Tongariro National Park: Difference between revisions

Tongariro National Park
Tongariro National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
	Mahuia River, Tongariro National Park
	Interactive map of Tongariro National Park
Location	Ruapehu District, New Zealand
Nearest city	National Park, New Zealand
Coordinates	39°17′27″S 175°33′44″E / 39.29083°S 175.56222°E
Area	795.96 km2 (307.32 sq mi)
Established	October 1887
Governing body	Department of Conservation; Whakapapa Visitor Centre; Private Bag; Mount Ruapehu 2650
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural and Natural: (vi), (vii), (viii)
Reference	421bis
Inscription	1990 (14th Session)
Extensions	1993

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Tongariro National Park (/ˈtɒŋɡərɪroʊ/; Māori: [tɔŋaɾiɾɔ]), located in the central North Island, is the oldest national park in New Zealand.^[1] It has been acknowledged by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site of mixed cultural and natural values.

Tongariro National Park was the sixth national park^[2] established in the world.^[1] The active volcanic mountains Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro are located in the centre of the park.^[1]

There are a number of Māori religious sites within the park,^[3] and many of the park's summits, including Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu, are tapu, or sacred.^[4] The park includes many towns around its boundary including Ohakune, Waiouru, Horopito, Pokaka, Erua, National Park Village, Whakapapa skifield and Tūrangi.

Tongariro National Park is home to the famed Tongariro Alpine Crossing, widely regarded as one of the world's best one-day hikes.^[5]

History

Park establishment

The mountain summits are of great significance to the local Māori. In order to prevent the selling of the mountains to European settlers, in 1886 the local Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi had the mountains surveyed in the Native Land Court and then set aside (whakatapua) as a reserve in the names of certain chiefs, one of whom was Te Heuheu Tūkino IV (Horonuku), the most significant chief of the Māori Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi. Later the peaks of Mount Tongariro, Mount Ngauruhoe, and parts of Mount Ruapehu, were conveyed to the Crown on 23 September 1887, on condition that a protected area was established there.

This 26.4 km² area was generally considered to be too small to establish a national park after the model of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, and so further areas were acquired. When the New Zealand Parliament passed the Tongariro National Park Act in October 1894, the park covered an area of about 252.13 km², but it took until 1907 to acquire the land. When the Act was renewed in 1922, the park area was extended to 586.8 km². Further extensions, especially Pihanga Scenic Reserve in 1975, enlarged the park to its current size of 786.23 km². The last modification to the Act was passed in 1980. Tongariro National Park has been under the control of the New Zealand Department of Conservation since the creation of the department in 1987.

Expansion

The first activities in the young Tongariro National Park were the construction of tourist huts at the beginning of the 20th century. But it was not until opening of the railway in 1908 and the building of roads in the 1930s that a significant number of people visited the park. The second Tongariro National Park Act, in 1922, started some active conservation efforts, and in 1923 a park ranger was appointed.^[6]^[7] Road construction into Whakapapa valley had already begun in the 1920s. The first ski hut was built on Mt Ruapehu in 1923 at an elevation of 1770 m,^[8] thereafter a road, and, in 1938-1939, a ski lift.^[9] This early tourist development explains the rather uncommon existence of a permanently inhabited village and fully developed ski area within a national park. The hotel Chateau Tongariro, which is still the centre of Whakapapa today, was opened in 1929.

Geography

Location and size

Tongariro National Park covers 786 km² stretching between 175° 22' and 175° 48' East and 38° 58' and 39° 25' South in the heart of the North Island of New Zealand.^[10] It is just a few kilometres west-southwest of Lake Taupō. It is 330 km south of Auckland by road, and 320 km north of Wellington. It contains a considerable part of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. Directly to the east stand the hills of the Kaimanawa range. The Whanganui River rises within the park and flows through Whanganui National Park to the west.

Most of the park is located in the Ruapehu District (Manawatū-Whanganui region), although the northeast is in the Taupō District (Waikato Region, or Hawke's Bay Region to the north).

Park boundaries

Tongariro National Park stretches around the massif of the three active volcanoes Mount Ruapehu, Mount Ngauruhoe, and Mount Tongariro. The Pihanga Scenic Reserve, containing Lake Rotopounamu, Mount Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif, though separate from the main park area, is still part of the national park.

On the park borders are the towns of Tūrangi, National Park Village and Ohakune. Further away are Waiouru and Raetihi. Within the park borders, the only settlements are the tourism-based village at Whakapapa Village which consists solely of ski accommodation. Two Maori kainga (settlements) Papakai and Otukou are not part of the park but lie on the shores of Lake Rotoaira between the Pihanga Scenic Reserve and the main park area.

The bulk of Tongariro National Park is surrounded by well-maintained roads that roughly follow the park borders and provide easy access. In the west, State Highway 4 passes National Park village, and in the east, State Highway 1, known for this stretch as the Desert Road, runs parallel to the Tongariro River. State Highway 47 joins these two highways to the north of much of the park, although it bisects the Pihanga Scenic Reserve. The southern link is State Highway 49. The North Island Main Trunk railway from Auckland to Wellington passes National Park village.

Climate

Like the whole of New Zealand, Tongariro National Park is situated in a temperate zone. The prevailing westerly winds gather water over the Tasman Sea. As the volcanoes of Tongariro National Park are the first significant elevations that these winds encounter on the North Island, besides Mount Taranaki, rain falls almost daily. The east–west rainfall differences are not as great as in the Southern Alps, because the three volcanoes do not belong to a greater mountain range, but there is still a noticeable rain shadow effect with the Rangipo desert on the Eastern leeward side receiving 1,000 mm of annual rainfall. At Whakapapa Village (1119 m) the average annual rainfall is about 2200 mm, in Ohakune (610 m) about 1250 mm and in higher altitudes, such as Iwikau Village (1770 m), about 4900 mm. In winter there is snow to about 1500 m. Temperatures vary dramatically, even within one day. In Whakapapa, they can fall below the freezing point all year round. The average temperature is 13 °C, with a maximum of 25 °C in summer and a minimum of -10 °C in winter. In some summers the summits of the three volcanoes are covered with snow; on top of Mount Ruapehu, snow fields can be found every summer and the summit is glaciated.^[11]

The three volcanoes: snow-capped Ruapehu (left), conical Ngauruhoe (centre) and broad-domed Tongariro (right)

Geology

The park's volcanoes are the southern end of a 2500 km long range of volcanoes, below which the Australian Plate meets the Pacific Plate. These volcanoes have resulted from internal tectonic processes. The Pacific Plate subducts under the Australian plate, and subsequently melts due to the high temperatures of the asthenosphere. This magma, being less dense, rises to the surface and goes through the weak parts of the Earth's crust (the faults) resulting in volcanic processes in the area.

Volcanic processes have been building the mountains of Tongariro National Park for over two million years. Three volcanoes (Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu) remain active, while the park's two northernmost volcanoes (Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif) last erupted over 20,000 years ago.^[12] They have however produced significant historic mudflows.^[13]

Erosion and deposition by mountain glaciers has also played an important role in shaping Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes. Small glaciers are present on the summit of Mt. Ruapehu today, however there is abundant geomorphological evidence for more extensive glaciation in the recent geological past. Glaciers were last present on Tongariro during the Last Glacial Maximum.^[14]

Ecology

Flora

The Tongariro National Park is a rough and partly unstable environment. To the north and west of the park, a podocarp-broadleaf rain forest near Lake Taupō stretches over an area of 30 km², and up to an elevation of 1000 m. In this rain forest live Hall's totara (Podocarpus laetus), kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), kāmahi (Weinmannia racemosa), pāhautea (Libocedrus bidwillii), and numerous epiphytic ferns, orchids, and fungi. Pāhautea trees can be found further on up to a height of 1530 m, where they cover 127.3 km². On this level, one can also find a 50 km² beech forest, containing red (Nothofagus fusca), silver (Nothofagus menziesii) and mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var cliffortioides). Understory species within the forests include ferns such as crown fern (Blechnum discolor) as well as shrub species.^[15] There is also a 95 km² area of scrubland, containing kānuka (Leptospermum ericoides), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), inaka (Dracophyllum longifolium), woolly fringe moss (Rhacomitrium lanuginosum), small beeches and introduced heather.

