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{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| name = Mohammad-Taqi Pessian
| name = Mohammad-Taqi Pessian
| native_name = محمدتقی‌خان پسیان
| image =Mohammad Taqi Pessian (N00003480-r-b-001) (Cropped).jpg
| native_name_lang = fa
⚫
| serviceyears = 1907–1921
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| image = Mohammad Taqi Pessian (N00003480-r-b-001) (Cropped).jpg
⚫
| serviceyears = 1907–1921
⚫
| battles = [[World War I]]
| awards = [[Iron Cross]]
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| branch = {{plainlist|
| battles = [[First World War]]
[[Battle of Jafarabad (1921)]]
⚫
| awards = [[Iron Cross]]
| branch = {{plainlist|
*[[Iranian Gendarmerie|Persian Gendarmerie]]
*[[Iranian Gendarmerie|Persian Gendarmerie]]
*''[[Luftstreitkräfte]]''
*''[[Luftstreitkräfte]]''
}}
}}
| commands =
| commands =
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| order2 = President of [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]]
| order2 = President of [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 1921
| term_start2 = 2 April 1921
| term_end2 = 3 October 1921
| term_end2 = 3 October 1921
| birth_date = 1892
| birth_date = 1892
| birth_place = [[Tabriz]], [[Persia]]
| birth_place = [[Tabriz]], [[Sublime State of Persia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1921|10|03|1892|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1921|10|03|1892|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Quchan]], Persia
| death_place = [[Quchan]], Persia
Line 25: Line 28:
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Mohammad-Taqi Khan Pessian''' ({{lang-fa|محمدتقی‌خان پسیان}}; 1892 – 3 October 1921), more commonly known as '''Colonel Pessian''', was an Iranian [[gendarme]], [[fighter pilot]] and [[warlord]] who formed and led the short-lived [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]] in 1921. He was killed in a battle with forces sent by [[Ahmad Qavam]], the prime minister at the time.<ref name="i">Stephanie Cronin, "PESYĀN, MOḤAMMAD-TAQI KHAN" Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pesyan-mohammad-taqi-khan (accessed on 16 May 2016).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/chronology-2|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>
'''Mohammad-Taqi Khan Pessian''' ({{langx|fa|محمدتقی‌خان پسیان}}; 1892 – 3 October 1921), more commonly known as '''Colonel Pessian''', was an Iranian [[gendarme]], [[fighter pilot]] and [[warlord]] who formed and led the short-lived [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]] in 1921. He was killed in a [[Battle of Jafarabad (1921)|battle]] with forces sent by [[Ahmad Qavam]], the prime minister at the time.<ref name="i">Stephanie Cronin, "PESYĀN, MOḤAMMAD-TAQI KHAN" Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pesyan-mohammad-taqi-khan (accessed on 16 May 2016).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/chronology-2|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Анвар Чингизоглы.Пусиянский род, Баку, "Мутарджим", 2013, 156 ст.ISBN 978-9952-28-121-7}}</ref>

==Biography==
==Biography==
Pessian was born into an aristocratic [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] family in [[Tabriz]] originating in the [[Caucasus]]. Pessian's family possessed strong military traditions, his uncle [[General Hamzeh Khan Pessian]] was a commander in the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], his cousins
Pessian was born into an aristocratic family in [[Tabriz]]. Pessian's family possessed strong military traditions, his uncle General Khan Pessian was a commander in the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], his cousins
[[Heydar Qoli Khan Pessian]] – father of Iranian author and journalist, Mahtalat Pessian, – [[Ali Qoli Khan Pessian]], [[Gholam Reza Khan Pessian]] and he himself served in [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]].
Heydar Qoli Khan Pessian – father of Iranian author and journalist, Mahtalat Pessian, – Ali Qoli Khan Pessian, Gholam Reza Khan Pessian and he himself served in [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]].


