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| caption = The smoke plume from the Oak Fire in California as seen by [[NASA|NASA’s]] [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua satellite]] on July 23, 2022
| caption = The smoke plume from the Oak Fire in California as seen by [[NASA|NASA’s]] [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua satellite]] on July 23, 2022
| references = <ref name=CalFireMain>{{cite web |title=2022 Fire Season |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2022/ |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref>
| references = <ref name=CalFireMain>{{cite web |title=2022 Fire Season |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2022/ |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref>
| total_fires = 6,465
| total_fires = 6,473
| total_area = {{convert|365,140|acres|ha|abbr=on}}
| total_area = {{convert|365,140|acres|ha|abbr=on}}
| time-begin = January 1
| time-begin = January 1
Line 16: Line 16:
| season_name = California wildfires
| season_name = California wildfires
}}
}}
The '''2022 California wildfire season''' is an ongoing series of [[Wildfire|wildfires]] burning throughout the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. {{As of|2022|9|20}}, a total of 6,465 fires have been recorded, totaling approximately {{convert|365,140|acres|ha|abbr=off}} across the state. Wildfires have killed 9 people so far in California in 2022, have destroyed 772 structures, and damaged another 104. The 2022 season follows the [[2020 California wildfires|2020]] and [[2021 California wildfires|2021 California wildfire seasons]], which had the highest and second-highest (respectively) numbers of acres burned in the historical record.
The '''2022 California wildfire season''' is an ongoing series of [[Wildfire|wildfires]] burning throughout the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. {{As of|2022|9|21}}, a total of 6,473 fires have been recorded, totaling approximately {{convert|365,140|acres|ha|abbr=off}} across the state. Wildfires have killed 9 people so far in California in 2022, have destroyed 772 structures, and damaged another 104. The 2022 season follows the [[2020 California wildfires|2020]] and [[2021 California wildfires|2021 California wildfire seasons]], which had the highest and second-highest (respectively) numbers of acres burned in the historical record.


A number of early-season wildfires helped raise concerns. In January 2022, the Colorado Fire in [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]] became the first incident of the year in California, exhibiting "surreal fire behavior given the wet {{tooltip|Oct|October}} and {{tooltip|Dec|December}}".<ref name="BBCNews">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title='Surreal' January wildfire shuts California highway |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60092300 |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> In February, the Airport Fire near Bishop Airport in [[Inyo County, California|Inyo County]] burned over 4,000 acres.
A number of early-season wildfires helped raise concerns. In January 2022, the Colorado Fire in [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]] became the first incident of the year in California, exhibiting "surreal fire behavior given the wet {{tooltip|Oct|October}} and {{tooltip|Dec|December}}".<ref name="BBCNews">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title='Surreal' January wildfire shuts California highway |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60092300 |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> In February, the Airport Fire near Bishop Airport in [[Inyo County, California|Inyo County]] burned over 4,000 acres.

Revision as of 18:29, 22 September 2022

2022 California wildfires
The smoke plume from the Oak Fire in California as seen by NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 23, 2022
Date(s)
January 1 – present
Statistics[1]
Total fires6,473
Total area365,140 acres (147,770 ha)
Impacts
Deaths9
Structures destroyed
  • 772 destroyed
  • 104 damaged
Season
← 2021
2023 →

The 2022 California wildfire season is an ongoing series of wildfires burning throughout the U.S. state of California. As of 21 September 2022, a total of 6,473 fires have been recorded, totaling approximately 365,140 acres (147,770 hectares) across the state. Wildfires have killed 9 people so far in California in 2022, have destroyed 772 structures, and damaged another 104. The 2022 season follows the 2020 and 2021 California wildfire seasons, which had the highest and second-highest (respectively) numbers of acres burned in the historical record.

A number of early-season wildfires helped raise concerns. In January 2022, the Colorado Fire in Monterey County became the first incident of the year in California, exhibiting "surreal fire behavior given the wet Oct and Dec".[2] In February, the Airport Fire near Bishop Airport in Inyo County burned over 4,000 acres.