To the northwest, and around Mount Ruapehu, between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, large areas (around 150 km²) are covered with tussock shrubland and tussock grass. This tussock consists mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (Chionochloa rubra), inaka, curled leaved neinei (Dracophyllum recurvum), wire rush (Empodisma minus), and bog rush (Schoenus pauciflorus), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (Festuca novaezelandiae) and bluegrass (Poa colensoi).

Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow tōtara (Podocarpus nivalis), mountain snowberry (Gaultheria colensoi), bristle tussock (Rytidosperma setifolium), bluegrass and Raoulia albosericea, which cover an area of 165 km². Between 1700 and 2020 m there are some isolated Parahebe species, Gentiana bellidifolia and buttercups. Above 2200 m live only crustose lichens.

Fauna

There are 56 significant species of birds in the park, including rare endemic species like the North Island brown kiwi, kākā, blue duck, North Island fernbird, double-banded plover and New Zealand falcon/kārearea. Other bird species common in the park are tūī, New Zealand bellbird, morepork/ruru, grey warbler/riroriro, fantail, whitehead/pōpokotea and silvereye.^[16] The park also features the only two native mammals of New Zealand, the short- and long-tailed bat.^[17] Tongariro National Park also teems with insects like moths and wētā. Also present in the park, as well as the whole of New Zealand, are animals introduced by Europeans, such as black rats, stoats, cats, rabbits, hare, possums and red deer.^[18]

Human interaction

Conservation

In the early 20th century, park administrators, including John Cullen, introduced heather to the park for grouse hunting.^[19] Grouse were introduced in 1924,^[20] but within a few years had disappeared.^[21]^[22] The heather thrived, leading to criticism of its introduction as early as the 1920s^[23] because it threatens the ecological system and endemic plants of the park. In 1996, the heather beetle, Lochmaea suturalis, was imported to deal with the invasive heather but initially this was not very successful. Between 1996-2018, only 5,000 ha of heather was damaged by the beetles. However research in 2021 showed that the heather beetles were spreading and had been killing the heather. Since 2018 the beetles have damaged more than 35,000 ha of heather, reducing cover in affected areas by up to 99% and thereby allowing native plants to recover. The NZ Defence Force no longer needs to spray herbicide on large parts of its training ground next to the National Park.^[24]^[25]

Pine trees were introduced into New Zealand in the 1930s for forestry and control of erosion, but 'wilding pines', coniferous trees grown from wind-blown seeds, have become a nationwide problem. Volunteers and the government have been working since the 1960s^[26] to eradicate wilding pines on Mt Ruapehu, since they shut out native plants, consume water and degrade the environment. Tongariro National Park received funding from the National Wilding Conifer Control Programme which was set up in 2016 to produce a coordinated nationwide effort at pine control.^[27]^[28] By 2023 the Conifer Control Programme had stopped the spread of wilding pines in the Tongariro area including the national park and removed most sources of seeds.^[29]

Until the mid-20th century, wild horses descended from animals brought to New Zealand in the 1800s roamed in the national park and surrounding areas.^[30]^[7] After the population declined due to hunting and habitat changes, the horses, today known as the Kaimanawa horse, came under government protection in 1981. The population is managed by the Department of Conservation to ensure the horses' current range does not extend back into the National Park.^[31]^[32]

Activities

The main activities are hiking and climbing in summer, and skiing and snowboarding in winter. There is also opportunity for hunting, game fishing, mountain biking, horse riding, rafting and scenic flights.

The most popular track in Tongariro National Park is the Tongariro Alpine Crossing. Most of the track is also part of the Tongariro Northern Circuit, a two- to four-day hike, which is one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks. Side trips to the summits of Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe are possible on these tracks. Another route is the three- to six-day Round the Mountain Track around Mount Ruapehu. Besides these, there are numerous shorter tracks appropriate for day tramps. With this track net, three camp sites, two emergency shelters, nine public and four private huts and the facilities in Whakapapa, the park is well developed for tourism. These tracks also serve as winter routes, as well as the track to the summit of Mount Ruapehu. Rock-climbing is also an option.

The first stage of Te Ara Mangawhero, a cycling and walking track between Mt Ruapehu and Ohakune, opened on 4 November 2024. The 11.4 km loop track was expected to bring tourists to the area.^[33] Eventually the track is expected to extend towards Turoa Ski Field.^[34]

Skiing on the mountains in the park became popular from about 1914, when the Ruapehu Ski Club was established.^[35] Snow season is from late June to early November. The biggest ski area, Whakapapa, is on the north-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu. It has 15 lifts, covering an area of 5.5 km². Directly next to the ski field are 47 ski club huts; most of them also accommodate non-club members. The next settlement is at the base of the mountain, in Whakapapa village. A slightly smaller ski field called Turoa is on the south-western slope. Though it has only nine lifts, the skiing area, of 5 km², is almost as large as Whakapapa's. There is no accommodation at the ski field; the nearest town is Ohakune. These two ski fields came under common management in 2000. Ski passes can be used on both fields, and a lift or run from one field to the other is planned. Beside these major ski fields, there is also the Tukino ski area, a club ski field open to the public. This ski field is run by Tukino Mountain Clubs Association which is made up of Desert Alpine Ski Club, Tukino Alpine Sports Club and the Aorangi Ski Club on the south-eastern slope. The ski clubs each have a 32 guest club on the field accessed by a 4WD road from State Highway 1. Tukino Ski Area has two nutcracker rope tows, and covers 1.9 km².

In popular culture

Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe were one of the several locations where Peter Jackson shot The Lord of the Rings film trilogy; tours to view these places are commonly arranged by the tour's operators and lodges.^[36]

Mount Ngauruhoe was also featured in Hunt for the Wilderpeople.^[37]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Department of Conservation: "Tongariro National Park: Features" Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 21 April 2013
^ Hardy, Uniqua. "The 10 Oldest National Parks in the World". Culture Trip. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
^ Beetham, George (1926). "Introduction by T. E. Donne". The First Ascent of Mount Ruapehu.
^ Cowan, James (1927). "Chapter II: The Mountains of the Gods". The Tongariro National Park, New Zealand - Its topography, geology, alpine and volcanic features, history and Maori folk-lore. pp. 29–33.
^ Tongariro Alpine Crossing
^ "A valuable asset". New Zealand Times. 29 January 1923 – via Papers Past.
^ ^a ^b "Mountain ranger". New Zealand Herald. 6 October 1931 – via Papers Past.
^ "[untitled]". Poverty Bay Herald. 12 January 1924. p. 4 – via Papers Past. Mr. W. Salt, a well-known mountaineer, with his party, spent part of the holidays at the National Park, [...] completing the erection of the Ski Club's hut on Ruapehu at an altitude of 6000 ft. The hut which is situated at the foot of the Whakapapa Glacier, will be a great boon to mountaineers.
^ "A new facility for National Park skiers". New Zealand Herald. 17 October 1939 – via Papers Past.
^ "Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ "Tongariro Weather". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
^ "Global Volcanism Program | Northern Tongariro Group". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ Topping, Wayne William (1974). Some Aspects of Quaternary History of Tongariro Volcanic Centre (thesis). Wellington: Victoria University. doi:10.26686/wgtn.19252133. hdl:10063/855.
^ Eaves, Shaun R.; N. Mackintosh, Andrew; Winckler, Gisela; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Townsend, Dougal B. (15 January 2016). "A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 132: 40–56. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Explore Hotspots - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ "Mountain Ecosytems". Waikato Biodiversity Forum. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ "Pests and weeds". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ "New National Highway". The New Zealand Herald. 6 March 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
^ "Importation of grouse". Otago Witness. 14 April 1925 – via Papers Past.
^ "Local and general". Hawera Star. 25 June 1930 – via Papers Past.
^ "Liberation of grouse". Taranaki Daily News. 28 October 1931 – via Papers Past.
^ "A dangerous fad". Auckland Star. 31 January 1924 – via Papers Past.
^ "Tucking into Tongariro heather". Manaaki Whenua. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
^ "Heather beetle". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
^ "Trampers to tackle wilding pines". Whanganui Chronicle. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
^ Ormond, Georgie (8 March 2019). "Wilding pines cleared from Mt Ruapehu by volunteers and conservation workers". NZ Herald. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
^ "Pressure going on runaway Central North Island pines". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
^ "Wilding Control Progress: North Island | Wilding Pines". www.wildingpines.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
^ "Tongariro National Park". The Dominion. 31 August 1908 – via Papers Past.
^ "Kaimanawa horses plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
^ "Kaimanawa horses". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
^ Ellis, Moana (4 November 2024). "'Ray of hope': Te Ara Mangawhero cycle trail opens on Ruapehu". Stuff. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ "Te Ara Mangawhero | Mountains to Sea NZ". www.mountainstosea.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
^ "Ski-ing and winter climbing". Wanganui Herald. 26 July 1915 – via Papers Past.
^ Harry, Baker (27 September 2022). "Acid lake atop real-life 'Mount Doom' captured in striking new image from space station". Space.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^ Smith, Anna (11 September 2016). "Hunt for the wilder side of New Zealand". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