In [[Tabriz]] Mohammad Taqi was educated<ref name="i"/> in sciences, [[Turkish_language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and foreign languages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran|last=Cronin|first=Stephanie|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0230537941|pages=47}}</ref> In 1907 he left for [[Tehran]] to continue his education.<ref name="i"/> After 5 years he took up the rank of [[Second Lieutenant]] in the [[Gendarmerie]], within two years he was promoted to [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]. After that he held a variety of posts such as Second Commander in a battalion in [[Qazvin]], served in [[Hamedan]] and [[Yazd]] and also was an instructor and interpreter at Gendarmerie school in [[Yusef Abad]], [[Tehran]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/95070804812/زندگی-و-مرگ-کلنل-محمدتقی-خان-پسیان|title=Life & Death of Colonel Pesyan|date=September 29, 2016|work=Iranian Students' News Agency|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Major]] when [[World War I]] broke out.<ref name="i"/>
In [[Tabriz]] Mohammad Taqi was educated<ref name="i"/> in sciences, [[Turkish_language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and foreign languages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran|last=Cronin|first=Stephanie|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0230537941|pages=47}}</ref> In 1907 he left for [[Tehran]] to continue his education.<ref name="i"/> After 5 years he took up the rank of [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Gendarmerie]], within two years he was promoted to [[Captain (land and air)|captain]]. After that he held a variety of posts such as second commander in a battalion in [[Qazvin]], served in [[Hamedan]] and [[Yazd]] and also was an instructor and interpreter at Gendarmerie school in [[Yusef Abad]], [[Tehran]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/95070804812/زندگی-و-مرگ-کلنل-محمدتقی-خان-پسیان|title=Life & Death of Colonel Pesyan|date=September 29, 2016|work=Iranian Students' News Agency|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] when [[World War I]] broke out.<ref name="i"/>


In November 1915 as commander of the [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] in [[Hamedan]] he launched an attack on the pro-Russian [[Persian Cossack Brigade]] at the [[Battle of Musalla]]. His gendarmes managed to disarm the Persian Cossacks and Mohammad Taqi managed to convince some of the cossacks to join his forces in a patriotic speech he made to them after their defeat. Mohammad Taqi and [[Major Azizollah Khan Zarghami]] as Gendarmerie commanders could not defend [[Hamedan]] against an advancing [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]] which was superior in numbers and weapons. The gendarmes retreated to [[Kermanshah]] where they were defeated by the Russians, with many fleeing to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. August 1916 saw the return of gendarmes to [[Kermanshah]] but again were defeated and this time many went to live in exile in [[Istanbul]] while Mohammad Taqi returned to live in exile in [[Berlin]].
In November 1915 as commander of the [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] in [[Hamedan]] he launched an attack on the pro-Russian [[Persian Cossack Brigade]] at the [[Battle of Musalla]]. His gendarmes managed to disarm the Persian Cossacks and Mohammad Taqi managed to convince some of the cossacks to join his forces in a patriotic speech he made to them after their defeat. Mohammad Taqi and [[Major Azizollah Khan Zarghami]] as Gendarmerie commanders could not defend [[Hamedan]] against an advancing [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]] which was superior in numbers and weapons. The gendarmes retreated to [[Kermanshah]] where they were defeated by the Russians, with many fleeing to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. August 1916 saw the return of gendarmes to [[Kermanshah]] but again were defeated and this time many went to live in exile in [[Istanbul]] while Mohammad Taqi returned to live in exile in [[Berlin]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}


