{cvt|250|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="spratlys_yj12b"/>
: Ship-launched variant with a {{cvt|270|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}


; YJ-12B
⚫
===CM-302===
: Land-based variant with a {{cvt|250|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="spratlys_yj12b"/>
:In November 2016, CASIC unveiled the '''CM-302''' as the export version of the YJ-12. It is marketed as "the world's best anti-ship missile" that it is supersonic throughout its flight, can be launched from air, land, and naval platforms, can disable a 5,000-tonne warship, and be used in a [[land-attack missile|land attack role]]. Assuming physical characteristics similar to the YJ-12, the missile is likely {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|0.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter, with an estimated weight of {{convert|2000-2500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It is stated to have a range of {{convert|280|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}, a {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead, guided by BeiDou which can be updated by [[data-link]] with an [[active radar]] seeker for [[terminal guidance]] to achieve a 90% probability of hitting its target, while traveling at a mid-course speed of Mach 1.5-2 and accelerating to Mach 3 or higher during the terminal flight phase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/65364/china-offers-export-version-of-yj-12-supersonic-anti-ship-missile |title=China offers export version of YJ-12 supersonic anti-ship missile |last1=Tate |first1=Andrew |last2=Gibson |first2=Neil |date=9 November 2016 |website=[[Jane's Information Group]] |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

⚫
; CM-302
: Export variant. According to the [[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation]], it is an anti-ship and [[land-attack missile]] with a {{convert|280|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} range, a {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead, and launched from air, land, and naval platforms The missile uses BeiDou satellite navigation, with [[active radar]] [[terminal guidance]]; the target may be updated by [[data-link]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/65364/china-offers-export-version-of-yj-12-supersonic-anti-ship-missile |title=China offers export version of YJ-12 supersonic anti-ship missile |last1=Tate |first1=Andrew |last2=Gibson |first2=Neil |date=9 November 2016 |website=[[Jane's Information Group]] |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112051928/http://www.janes.com/article/65364/china-offers-export-version-of-yj-12-supersonic-anti-ship-missile |archive-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==


===Current operators===
===Current operators===
⚫
;{{PRC}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]<ref name="diplomat_pasandideh_2018">{{cite web |last1=Pasandideh |first1=Shahryar |title=Less Visible Aspects of Chinese Military Modernization |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/less-visible-aspects-of-chinese-military-modernization/ |website=The Diplomat |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>
⚫
;{{PAK}}
*[[Pakistan Air Force]], CM-400<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-china-details-performance-of-carrier-killer-missile-for-jf-17/111764.article|website=FlightGlobal|title=DUBAI: China details performance of 'carrier killer' missile for JF-17}}</ref>
*[[Pakistan Navy]], CM-302<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ansari |first1=Usman |title=Pakistan and China launch joint naval drills. Should India be concerned? |url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/surface-navy-association/2020/01/08/pakistan-and-china-launch-joint-naval-drills-should-india-be-concerned/ |website=defensenews.com |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
;{{ALG}}
;{{ALG}}
*[[Algerian National Navy]], CM-302 (land-based){{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=344}}
*[[Algerian National Navy]], CM-302<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.menadefense.net/algerie/lalgerie-muscle-sa-defense-cotiere-2/ | title=L'Algérie muscle sa défense côtière | date=24 September 2021 }}</ref>
⚫
;{{PAK}}
*[[Pakistan Navy]], CM-302 (ship-launched){{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=302}}
⚫
;{{PRC}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2024|p=260}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Navy]]{{sfn|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023|p=57}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 89: Line 98:
;Bibliography
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-78004-7 |ref={{sfnref|The Military Balance|2024}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pradun |first1=Vitaliy O. |date=Spring 2011 |title=From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts: China's Missile Revolution and PLA Strategy against U.S. Military Intervention |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |journal=Naval War College Review |publisher=[[Naval War College|United States Naval War College]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193001/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pradun |first1=Vitaliy O. |date=Spring 2011 |title=From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts: China's Missile Revolution and PLA Strategy against U.S. Military Intervention |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |journal=Naval War College Review |publisher=[[Naval War College|United States Naval War College]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193001/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/23a01071-5dac-433a-8452-09c542163ae8/From-Bottle-Rockets-to-Lightning-Bolts--China-s-Mi.aspx |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite report |author=United States Office of the Secretary of Defense |author-link=Office of the Secretary of Defense |title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China |url=https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF |date=19 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China|2023}}}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