External links

Tongariro National Park at the Department of Conservation
Datasheet - UNEP-WCMC World Heritage Site
"Tongariro National Park (1940 article)". NZETC. 1940.

[DoC_F-1] Department of Conservation: "Tongariro National Park: Features" Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 21 April 2013

[2] Hardy, Uniqua. "The 10 Oldest National Parks in the World". Culture Trip. Retrieved 29 January 2019.

[3] Beetham, George (1926). "Introduction by T. E. Donne". The First Ascent of Mount Ruapehu.

[4] Cowan, James (1927). "Chapter II: The Mountains of the Gods". The Tongariro National Park, New Zealand - Its topography, geology, alpine and volcanic features, history and Maori folk-lore. pp. 29–33.

[5] Tongariro Alpine Crossing

[6] "A valuable asset". New Zealand Times. 29 January 1923 – via Papers Past.

[:0-7] "Mountain ranger". New Zealand Herald. 6 October 1931 – via Papers Past.

[8] "[untitled]". Poverty Bay Herald. 12 January 1924. p. 4 – via Papers Past. Mr. W. Salt, a well-known mountaineer, with his party, spent part of the holidays at the National Park, [...] completing the erection of the Ski Club's hut on Ruapehu at an altitude of 6000 ft. The hut which is situated at the foot of the Whakapapa Glacier, will be a great boon to mountaineers.

[9] "A new facility for National Park skiers". New Zealand Herald. 17 October 1939 – via Papers Past.

[10] "Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 18 October 2017.

[11] "Tongariro Weather". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

[12] "Global Volcanism Program | Northern Tongariro Group". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[13] Topping, Wayne William (1974). Some Aspects of Quaternary History of Tongariro Volcanic Centre (thesis). Wellington: Victoria University. doi:10.26686/wgtn.19252133. hdl:10063/855.

[14] Eaves, Shaun R.; N. Mackintosh, Andrew; Winckler, Gisela; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Townsend, Dougal B. (15 January 2016). "A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 132: 40–56. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004.

[15] C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[16] "Explore Hotspots - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[17] "Mountain Ecosytems". Waikato Biodiversity Forum. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[18] "Pests and weeds". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[19] "New National Highway". The New Zealand Herald. 6 March 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 23 June 2016.

[20] "Importation of grouse". Otago Witness. 14 April 1925 – via Papers Past.

[21] "Local and general". Hawera Star. 25 June 1930 – via Papers Past.

[22] "Liberation of grouse". Taranaki Daily News. 28 October 1931 – via Papers Past.

[23] "A dangerous fad". Auckland Star. 31 January 1924 – via Papers Past.

[24] "Tucking into Tongariro heather". Manaaki Whenua. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

[25] "Heather beetle". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

[26] "Trampers to tackle wilding pines". Whanganui Chronicle. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

[27] Ormond, Georgie (8 March 2019). "Wilding pines cleared from Mt Ruapehu by volunteers and conservation workers". NZ Herald. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

[28] "Pressure going on runaway Central North Island pines". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

[29] "Wilding Control Progress: North Island | Wilding Pines". www.wildingpines.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

[30] "Tongariro National Park". The Dominion. 31 August 1908 – via Papers Past.

[31] "Kaimanawa horses plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

[32] "Kaimanawa horses". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 November 2024.

[33] Ellis, Moana (4 November 2024). "'Ray of hope': Te Ara Mangawhero cycle trail opens on Ruapehu". Stuff. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[34] "Te Ara Mangawhero | Mountains to Sea NZ". www.mountainstosea.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2024.

[35] "Ski-ing and winter climbing". Wanganui Herald. 26 July 1915 – via Papers Past.

[36] Harry, Baker (27 September 2022). "Acid lake atop real-life 'Mount Doom' captured in striking new image from space station". Space.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