[[File:Colonel Pessian in Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Colonel Pessian in Germany]]
[[File:Colonel Pessian in Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Colonel Pessian in Germany]]
During his time in [[Berlin]], he was trained as a pilot in the German Airforce and was rewarded with the [[Eisernes Kreuz]] Medal<ref name="i"/> for shooting down more than 25 enemy aircraft during World War I.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6yHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT398|title=Iran at War: 1500-1988|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1846034916|pages=398}}</ref> He also translated many works from [[Persian language|Persian]] to/from [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[English language|English]], some of these included [[Alphonse de Lamartine]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He also wrote two books in [[Persian language|Persian]], ''Sargozasht-e yek javan-e vatandoust'' and ''Jang-e Moqaddas az Baghdad ta Iran''.<ref name="i"/>
During his time in [[Berlin]], he was trained as a pilot in the German Airforce and was rewarded with the [[Eisernes Kreuz]] Medal<ref name="i"/> for shooting down more than 25 enemy aircraft during World War I.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6yHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT398|title=Iran at War: 1500-1988|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1846034916|pages=398}}</ref> He also translated many works from [[Persian language|Persian]] to/from [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[English language|English]], some of these included [[Alphonse de Lamartine]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He also wrote two books in [[Persian language|Persian]], ''Sargozasht-e yek javan-e vatandoust'' and ''Jang-e Moqaddas az Baghdad ta Iran''.<ref name="i"/>


In 1920 Mohammad Taqi returned to [[Iran]] and joined the Gendarmerie.<ref name="i"/> In June 1920 he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel]] and in September 1920 he became commander of [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]].<ref name="i"/> On 3 April 1921 in a military coup with his small force of only 200 gendarmes, he had [[Ahmad Qavam]], the Governor-general of Khorasan, arrested and sent him to [[Tehran]] where he was imprisoned. He then became head of the provincial [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]].
In 1920 Mohammad Taqi returned to [[Iran]] and joined the Gendarmerie.<ref name="i"/> In June 1920 he was promoted to the rank of [[colonel]] and in September 1920 he became commander of [[Swedish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]].<ref name="i"/> On 3 April 1921 in a military coup with his small force of only 200 gendarmes, he had [[Ahmad Qavam]], the Governor-general of Khorasan, arrested and sent him to [[Tehran]] where he was imprisoned. He then became head of the provincial [[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]].
In June, [[Ahmad Qavam]] was released from prison and became Premier of Iran. He was determined to take revenge & suppress Pessian. He did so by gaining the approval of Reza Khan & dispatching the Cossack forces to Khorasan. Having previously been the governor of that province, Qavam had developed a strong relationship with the local chieftains and dispatched them to confront Pessian also. Sardar Mo’azez Khan Bojnurdi succeeded in gaining the cooperation of the Shirvan chieftains in mobilizing the kurds in [[Quchan]]. To combat this, Pessian gathered his scant forces to face the insurgency in Ja’farabad (near Quchan). This occurred on 3 October 1921 when Pessian and his small force of 150 gendarmes faced a force of strong 1,000 plus mounted Kurdish tribesmen. In the fight that ensued some of the Gendarmes left the battle field. Many of Pessian's comrades were killed and he was eventually surrounded and beheaded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/events/3/EventsList//%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9.%D9%88.%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7.html?Page=&Lang=fa&EventsId=234&Action=EventsDetail|title=Qavam becomes the Premier for the 5th time|website=Iranian History (Tarikh Irani)|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> His head was brought to Tehran to prove that he had been killed. For five continuous years after his death, on 3 October people of Khorasan mourned his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/95070804812/زندگی-و-مرگ-کلنل-محمدتقی-خان-پسیان|title=Life & death of Colonel Pessian|date=September 29, 2016|website=Iranian Students' News Agency|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>
In June, [[Ahmad Qavam]] was released from prison and became Premier of Iran. He was determined to take revenge & suppress Pessian. He did so by gaining the approval of Reza Khan & dispatching the Cossack forces to Khorasan. Having previously been the governor of that province, Qavam had developed a strong relationship with the local chieftains and dispatched them to confront Pessian also. Sardar Mo’azez Khan Bojnurdi succeeded in gaining the cooperation of the Shirvan chieftains in mobilizing the kurds in [[Quchan]]. To combat this, Pessian gathered his scant forces to face the insurgency in Ja’farabad (near Quchan). This occurred on 3 October 1921 when Pessian and his small force of 150 gendarmes faced a force of strong 1,000 plus mounted Kurdish tribesmen. In the fight that ensued some of the Gendarmes left the battle field. Many of Pessian's comrades were killed and he was eventually surrounded and beheaded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/events/3/EventsList//%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9.%D9%88.%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7.html?Page=&Lang=fa&EventsId=234&Action=EventsDetail|title=Qavam becomes the Premier for the 5th time|website=Iranian History (Tarikh Irani)|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> His head was brought to Tehran to prove that he had been killed. For five continuous years after his death, on 3 October people of Khorasan mourned his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/95070804812/زندگی-و-مرگ-کلنل-محمدتقی-خان-پسیان|title=Life & death of Colonel Pessian|date=September 29, 2016|website=Iranian Students' News Agency|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>