Latest revision as of 15:07, 6 November 2024

YJ-12
YJ-12A anti-ship missile launcher
TypeAnti-ship cruise missile
Place of originChina
Service history
In servicec.2011–present
Used by
Production history
ManufacturerChina Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)
Specifications
Warhead205–500 kg (452–1,102 lb)[1][2]
Engineintegrated ramjet/booster propulsion system[3]
Operational
range
250–270 nmi (290–310 mi; 460–500 km)
Maximum speed Mach 2.5 to 4
Guidance
system
BeiDou satellite navigation with mid-course updates, terminal active radar homing
Launch
platform
  • Surface ship launched
  • TEL-launched
  • Air-launched

The YJ-12 (Chinese: 鹰击-12; pinyin: yīngjī-12; lit. 'Eagle Strike 12') is a Chinese supersonic anti-ship cruise missile[4][5] manufactured by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC).[6]

Description

[edit]
Xi'an H-6 Strategic bomber armed with YJ-12 anti-ship missiles

The YJ-12 resembles a lengthened Kh-31.[3] According to the United States, the air-launched (YJ-12) and ship-launched (YJ-12A) variants have 270 nmi (310 mi; 500 km) ranges.[4][5] Speeds of Mach 2.5[3] to 4[1] have been reported. The YJ-12 may perform evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats.[7]

According to War on the Rocks, a ship has 45 seconds to engage a YJ-12 after sea-skimming missile appears over the horizon and is detected. In 2014, the United States Navy (USN) intended to counter air-launched YJ-12 saturation attacks by destroying Chinese strike aircraft at long range before the missiles are launched; the tactic relies on Cooperative Engagement Capability.[8]

Development

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In August 2000, the Chinese unveiled a model of an air-launched missile labeled as the YJ-91, resembling the French Air-Sol Moyenne Portée. Later, a similar-looking missile was seen that may have been designated as the YJ-12. The YJ-91 designation ultimately went to the Chinese development of the Russian Kh-31.[9]

Externally, the YJ-12 resembled a lengthened Kh-31.[3]

The YJ-12 appeared at the 2015 China Victory Day Parade,[10] indicating that the missile had entered active service since all weapons showcased during the parade are actively inducted prior to the parade.[11]

The YJ-12A was reportedly in development in 2014.[9] The YJ-12A entered service around 2020 aboard refitted Type 051B and Sovremenny-class destroyers of the People Liberation Army Navy.[12]

The YJ-12B was reportedly deployed to the Spratly Islands around April 2018.[13] They may cover the southern half of the South China Sea when based on three largest Chinese-controlled islands.[14]

Variants

[edit]
YJ-12
Air-launched variant with a 270 nmi (310 mi; 500 km) range.[5]
YJ-12A
Ship-launched variant with a 270 nmi (310 mi; 500 km) range.[4]
YJ-12B
Land-based variant with a 250 nmi (290 mi; 460 km) range.[14]
CM-302
Export variant. According to the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, it is an anti-ship and land-attack missile with a 280 km (170 mi; 150 nmi) range, a 250 kg (550 lb) warhead, and launched from air, land, and naval platforms The missile uses BeiDou satellite navigation, with active radar terminal guidance; the target may be updated by data-link.[15]

Operators

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Current operators

[edit]
 Algeria
 Pakistan
 People's Republic of China

See also

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Related development

Comparable missiles

References

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  1. ^ a b Renjie, Guo, ed. (4 February 2015). "China's anti-ship missiles YJ-12 and YJ-100 revealed". China Military Online. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  2. ^ "Pradun: From Bottle Rockets to Lightning Bolts, p.14". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
  3. ^ a b c d Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University: 102. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2023, p. 57.
  5. ^ a b c Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2023, p. 58.
  6. ^ "震撼：中国3大军工巨头在航展上竟展示如此多新导弹". Sina News. 9 November 2016.
  7. ^ Minnick, Wendell (August 8, 2017). "China Puts Guam Within Missile Range". Defense News.
  8. ^ Haddick, Robert (2 July 2014). "China's Most Dangerous Missile (So Far)". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b "YJ-91/YJ-12 (China), Offensive weapons". janes.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  10. ^ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (4 September 2015). "China showcases new weapon systems at 3 September parade". IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  11. ^ "陈士强：抗战胜利70周年纪念活动充分展示我军战斗力--军事--人民网". military.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
  12. ^ Sutton, H.I. (1 May 2020). "China Increases Potency Of Anti-Carrier Capabilities". Forbes. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  13. ^ Macias, Amanda (May 2, 2018). "China quietly installed defensive missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea". CNBC.
  14. ^ a b Stashwick, Steven (14 June 2018). "China deploys anti-ship missiles on islands in the South China Sea". The Diplomat. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  15. ^ Tate, Andrew; Gibson, Neil (9 November 2016). "China offers export version of YJ-12 supersonic anti-ship missile". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  16. ^ The Military Balance 2024, p. 344.
  17. ^ The Military Balance 2024, p. 302.
  18. ^ The Military Balance 2024, p. 260.
Bibliography
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