[37] Smith, Anna (11 September 2016). "Hunt for the wilder side of New Zealand". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | photo = Tongariro Mahuia River n.jpg
 | photo_caption = Mahuia River, Tongariro National Park
+| map_image       = {{Infobox mapframe |id=Q202845|point=none|stroke-color=#646464|stroke-width=1|shape-fill=#82e885|zoom=8}}
-| map = New Zealand |relief=1
-| map_caption = Map of New Zealand
+| map_caption     = Interactive map of Tongariro National Park
 | location = [[Ruapehu District|Ruapehu District, New Zealand]]
 | nearest_city = [[National Park, New Zealand]]
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 '''Tongariro National Park''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|r|ɪr|oʊ
-}}; {{IPA-mi|tɔŋaɾiɾɔ|lang}}) is the oldest [[national park]] in New Zealand,<ref name="DoC F">Department of Conservation: [http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/ "Tongariro National Park: Features"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222042135/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/ |date=22 February 2015 }}, retrieved 21 April 2013</ref> located in the central [[North Island]]. It has been acknowledged by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]] of mixed [[cultural landscape|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural values]].
+}}; {{IPA-mi|tɔŋaɾiɾɔ|lang}}), located in the central [[North Island]], is the oldest [[national park]] in New Zealand.<ref name="DoC F">Department of Conservation: [http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/ "Tongariro National Park: Features"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222042135/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/ |date=22 February 2015 }}, retrieved 21 April 2013</ref>  It has been acknowledged by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]] of mixed [[cultural landscape|cultural]] and [[natural heritage|natural values]].
 Tongariro National Park was the sixth national park<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/articles/the-10-oldest-national-parks-in-the-world/|title=The 10 Oldest National Parks in the World|last=Hardy|first=Uniqua|website=Culture Trip|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> established in the world.<ref name="DoC F"/> The active [[Volcano|volcanic]] mountains [[Mount Ruapehu|Ruapehu]], [[Mount Ngauruhoe|Ngauruhoe]], and [[Mount Tongariro|Tongariro]] are located in the centre of the park.<ref name="DoC F"/>
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 There are a number of [[Māori people|Māori]] religious sites within the park,<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BeeFirs-t1-front-d4.html|title=The First Ascent of Mount Ruapehu|first=George|last=Beetham|year=1926|chapter=Introduction by T. E. Donne}}</ref> and many of the park's summits, including Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu, are ''[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|tapu]]'', or sacred.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.natureandco.com/land_and_wildlife/national_parks/tongariro/history/tongariro_history.php3|title=The Tongariro National Park, New Zealand - Its topography, geology, alpine and volcanic features, history and Maori folk-lore|first=James|last=Cowan|year=1927|chapter=Chapter II: The Mountains of the Gods|pages=29–33}}</ref> The park includes many towns around its boundary including [[Ohakune]], [[Waiouru]], [[Horopito, New Zealand|Horopito]], [[Pokaka, New Zealand|Pokaka]], [[Erua, New Zealand|Erua]], [[National Park, New Zealand|National Park Village]], [[Whakapapa skifield]] and [[Tūrangi]].
-The Tongariro National Park is home to the famed [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]], widely regarded as one of the world's best one-day hikes.<ref>[http://www.visitruapehu.com/new-zealand/tongariro-alpine-crossing/  Tongariro Alpine Crossing]</ref>
+Tongariro National Park is home to the famed [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]], widely regarded as one of the world's best one-day hikes.<ref>[http://www.visitruapehu.com/new-zealand/tongariro-alpine-crossing/  Tongariro Alpine Crossing]</ref>
-== Geography ==
-=== Location ===
-Tongariro National Park covers 786&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> stretching between 175°&nbsp;22' and 175°&nbsp;48' East and 38°&nbsp;58' and 39°&nbsp;25' South in the heart of the North Island of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/53564-protected-areas/data/|title=Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service|publisher=[[Land Information New Zealand]]|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> It is just a few kilometres west-southwest of [[Lake Taupō]]. It is 330&nbsp;km south of [[Auckland]] by road, and 320&nbsp;km north of [[Wellington]].  It contains a considerable part of the [[North Island Volcanic Plateau]]. Directly to the east stand the hills of the [[Kaimanawa Range|Kaimanawa range]]. The [[Whanganui River]] rises within the park and flows through [[Whanganui National Park]] to the west.
-Most of the park is located in the [[Ruapehu District]] (Manawatū-Whanganui region), although the northeast is in the [[Taupō District]] (Waikato Region, or [[Hawke's Bay Region]] to the north).
-=== Dimension ===
-[[Image:Tongariro NP satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite picture of Tongariro National Park]]
-Tongariro National Park stretches around the massif of the three active volcanoes [[Mount Ruapehu]], [[Mount Ngauruhoe]], and [[Mount Tongariro]]. The Pihanga Scenic Reserve, containing Lake Rotopounamu, Mount Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif, though separate from the main park area, is still part of the national park.
-On the park borders are the towns of [[Tūrangi]], [[National Park, New Zealand|National Park Village]] and [[Ohakune]]. Further away are [[Waiouru]] and [[Raetihi]]. Within the park borders, the only settlements are the tourism-based village at [[Whakapapa skifield|Whakapapa Village]] which consists solely of ski accommodation. Two Maori kainga (settlements) Papakai and Otukou are not part of the park but lie on the shores of [[Lake Rotoaira]] between the [[Pihanga|Pihanga Scenic Reserve]] and the main park area.
-The bulk of Tongariro National Park is surrounded by well-maintained roads that roughly follow the park borders and provide easy access. In the west, State Highway 4 passes National Park village, and in the east, [[New Zealand State Highway 1|State Highway 1]], known for this stretch as the Desert Road, runs parallel to the Tongariro River. State Highway 47 joins these two highways to the north of much of the park, although it bisects the Pihanga Scenic Reserve. The southern link is State Highway 49.  The [[North Island Main Trunk]] railway from [[Auckland]] to [[Wellington]] passes National Park village.
-=== Climate ===
-[[File:Tawhai Falls, Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|Tawhai Falls, Jan 2014]]
-Like the whole of New Zealand, Tongariro National Park is situated in a [[Temperate|temperate zone]]. The prevailing westerly winds gather water over the [[Tasman Sea]]. As the volcanoes of Tongariro National Park are the first significant elevations that these winds encounter on the North Island, besides [[Mount Taranaki]], rain falls almost daily. The east–west rainfall differences are not as great as in the [[Southern Alps]], because the three volcanoes do not belong to a greater mountain range, but there is still a noticeable rain shadow effect with the Rangipo desert on the Eastern leeward side receiving 1,000&nbsp;mm of annual rainfall. At [[Whakapapa]] Village (1119&nbsp;m) the average annual rainfall is about 2200&nbsp;mm, in [[Ohakune]] (610&nbsp;m) about 1250&nbsp;mm and in higher altitudes, such as Iwikau Village (1770&nbsp;m), about 4900&nbsp;mm. In winter there is snow to about 1500&nbsp;m. Temperatures vary dramatically, even within one day. In Whakapapa, they can fall below the freezing point all year round. The average temperature is 13&nbsp;°C, with a maximum of 25&nbsp;°C in summer and a minimum of -10&nbsp;°C in winter. In some summers the summits of the three volcanoes are covered with snow; on top of Mount Ruapehu, snow fields can be found every summer and the summit is glaciated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tongariro Weather|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/tongariro-weather/|publisher=Department of Conservation|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118075719/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/tongariro-weather/|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == History ==
 <!-- === Māori mythology === -->
+===Park establishment===
-[[Image:Ruapehu-Ngauruhoe-Tongariro.jpg|thumb|The three volcanoes: snow-capped Ruapehu (left), conical Ngauruhoe (centre) and broad-domed Tongariro (right)]]
-[[File:Tongariro_deed_of_gift_between_Horonuku_Te_Heuheu_Tūkino_IV_of_Ngāti_Tūwharetoa_and_the_Crown_(1887)_(20454533884).jpg|alt=|center|thumb|560x560px|Tongariro deed of gift between Te Heuheu Tūkino IV of Ngāti Tūwharetoa and the Crown (1887)]]
 The mountain summits are of great significance to the local [[Māori people|Māori]].
 <!-- === Origin === -->
@@ Line 64: / Line 44: @@
 <!-- === European discovery === -->
 <!-- === Establishment of the national park === -->
-In 1886 in order to prevent the selling of the mountains to European settlers, the local [[Ngati Tuwharetoa]] iwi had the mountains surveyed in the Native Land Court and then set aside (''whakatapua'') as a reserve in the names of certain chiefs one of whom was [[Te Heuheu Tukino IV]] (Horonuku), the most significant chief of the [[Māori people|Māori]] [[Ngati Tuwharetoa]] [[iwi]].
+In order to prevent the selling of the mountains to European settlers, in 1886 the local [[Ngāti Tūwharetoa]] iwi had the mountains surveyed in the Native Land Court and then set aside (''whakatapua'') as a reserve in the names of certain chiefs, one of whom was [[Te Heuheu Tūkino IV]] (Horonuku), the most significant chief of the [[Māori people|Māori]] Ngāti Tūwharetoa [[iwi]].