He is buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] in the same garden that contains [[Nader Shah]]'s tomb.<ref>[http://www.iranian.com/main/albums/naderi-garden-1 Naderi garden | Iranian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
He is buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] in the same garden that contains [[Nader Shah]]'s tomb.<ref>[http://www.iranian.com/main/albums/naderi-garden-1 Naderi garden | Iranian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The day after the Shah left Iran in February 1979 during the Iranian Revolution, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taqi Pessian as the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Stephanie |date=1997 |title=An Experiment in Revolutionary Nationalism: The Rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April-October 1921 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283905 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=693–750 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> Other anti-Pahlavi figures such as [[Mirza Kuchik Khan]] and [[Hassan Modarres]] were also declared as matyrs.<ref name=":0" />


== Achievements in Germany ==
== Achievements in Germany ==
In Germany, he continued his military training, first in the German air force and then in the infantry. He also engaged in a variety of intellectual, cultural and political activities. He wrote an account of his own life, ''Sarguzasht-i Yak Javan-i Vatandust,'' and of his experiences in western during the war, '' Jang-i Muqaddas Az Baghdad Ta Iran''. He translated widely between Persian and various European languages, including German, French and English. His love of poetry, especially that which was politically committed, was particularly evident and his choice of works for translation, for example of [[Alphonse de Lamartine]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]], illustrated his own romantic nationalism. He studied European music, learning to play the piano, and transposed Persian national songs into German. On a more overtly political level he was in contact with the Iranian radicals led by [[Hassan Taqizadeh]] and grouped around the periodical ''[[Kaveh (magazine)|Kavih]],'' for which he occasionally wrote articles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Stephanie|date=October 1997|title=An experiment in revolutionary nationalism: the rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April‐October 1921|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=33|issue=4|pages=698–99|doi=10.1080/00263209708701178}}</ref>
In Germany, he continued his military training, first in the German air force and then in the infantry. He also engaged in a variety of intellectual, cultural and political activities. He wrote an account of his own life, ''Sargozasht-e Yek Javān-e Vatandust,'' and of his experiences in western during the war, ''Jang-e Moqaddas Az Baghdād Tā Irān''. He translated widely between Persian and various European languages, including German, French and English. His love of poetry, especially that which was politically committed, was particularly evident and his choice of works for translation, for example of [[Alphonse de Lamartine]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]], illustrated his own romantic nationalism. He studied European music, learning to play the piano, and transposed Persian national songs into German. On a more overtly political level he was in contact with the Iranian radicals led by [[Hassan Taqizadeh]] and grouped around the periodical ''[[Kaveh (magazine)|Kavih]],'' for which he occasionally wrote articles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Stephanie|date=October 1997|title=An experiment in revolutionary nationalism: the rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April-October 1921|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=33|issue=4|pages=698–99|doi=10.1080/00263209708701178}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 55: Line 61:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Mohammad-Taghi Pessian}}
{{Commons category|Mohammad-Taghi Pessian}}
{{Iran–Russia relations}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Iranian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:People from Tabriz]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tabriz]]
[[Category:Luftstreitkräfte personnel]]
[[Category:Luftstreitkräfte personnel]]
[[Category:German World War I pilots]]
[[Category:German World War I pilots]]