-Later the peaks of [[Mount Tongariro]], Mount Ngauruhoe, and parts of Mount Ruapehu, were conveyed to [[The Crown]] on 23 September 1887, on condition that a protected area was established there.
+Later the peaks of [[Mount Tongariro]], Mount Ngauruhoe, and parts of Mount Ruapehu, were conveyed to [[the Crown]] on 23 September 1887, on condition that a protected area was established there.
 This 26.4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> area was generally considered to be too small to establish a national park after the model of [[Yellowstone National Park]] in [[Wyoming]], United States, and so further areas were acquired. When the [[New Zealand Parliament]] passed the Tongariro National Park Act in October 1894, the park covered an area of about 252.13&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, but it took until 1907 to acquire the land. When the Act was renewed in 1922, the park area was extended to 586.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Further extensions, especially Pihanga Scenic Reserve in 1975, enlarged the park to its current size of 786.23&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The last modification to the Act was passed in 1980.  Tongariro National Park has been under the control of the [[New Zealand Department of Conservation]] since the creation of the department in 1987.
+[[File:Tongariro_deed_of_gift_between_Horonuku_Te_Heuheu_Tūkino_IV_of_Ngāti_Tūwharetoa_and_the_Crown_(1887)_(20454533884).jpg|alt=|center|thumb|560x560px|Tongariro deed of gift between Te Heuheu Tūkino IV of Ngāti Tūwharetoa and the Crown (1887)]]
-The first activities in the young Tongariro National Park were the construction of tourist huts at the beginning of the 20th century. But it was not before opening of the railway in 1908 and the building of roads in the 1930s that a significant number of people visited the park. The second Tongariro National Park Act, in 1922, started some active conservation efforts, but it was not until 1931 that the first permanent park ranger began work. Road construction into Whakapapa valley had already begun in the 1920s. The first ski hut was built in 1923 at an elevation of 1770 m, thereafter a road, and, in 1938, a ski lift in the area. This early tourist development explains the rather uncommon existence of a permanently inhabited village and fully developed ski area within a national park. The hotel ''[[Chateau Tongariro]]'', which is still the centre of Whakapapa today, was established in 1929.
+===Expansion===
-In the early 20th century, park administrators, like [[John Cullen (police officer)|John Cullen]], introduced [[Calluna|heather]] to the park, for [[grouse]] hunting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19170306.2.56&srpos=77&zto=1|title=New National Highway.|date=1917-03-06|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |pages=6|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Grouse were never actually introduced, but the heather is sprawling, threatening the ecological system and endemic plants of the park. Efforts are being made to control the plant's spread, however complete eradication seems unlikely.
+The first activities in the young Tongariro National Park were the construction of tourist huts at the beginning of the 20th century. But it was not until opening of the railway in 1908 and the building of roads in the 1930s that a significant number of people visited the park. The second Tongariro National Park Act, in 1922, started some active conservation efforts, and in 1923 a park ranger was appointed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 1923 |title=A valuable asset |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM19230129.2.13 |work=New Zealand Times |via=Papers Past}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 October 1931 |title=Mountain ranger |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19311006.2.109 |work=New Zealand Herald |via=Papers Past}}</ref> Road construction into Whakapapa valley had already begun in the 1920s. The first ski hut was built on Mt Ruapehu in 1923 at an elevation of 1770 m,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 1924 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PBH19240112.2.22 |work=Poverty Bay Herald |pages=4 |via=Papers Past |quote=Mr. W. Salt, a well-known mountaineer, with his party, spent part of the holidays at the National Park, [...] completing the erection of the Ski Club's hut on Ruapehu at an altitude of 6000 ft. The hut which is situated at the foot of the Whakapapa Glacier, will be a great boon to mountaineers.}}</ref> thereafter a road, and, in 1938-1939, a ski lift.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 1939 |title=A new facility for National Park skiers |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19391017.2.15.4 |work=New Zealand Herald |via=Papers Past}}</ref> This early tourist development explains the rather uncommon existence of a permanently inhabited village and fully developed ski area within a national park. The hotel [[Chateau Tongariro]], which is still the centre of Whakapapa today, was opened in 1929.
 [[Image:Tongariro NP.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Sunrise on Tongariro National Park]]
@@ Line 77: / Line 58: @@
 [[File:Ruapehu and Ngauruhoe.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Panorama of [[Mount Ruapehu]] and [[Mount Ngauruhoe]] looking west from the [[Rangipo Desert|Desert Road]] in January 2015]]
+== Geography ==
-==Tongariro Power Scheme==
-{{main|Tongariro Power Scheme}}
-The Tongariro Power Scheme was designed to preserve and protect the natural surroundings as much as possible. It gathers water from the mountains of the central volcanic plateau, passes it through Rangipo (120MW) and Tokaanu (240MW) power stations, and releases it into Lake Taupō. The scheme taps a catchment area of more than 2600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and uses a series of lakes, canals and tunnels to take water to the two stations which typically generate 1400 GWh pa,. about four percent of the country's total electricity generation. The extra catchment from the Tongariro Scheme increases the volume of water going into Lake Taupō and down the Waikato River by about 18%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Engineering New Zealand |title=New Zealand electricity system |url=https://www.engineeringnz.org/programmes/heritage/heritage-records/new-zealand-electricity-system/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.engineeringnz.org |language=en}}</ref>
+=== Location and size ===
-The western diversion takes water from six rivers and streams from the Whakapapa River to the Whanganui River, into Lake Rotoaira via Lake Otamangakau. The Tokaanu power station is connected to Lake Rotoaira via a six kilometre tunnel through Mount Tihia. It also draws water from the Tongariro River via the Poutu tunnel and canal.
+Tongariro National Park covers 786&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> stretching between 175°&nbsp;22' and 175°&nbsp;48' East and 38°&nbsp;58' and 39°&nbsp;25' South in the heart of the North Island of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/53564-protected-areas/data/|title=Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service|publisher=[[Land Information New Zealand]]|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> It is just a few kilometres west-southwest of [[Lake Taupō]]. It is 330&nbsp;km south of [[Auckland]] by road, and 320&nbsp;km north of [[Wellington]].  It contains a considerable part of the [[North Island Volcanic Plateau]]. Directly to the east stand the hills of the [[Kaimanawa Range|Kaimanawa range]]. The [[Whanganui River]] rises within the park and flows through [[Whanganui National Park]] to the west.
+Most of the park is located in the [[Ruapehu District]] (Manawatū-Whanganui region), although the northeast is in the [[Taupō District]] (Waikato Region, or [[Hawke's Bay Region]] to the north).
-On the eastern side of Mount Ruapehu, water is diverted from the Kaimanawa Ranges and headwaters of the Wahianoa River through a 20&nbsp;km tunnel into the Rangipo dam. The 120MW Rangipo power station is 230&nbsp;m below ground. Its turbines are located in a cavern cut from solid rock and lined with concrete. Genesis Energy has developed mitigation measures with stakeholders that aim to lessen the environmental effects of the Tongariro Power Scheme.
+==== Park boundaries ====
-Some of these measures include lake level management, ecological monitoring programmes, and agreements with local iwi to establish a process for iwi involvement in environmental monitoring and access to information. The electricity generated at the Tongariro Power Scheme goes into the national grid. Then it is distributed to residential, commercial and industrial customers throughout New Zealand.
+[[Image:Tongariro NP satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite picture of Tongariro National Park]]
+Tongariro National Park stretches around the massif of the three active volcanoes [[Mount Ruapehu]], [[Mount Ngauruhoe]], and [[Mount Tongariro]]. The Pihanga Scenic Reserve, containing Lake Rotopounamu, [[Pihanga|Mount Pihanga]] and the [[Kakaramea-Tihia Massif]], though separate from the main park area, is still part of the national park.
+On the park borders are the towns of [[Tūrangi]], [[National Park, New Zealand|National Park Village]] and [[Ohakune]]. Further away are [[Waiouru]] and [[Raetihi]]. Within the park borders, the only settlements are the tourism-based village at [[Whakapapa Village]] which consists solely of ski accommodation. Two Maori kainga (settlements) Papakai and Otukou are not part of the park but lie on the shores of [[Lake Rotoaira]] between the [[Pihanga|Pihanga Scenic Reserve]] and the main park area.
+The bulk of Tongariro National Park is surrounded by well-maintained roads that roughly follow the park borders and provide easy access. In the west, State Highway 4 passes National Park village, and in the east, [[New Zealand State Highway 1|State Highway 1]], known for this stretch as the Desert Road, runs parallel to the Tongariro River. State Highway 47 joins these two highways to the north of much of the park, although it bisects the Pihanga Scenic Reserve. The southern link is State Highway 49.  The [[North Island Main Trunk]] railway from [[Auckland]] to [[Wellington]] passes National Park village.
+=== Climate ===
+[[File:Tawhai Falls, Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Tawhai Falls, Jan 2014]]
+Like the whole of New Zealand, Tongariro National Park is situated in a [[Temperate|temperate zone]]. The prevailing westerly winds gather water over the [[Tasman Sea]]. As the volcanoes of Tongariro National Park are the first significant elevations that these winds encounter on the North Island, besides [[Mount Taranaki]], rain falls almost daily. The east–west rainfall differences are not as great as in the [[Southern Alps]], because the three volcanoes do not belong to a greater mountain range, but there is still a noticeable rain shadow effect with the Rangipo desert on the Eastern leeward side receiving 1,000&nbsp;mm of annual rainfall. At [[Whakapapa]] Village (1119&nbsp;m) the average annual rainfall is about 2200&nbsp;mm, in [[Ohakune]] (610&nbsp;m) about 1250&nbsp;mm and in higher altitudes, such as Iwikau Village (1770&nbsp;m), about 4900&nbsp;mm. In winter there is snow to about 1500&nbsp;m. Temperatures vary dramatically, even within one day. In Whakapapa, they can fall below the freezing point all year round. The average temperature is 13&nbsp;°C, with a maximum of 25&nbsp;°C in summer and a minimum of -10&nbsp;°C in winter. In some summers the summits of the three volcanoes are covered with snow; on top of Mount Ruapehu, snow fields can be found every summer and the summit is glaciated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tongariro Weather|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/tongariro-weather/|publisher=Department of Conservation|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118075719/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/tongariro/features/tongariro-weather/|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+[[Image:Ruapehu-Ngauruhoe-Tongariro.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The three volcanoes: snow-capped Ruapehu (left), conical Ngauruhoe (centre) and broad-domed Tongariro (right)]]
 == Geology ==
-The park's volcanoes are the southern end of a 2500&nbsp;km long range of volcanoes, below which the [[Australian Plate]] meets the [[Pacific Plate]]. These volcanoes have resulted from internal tectonic processes. The Pacific Plate subducts under the Australian plate, and subsequently melts due to the high temperatures of the aesthenosphere. This magma being less dense, rises to the surface and goes through the weak parts of the Earth's crust (the faults) resulting in volcanic processes in the area.
+The park's volcanoes are the southern end of a 2500&nbsp;km long range of volcanoes, below which the [[Australian Plate]] meets the [[Pacific Plate]]. These volcanoes have resulted from internal tectonic processes. The Pacific Plate subducts under the Australian plate, and subsequently melts due to the high temperatures of the [[asthenosphere]]. This magma, being less dense, rises to the surface and goes through the weak parts of the Earth's crust (the faults) resulting in volcanic processes in the area.
-Volcanic processes have been building the mountains of Tongariro National Park for over two million years. Three volcanoes (Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu) remain active, while the park's two northernmost volcanoes (Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif) last erupted over 20,000 years ago. They have however produced significant historic mudflows.<ref>{{cite book|last=Topping|first=Wayne William|title=Some Aspects of Quaternary History of Tongariro Volcanic Centre|year=1974|publisher=Victoria University|location=Wellington|hdl=10063/855}}</ref>
+Volcanic processes have been building the mountains of Tongariro National Park for over two million years. Three volcanoes (Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu) remain active, while the park's two northernmost volcanoes (Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif) last erupted over 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Northern Tongariro Group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=241819 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program |language=en}}</ref> They have however produced significant historic mudflows.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Topping|first=Wayne William|title=Some Aspects of Quaternary History of Tongariro Volcanic Centre|year=1974|publisher=Victoria University|location=Wellington|doi=10.26686/wgtn.19252133 |hdl=10063/855|type=thesis }}</ref>
 [[File:Wahianoa valley.jpg|thumb|A glaciated valley on the southeast side of [[Mount Ruapehu]]]]
-Erosion and deposition by mountain glaciers has also played an important role in shaping Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes. Small glaciers are present on the summit of Mt. Ruapehu today, however there is abundant geomorphological evidence for more extensive glaciation in the recent geological past. Glaciers were last present on Tongariro during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eaves|first=Shaun R.|last2=N. Mackintosh|first2=Andrew|last3=Winckler|first3=Gisela|last4=Schaefer|first4=Joerg M.|last5=Alloway|first5=Brent V.|last6=Townsend|first6=Dougal B.|date=2016-01-15|title=A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=132|pages=40–56|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004}}</ref>
+Erosion and deposition by mountain glaciers has also played an important role in shaping Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes. Small glaciers are present on the summit of Mt. Ruapehu today, however there is abundant geomorphological evidence for more extensive glaciation in the recent geological past. Glaciers were last present on Tongariro during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eaves|first1=Shaun R.|last2=N. Mackintosh|first2=Andrew|last3=Winckler|first3=Gisela|last4=Schaefer|first4=Joerg M.|last5=Alloway|first5=Brent V.|last6=Townsend|first6=Dougal B.|date=2016-01-15|title=A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=132|pages=40–56|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004}}</ref>
-== Biology ==
+== Ecology ==
-[[Image:Nothofagus NZ.png|thumb|left|Southern beech forest on the slopes of [[Mount Ruapehu]]]]
+[[Image:Nothofagus NZ.png|thumb|left|upright|Southern beech forest on the slopes of [[Mount Ruapehu]]]]
 ===Flora===
-The Tongariro National Park is a rough and partly unstable environment. To the north and west of the park, a podocarp-broadleaf rain forest near [[Lake Taupō]] stretches over an area of 30&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and up to an elevation of 1000 m. In this rain forest live Hall's totara (''[[Podocarpus laetus]]''), [[kahikatea]] (''Dacrycarpus dacrydioides''), kamahi (''[[Weinmannia racemosa]]''), pahautea (''[[Libocedrus bidwillii]]''), and numerous [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] [[fern]]s, [[Orchidaceae|orchids]], and [[Fungus|fungi]]. Pahautea trees can be found further on up to a height of 1530 m, where they cover 127.3&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. On this level, one can also find a 50&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> beech forest, containing [[Nothofagus fusca|red]] (''Nothofagus fusca''), [[silver beech|silver]] (''Nothofagus menziesii'') and [[mountain beech]] (''Nothofagus solandri var cliffortioides''). Understory species within the forests include ferns such as crown fern (''[[Blechnum discolor]]'') as well as shrub species.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 ''Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213134120/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 |date=13 February 2012 }}</ref> There is also a 95&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> area of scrubland, containing kanuka (''Leptospermum ericoides''), [[Leptospermum scoparium|mānuka]] (''Leptospermum scoparium''), celery-top pine (''[[Phyllocladus aspleniifolius]]''), inaka (''Dracophyllum longifolium''), woolly fringe moss (''Rhacomitrium lanuginosum''), small beeches and introduced heather.
+The Tongariro National Park is a rough and partly unstable environment. To the north and west of the park, a podocarp-broadleaf rain forest near [[Lake Taupō]] stretches over an area of 30&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and up to an elevation of 1000 m. In this rain forest live Hall's totara (''[[Podocarpus laetus]]''), [[kahikatea]] (''Dacrycarpus dacrydioides''), kāmahi (''[[Weinmannia racemosa]]''), pāhautea (''[[Libocedrus bidwillii]]''), and numerous [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] [[fern]]s, [[Orchidaceae|orchids]], and [[Fungus|fungi]]. Pāhautea trees can be found further on up to a height of 1530 m, where they cover 127.3&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. On this level, one can also find a 50&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> beech forest, containing [[Nothofagus fusca|red]] (''Nothofagus fusca''), [[silver beech|silver]] (''Nothofagus menziesii'') and [[mountain beech]] (''Nothofagus solandri var cliffortioides''). Understory species within the forests include ferns such as crown fern (''[[Blechnum discolor]]'') as well as shrub species.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 ''Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213134120/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 |date=13 February 2012 }}</ref> There is also a 95&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> area of scrubland, containing kānuka (''Leptospermum ericoides''), [[Leptospermum scoparium|mānuka]] (''Leptospermum scoparium''), celery-top pine (''[[Phyllocladus aspleniifolius]]''), inaka (''Dracophyllum longifolium''), woolly fringe moss (''Rhacomitrium lanuginosum''), small beeches and introduced heather.
 [[File:Tongariro National Park-109580.jpg|thumb|Rhododendron at Tongariro National Park]]