Latest revision as of 21:12, 6 November 2024

Mohammad-Taqi Pessian
Native name
محمدتقی‌خان پسیان
Service / branch
Years of service1907–1921
RankColonel
Battles / warsFirst World War Battle of Jafarabad (1921)
AwardsIron Cross
President of Autonomous Government of Khorasan
In office
2 April 1921 – 3 October 1921
Personal details
Born1892
Tabriz, Sublime State of Persia
Died3 October 1921(1921-10-03) (aged 28–29)
Quchan, Persia
Resting placeTomb of Nader Shah
Political partyDemocrat Party

Mohammad-Taqi Khan Pessian (Persian: محمدتقی‌خان پسیان; 1892 – 3 October 1921), more commonly known as Colonel Pessian, was an Iranian gendarme, fighter pilot and warlord who formed and led the short-lived Autonomous Government of Khorasan in 1921. He was killed in a battle with forces sent by Ahmad Qavam, the prime minister at the time.[1][2][3]

Biography

[edit]

Pessian was born into an aristocratic family in Tabriz. Pessian's family possessed strong military traditions, his uncle General Khan Pessian was a commander in the Persian Cossack Brigade, his cousins Heydar Qoli Khan Pessian – father of Iranian author and journalist, Mahtalat Pessian, – Ali Qoli Khan Pessian, Gholam Reza Khan Pessian and he himself served in Gendarmerie.

In Tabriz Mohammad Taqi was educated[1] in sciences, Turkish, Persian, Arabic and foreign languages.[4] In 1907 he left for Tehran to continue his education.[1] After 5 years he took up the rank of second lieutenant in the Gendarmerie, within two years he was promoted to captain. After that he held a variety of posts such as second commander in a battalion in Qazvin, served in Hamedan and Yazd and also was an instructor and interpreter at Gendarmerie school in Yusef Abad, Tehran.[5] He was promoted to major when World War I broke out.[1]

In November 1915 as commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan he launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade at the Battle of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the Persian Cossacks and Mohammad Taqi managed to convince some of the cossacks to join his forces in a patriotic speech he made to them after their defeat. Mohammad Taqi and Major Azizollah Khan Zarghami as Gendarmerie commanders could not defend Hamedan against an advancing Russian Caucasus Army which was superior in numbers and weapons. The gendarmes retreated to Kermanshah where they were defeated by the Russians, with many fleeing to the Ottoman Empire. August 1916 saw the return of gendarmes to Kermanshah but again were defeated and this time many went to live in exile in Istanbul while Mohammad Taqi returned to live in exile in Berlin.[citation needed]

Colonel Pessian in Germany

During his time in Berlin, he was trained as a pilot in the German Airforce and was rewarded with the Eisernes Kreuz Medal[1] for shooting down more than 25 enemy aircraft during World War I.[6] He also translated many works from Persian to/from French, German and English, some of these included Alphonse de Lamartine and Rabindranath Tagore. He also wrote two books in Persian, Sargozasht-e yek javan-e vatandoust and Jang-e Moqaddas az Baghdad ta Iran.[1]

In 1920 Mohammad Taqi returned to Iran and joined the Gendarmerie.[1] In June 1920 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and in September 1920 he became commander of Gendarmerie of Khorasan.[1] On 3 April 1921 in a military coup with his small force of only 200 gendarmes, he had Ahmad Qavam, the Governor-general of Khorasan, arrested and sent him to Tehran where he was imprisoned. He then became head of the provincial Autonomous Government of Khorasan. In June, Ahmad Qavam was released from prison and became Premier of Iran. He was determined to take revenge & suppress Pessian. He did so by gaining the approval of Reza Khan & dispatching the Cossack forces to Khorasan. Having previously been the governor of that province, Qavam had developed a strong relationship with the local chieftains and dispatched them to confront Pessian also. Sardar Mo’azez Khan Bojnurdi succeeded in gaining the cooperation of the Shirvan chieftains in mobilizing the kurds in Quchan. To combat this, Pessian gathered his scant forces to face the insurgency in Ja’farabad (near Quchan). This occurred on 3 October 1921 when Pessian and his small force of 150 gendarmes faced a force of strong 1,000 plus mounted Kurdish tribesmen. In the fight that ensued some of the Gendarmes left the battle field. Many of Pessian's comrades were killed and he was eventually surrounded and beheaded.[7] His head was brought to Tehran to prove that he had been killed. For five continuous years after his death, on 3 October people of Khorasan mourned his death.[8]

He is buried in Mashhad, Khorasan in the same garden that contains Nader Shah's tomb.[9]

The day after the Shah left Iran in February 1979 during the Iranian Revolution, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taqi Pessian as the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist.[10] Other anti-Pahlavi figures such as Mirza Kuchik Khan and Hassan Modarres were also declared as matyrs.[10]

Achievements in Germany

[edit]

In Germany, he continued his military training, first in the German air force and then in the infantry. He also engaged in a variety of intellectual, cultural and political activities. He wrote an account of his own life, Sargozasht-e Yek Javān-e Vatandust, and of his experiences in western during the war, Jang-e Moqaddas Az Baghdād Tā Irān. He translated widely between Persian and various European languages, including German, French and English. His love of poetry, especially that which was politically committed, was particularly evident and his choice of works for translation, for example of Alphonse de Lamartine and Rabindranath Tagore, illustrated his own romantic nationalism. He studied European music, learning to play the piano, and transposed Persian national songs into German. On a more overtly political level he was in contact with the Iranian radicals led by Hassan Taqizadeh and grouped around the periodical Kavih, for which he occasionally wrote articles.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Stephanie Cronin, "PESYĀN, MOḤAMMAD-TAQI KHAN" Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pesyan-mohammad-taqi-khan (accessed on 16 May 2016).
  2. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  3. ^ Анвар Чингизоглы.Пусиянский род, Баку, "Мутарджим", 2013, 156 ст.ISBN 978-9952-28-121-7.
  4. ^ Cronin, Stephanie (2010). Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 978-0230537941.
  5. ^ "Life & Death of Colonel Pesyan". Iranian Students' News Agency. September 29, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  6. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). Iran at War: 1500-1988. Osprey Publishing. p. 398. ISBN 978-1846034916.
  7. ^ "Qavam becomes the Premier for the 5th time". Iranian History (Tarikh Irani). Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  8. ^ "Life & death of Colonel Pessian". Iranian Students' News Agency. September 29, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  9. ^ Naderi garden | Iranian.com
  10. ^ a b Cronin, Stephanie (1997). "An Experiment in Revolutionary Nationalism: The Rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April-October 1921". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (4): 693–750. ISSN 0026-3206.
  11. ^ Cronin, Stephanie (October 1997). "An experiment in revolutionary nationalism: the rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April-October 1921". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (4): 698–99. doi:10.1080/00263209708701178.
  • Qiyam-e Kolonel Mohammad Taqi Khan-e Pessian dar Khorasan (Uprising of Colonel Mohammad Taqi Khan Pessian in Khurasan), A.Azari, Tehran, Safialishah, 1989
  • An Experiment in Revolutionary Nationalism: The Rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April–October 1921, Stephanie Cronin, Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No. 4 October 1997, pp. 693–750.
  • Institute of Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies, qatl-e Mohammad Taqi Khan Pessian, Niloufar Kasra.
  • Institute of Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies, Colonel Pessian Photos, Mehdi Jangravi.
  • faceofiran
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohammad-Taghi Pessian.
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