-To the northwest, and around [[Mount Ruapehu]], between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, [[tussock grassland|tussock]] [[shrubland]] and [[tussock grass]] covers large areas (around 150&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), consisting mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (''[[Chionochloa rubra]]''), inaka, curled leaved neinei (''[[Dracophyllum recurvum]]''), wire rush (''Empodisma minus''), and bog rush (''Schoenus pauciflorus''), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (''Festuca novaezelandiae'') and [[bluegrass (grass)|bluegrass]] (''Poa colensoi''). Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow totara (''[[Podocarpus nivalis]]''), mountain snowberry (''Gaultheria colensoi''), bristle tussock (''Rytidosperma setifolium''), bluegrass and ''Raoulia albosericea'', which cover an area of 165&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Between 1700 and 2020&nbsp;m there are some isolated ''Parahebe'' species, ''Gentiana bellidifolia'' and [[buttercup]]s. Above 2200&nbsp;m live only crustose [[lichen]]s.
+To the northwest, and around [[Mount Ruapehu]], between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, large areas (around 150&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) are covered with [[tussock grassland|tussock]] [[shrubland]] and [[tussock grass]]. This tussock consists mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (''[[Chionochloa rubra]]''), inaka, curled leaved neinei (''[[Dracophyllum recurvum]]''), wire rush (''Empodisma minus''), and bog rush (''Schoenus pauciflorus''), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (''Festuca novaezelandiae'') and [[bluegrass (grass)|bluegrass]] (''Poa colensoi'').
+Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow tōtara (''[[Podocarpus nivalis]]''), mountain snowberry (''Gaultheria colensoi''), bristle tussock (''Rytidosperma setifolium''), bluegrass and ''Raoulia albosericea'', which cover an area of 165&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Between 1700 and 2020&nbsp;m there are some isolated ''Parahebe'' species, ''Gentiana bellidifolia'' and [[buttercup]]s. Above 2200&nbsp;m live only crustose [[lichen]]s.
 ===Fauna===
-There are 56 significant species of birds, such as rare endemic species like the [[North Island brown kiwi]], [[New Zealand kaka|kākā]], [[blue duck]], [[New Zealand fernbird|North Island fernbird]], [[double-banded plover]] and [[New Zealand falcon|New Zealand falcon/kārearea]]. Other bird species common to the park are [[tūī]], [[New Zealand bellbird]], [[Morepork|morepork/ruru]], [[grey warbler|grey warbler/riroriro]], [[fantail]], [[whitehead (bird)|whitehead/pōpokotea]] and [[silvereye]].
+There are 56 significant species of birds in the park, including rare endemic species like the [[North Island brown kiwi]], [[New Zealand kaka|kākā]], [[blue duck]], [[New Zealand fernbird|North Island fernbird]], [[double-banded plover]] and [[New Zealand falcon|New Zealand falcon/kārearea]]. Other bird species common in the park are [[tūī]], [[New Zealand bellbird]], [[Morepork|morepork/ruru]], [[grey warbler|grey warbler/riroriro]], [[fantail]], [[whitehead (bird)|whitehead/pōpokotea]] and [[silvereye]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Hotspots - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/ebird/hotspots?env.minX=174.790679&env.minY=-39.625115&env.maxX=176.03537&env.maxY=-38.550945 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=ebird.org |language=en}}</ref> The park also features the only two native mammals of New Zealand, the [[Mystacina tuberculata|short-]] and [[Chalinolobus tuberculatus|long-tailed bat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-10-28 |title=Mountain Ecosytems |url=https://www.waikatobiodiversity.org.nz/mountain-ecosytems/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Waikato Biodiversity Forum |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Tongariro National Park also teems with insects like [[moth]]s and [[wētā]]. Also present in the park, as well as the whole of New Zealand, are animals introduced by Europeans, such as [[black rat]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[cat]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[hare]], [[Common brushtail possum|possums]] and [[red deer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pests and weeds |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/central-north-island/places/tongariro-national-park/about-tongariro-national-park/pests-and-weeds/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.doc.govt.nz |language=en-nz}}</ref>
-The park also features the only two native mammals of New Zealand, the [[Mystacina tuberculata|short-]] and [[Chalinolobus tuberculatus|long-tailed bat]]. The Tongariro National Park also teems with insects like [[moth]]s and [[wētā]]. Also present in the park, as well as the whole of New Zealand, are animals introduced by Europeans, such as [[black rat]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[cat]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[hare]], [[Common brushtail possum|possums]] and [[red deer]].
+==Human interaction==
-==Activities==
+===Conservation===
-[[Image:Tongariro Whakapapa n.jpg|thumb|Ruapehu seen from Whakapapa Village, Tongariro National Park. This road climbs to Iwikau Village, which provides access to ski fields.]]
+In the early 20th century, park administrators, including [[John Cullen (police officer)|John Cullen]], introduced [[Calluna|heather]] to the park for [[grouse]] hunting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1917-03-06 |title=New National Highway. |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19170306.2.56&srpos=77&zto=1 |access-date=2016-06-23 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |pages=6}}</ref> Grouse were introduced in 1924,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 1925 |title=Importation of grouse |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OW19250414.2.196 |work=Otago Witness |via=Papers Past}}</ref> but within a few years had disappeared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 1930 |title=Local and general |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/HAWST19300625.2.13 |work=Hawera Star |via=Papers Past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 1931 |title=Liberation of grouse |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TDN19311028.2.108 |work=Taranaki Daily News |via=Papers Past}}</ref> The heather thrived, leading to criticism of its introduction as early as the 1920s<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 1924 |title=A dangerous fad |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19240131.2.29 |work=Auckland Star |via=Papers Past}}</ref> because it threatens the ecological system and endemic plants of the park. In 1996, the heather beetle, ''[[Lochmaea suturalis]]'', was imported to deal with the invasive heather but initially this was not very successful. Between 1996-2018, only 5,000 ha of heather was damaged by the beetles.  However research in 2021 showed that the heather beetles were spreading and had been killing the heather. Since 2018 the beetles have damaged more than 35,000 ha of heather, reducing cover in affected areas by up to 99% and thereby allowing native plants to recover. The NZ Defence Force no longer needs to spray herbicide on large parts of its training ground next to the National Park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Tucking into Tongariro heather |url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/news/tucking-into-tongariro-heather/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Manaaki Whenua |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heather beetle |url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/discover-our-research/biodiversity-biosecurity/weed-biocontrol/projects-agents/biocontrol-agents/heather-beetle/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Manaaki Whenua |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Pine trees were introduced into New Zealand in the 1930s for forestry and control of erosion, but '[[Wilding conifer|wilding pines]]', coniferous trees grown from wind-blown seeds, have become a nationwide problem. Volunteers and the government have been working since the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Trampers to tackle wilding pines |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/trampers-to-tackle-wilding-pines/LJ56F4ZBTK3TOMBKNUI23FPQMM/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Whanganui Chronicle |language=en-NZ}}</ref> to eradicate wilding pines on Mt Ruapehu, since they shut out native plants, consume water and degrade the environment. Tongariro National Park received funding from the National Wilding Conifer Control Programme which was set up in 2016 to produce a coordinated nationwide effort at pine control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ormond |first=Georgie |date=8 March 2019 |title=Wilding pines cleared from Mt Ruapehu by volunteers and conservation workers |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/local-focus-wilding-pines-cleared-from-mt-ruapehu-by-volunteers-and-conservation-workers/FEFOLECFD4CCCUBPJRGDKKBULA/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressure going on runaway Central North Island pines |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2022-media-releases/pressure-going-on-runaway-central-north-island-pines/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=www.doc.govt.nz |language=en-nz}}</ref> By 2023 the Conifer Control Programme had stopped the spread of wilding pines in the Tongariro area including the national park and removed most sources of seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilding Control Progress: North Island {{!}} Wilding Pines |url=https://www.wildingpines.nz/controlling-wilding-pines/progress-north-island/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=www.wildingpines.nz}}</ref>
+Until the mid-20th century, wild horses descended from animals brought to New Zealand in the 1800s roamed in the national park and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 1908 |title=Tongariro National Park |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19080831.2.52 |work=The Dominion |via=Papers Past}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After the population declined due to hunting and habitat changes, the horses, today known as the [[Kaimanawa horse]], came under government protection in 1981. The population is managed by the Department of Conservation to ensure the horses' current range does not extend back into the National Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaimanawa horses plan |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/weeds/kaimanawa-wild-horses-plan.pdf |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Department of Conservation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaimanawa horses |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests-and-threats/kaimanawa-horses/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.doc.govt.nz |language=en-nz}}</ref>
+===Activities===
+[[Image:Tongariro Whakapapa n.jpg|thumb|Ruapehu seen from [[Whakapapa Village]], Tongariro National Park. This road climbs to Iwikau Village, which provides access to ski fields.]]
 The main activities are hiking and climbing in summer, and skiing and snowboarding in winter. There is also opportunity for hunting, game fishing, mountain biking, [[horse riding]], rafting and scenic flights.
-[[Mount Tongariro]] and its surroundings are one of the several locations where [[Peter Jackson]] shot [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]]; tours to view these places are commonly arranged by the tour's operators and lodges.
-The most popular track in Tongariro National Park is the [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]]. Most of the track is also part of the [[Tongariro Northern Circuit]], a two- to four-day tour, which is one of New Zealand's nine ''[[New Zealand Great Walks|Great Walks]]''. Side trips to the summits of [[Mount Tongariro]] and Mount Ngauruhoe are possible on these tracks. Another route is the three- to six-day [[Round the Mountain Track]] around Mount Ruapehu. Besides these, there are numerous shorter tracks appropriate for day tramps. With this track net, three camp sites, two emergency shelters, nine public and four private huts and the facilities in Whakapapa, the park is well developed for tourism. These tracks also serve as winter routes, as well as the track to the summit of Mount Ruapehu. Rock-climbing is also an option.
+The most popular track in Tongariro National Park is the [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]]. Most of the track is also part of the [[Tongariro Northern Circuit]], a two- to four-day hike, which is one of New Zealand's ten ''[[New Zealand Great Walks|Great Walks]]''. Side trips to the summits of [[Mount Tongariro]] and Mount Ngauruhoe are possible on these tracks. Another route is the three- to six-day [[Round the Mountain Track]] around Mount Ruapehu. Besides these, there are numerous shorter tracks appropriate for day tramps. With this track net, three camp sites, two emergency shelters, nine public and four private huts and the facilities in Whakapapa, the park is well developed for tourism. These tracks also serve as winter routes, as well as the track to the summit of Mount Ruapehu. Rock-climbing is also an option.
+The first stage of Te Ara Mangawhero, a cycling and walking track between Mt Ruapehu and Ohakune, opened on 4 November 2024. The 11.4 km loop track was expected to bring tourists to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Moana |date=4 November 2024 |title=‘Ray of hope’: Te Ara Mangawhero cycle trail opens on Ruapehu |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/360474480/ray-hope-te-ara-mangawhero-cycle-trail-opens-ruapehu |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Stuff}}</ref> Eventually the track is expected to extend towards Turoa Ski Field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Ara Mangawhero {{!}} Mountains to Sea NZ |url=https://www.mountainstosea.nz/te-ara-mangawhero/# |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.mountainstosea.nz}}</ref>
-Snow season is from late June to early November. The biggest ski area, also called [[Whakapapa skifield|Whakapapa]], is on the north-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu. It has 15 lifts, covering an area of 5.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Directly next to the ski field are 47 ski club huts; most of them also accommodate non-club members. The next settlement is on the bottom, in Whakapapa. A slightly smaller ski field called [[Turoa]] is on the south-western slope. Though it has only nine lifts, the skiing area, of 5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, is almost as large as Whakapapa's. There is no accommodation at the ski field; the nearest town is Ohakune. These two ski fields came under common management in 2000. Ski passes can be used on both fields, and a lift or run from one field to the other is planned. Beside these major ski fields, there are also the [[Tukino|Tukino ski area]], a club ski field open to the public run by Tukino Mountain Clubs Association which is made up of ''Desert Alpine Ski Club'', ''Tukino Alpine Sports Club'' and the ''Aorangi Ski Club'' on the south-eastern slope.  The ski clubs each have a 32 guest club on the field accessed by a 4WD road from State Highway 1.  It has two nutcracker rope tows, and covers 1.9&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
+Skiing on the mountains in the park became popular from about 1914, when the Ruapehu Ski Club was established.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 1915 |title=Ski-ing and winter climbing |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH19150726.2.42 |work=Wanganui Herald |via=Papers Past}}</ref> Snow season is from late June to early November. The biggest ski area, [[Whakapapa skifield|Whakapapa]], is on the north-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu. It has 15 lifts, covering an area of 5.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Directly next to the ski field are 47 ski club huts; most of them also accommodate non-club members. The next settlement is at the base of the mountain, in Whakapapa village. A slightly smaller ski field called [[Turoa]] is on the south-western slope. Though it has only nine lifts, the skiing area, of 5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, is almost as large as Whakapapa's. There is no accommodation at the ski field; the nearest town is Ohakune. These two ski fields came under common management in 2000. Ski passes can be used on both fields, and a lift or run from one field to the other is planned. Beside these major ski fields, there is also the [[Tukino|Tukino ski area]], a club ski field open to the public. This ski field is run by Tukino Mountain Clubs Association which is made up of ''Desert Alpine Ski Club'', ''Tukino Alpine Sports Club'' and the ''Aorangi Ski Club'' on the south-eastern slope.  The ski clubs each have a 32 guest club on the field accessed by a 4WD road from State Highway 1.  Tukino Ski Area has two nutcracker rope tows, and covers 1.9&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
 [[Image:Tongariro Park panorama.jpg|center|800px|thumb|View of Mt. Ngauruhoe from [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]] trail]]
+==In popular culture==
+Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe were one of the several locations where [[Peter Jackson]] shot [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]]; tours to view these places are commonly arranged by the tour's operators and lodges.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.space.com/international-space-station-acid-lake-mount-doom |title=Acid lake atop real-life 'Mount Doom' captured in striking new image from space station |date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Space.com]] |last=Harry |first=Baker}}</ref>
+Mount Ngauruhoe was also featured in ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hunt for the wilder side of New Zealand |url=https://www.theguardian.com./travel/2016/sep/11/new-zealand-hunt-for-wilderpeople-adventure-tours |last=Smith |first=Anna |date=2016-09-11 |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+*[[Tongariro Power Scheme]]
 *[[National parks of New Zealand]]
 *[[Forest parks of New Zealand]]
@@ Line 130: / Line 136: @@
 ==Further reading==
 * {{Cite web |date=12 November 2013 |title=Waitangi Tribunal releases its report on Tongariro National Park claims |url=https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/news/tongariro-national-park-claims-2/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=waitangitribunal.govt.nz}}
+* Bovey, Des (2023)''Tongariro national park: an artists field guide''. Nelson: Potton & Burton. ISBN 9781988550510
 ==External links==
@@ Line 138: / Line 145: @@
 *{{cite web|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov15_03Rail-t1-body-d6.html |title= Tongariro National Park (1940 article) |publisher= NZETC |date= 1940 }}
+{{Tongariro National Park}}
 {{National Parks of New Zealand}}
 {{Tolkien tourism}}
@@ Line 145: / Line 153: @@
 {{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Tongariro National Park|*]]
 [[Category:National parks of New Zealand]]
 [[Category:World Heritage Sites in New Zealand]]

v t e Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
Mountains	Hauhungatahi Mount Ngauruhoe Pihanga Mount Ruapehu Mount Tongariro
Ski fields	Tukino Turoa Whakapapa skifield
Walking tracks	Tongariro Alpine Crossing Tongariro Northern Circuit
Lakes	Lake Rotopounamu Tama Lakes
Rivers	Manganuioteao River Mangaturuturu River Mangawhero River Tongariro River Wahianoa River Whakapapa River Whangaehu River Whanganui River
Deserts	Rangipo Desert
Localities and buildings	Erua Horopito National Park Ohakune Pokaka Whakapapa Village Chateau Tongariro
Related	North Island Volcanic Plateau Poutu Fault Zone Waihi Fault Zone

Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany United States Israel