Drastic climatic and ecological conditions, including climate change and long-term drought, led to the anticipation of a potentially above-average wildfire season on the heels of two previous such seasons in 2020 and 2021.[3] However, while the number of fires to date in 2022 is slightly above the 5-year average (6,465 fires versus 6,366 fires), the total acreage burned so far is well below the 5-year average; 365,140 acres have burned in 2022 thus far versus 1,712,797 acres burned by this time on average in the past five years (though that period includes several of California's most significant fire seasons).[4] Peak fire season in California typically occurs in late summer and/or fall, and effectively ends when significant precipitation occurs across the state.[5]

A number of significant wildfires have burned in California so far this year, including the destructive Oak Fire in Mariposa County, which burned over 180 structures, and the fatal McKinney Fire in Siskiyou County, which caused 4 fatalities.[6] Major wildfires currently active include the Mosquito Fire in Placer and El Dorado counties, which has become California's largest wildfire of 2022, and the Fairview Fire in Riverside County.

Early outlook

Seasonal fire risk

After a wet October and December in the beginning of the 2022 water year, California experienced the driest January–February period on record in the state, with similar conditions continuing in March.[7][8][9] This dry stretch follows a period of severe drought in the state that began in 2020, in part due to climate change in California,[10] and which contributed to severe wildfire seasons in both 2020 and 2021.

In its April monthly seasonal outlook, the National Interagency Fire Center forecast above normal significant fire potential for the Bay Area, Mid Coast-Mendocino, and Sacramento Valley/Foothill areas beginning in May, due to the lack of seasonal precipitation, early start to the growing season, and long-term drought.[11] It also noted that "A further expansion of above normal significant fire potential is forecast across most elevations during June and July." The Northern California Geographic Coordination Center (commonly called 'North Ops') forecast stated that "Confidence is moderate to high for an early start to the significant large fire season."[12]

In Northern California, the peak fire season in California begins in the early summer (June-July) and runs until late fall, varying year to year. In Southern California, the peak fire season begins in late spring (May-June) and runs until fall.[13] The precise timing varies according to annual and seasonal precipitation, as well as the occurrence of offshore wind events, such as the Santa Anas, Diablo winds, or sundowner winds.[14] However, fires are possible at any time of year in the state, particularly in drier Southern California.

Preparation

In anticipation of the 2022 California wildfire season, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) increased its planned wildfire mitigation plan spending for 2022 to $5.96 billion, from $4.8 billion in 2021 and $4.46 billion in 2020.[15] The mitigation plan includes the 'undergrounding' of at least 175 miles of power lines in high-fire risk areas, the installation of 98 additional wildfire detection/monitoring cameras and 100 additional weather stations, the expansion of safety settings that cut off power when objects (such as trees or branches) contact power lines, and the continued implementation of public safety power shutoffs (PSPS) as a last resort during extreme fire weather conditions.[16][17] These moves came after the company declared bankruptcy in 2019 over its liability for wildfire damage costs from the 2018 Camp Fire and 2017 Tubbs Fire, among others. PG&E pleaded guilty to 84 counts of involuntary manslaughter in the Camp Fire, shortly before the company exited bankruptcy in June of 2020. In January of 2022, Cal Fire determined that the Dixie Fire, the largest fire of the 2021 California wildfire season and largest non-complex fire in recorded California history, was caused by a tree contacting PG&E electrical distribution lines.

Firefighter shortages

The lead-in to the 2022 Western United States fire season has also been marked by concerns about firefighting staffing. On March 15, 2022, Politico reported that United States Forest Service (USFS) officials had warned California employees that there had been "50 percent fewer applications submitted for GS3 through GS9 firefighting positions" compared to 2021, in part because of low pay, housing issues, and high cost of living.[18] The San Francisco Chronicle similarly reported that between 2019 and 2021, the number of U.S. Forest Service firefighters stationed in California dropped by more than 20%, or over 1,000 firefighters.[19] Testifying for the Senate Appropriations Committee on May 4, USFS Chief Randy Moore noted that in some areas, the USFS had only reached 50% of the staffing goal for wildland firefighters so far. Chief Moore cited competition in the labor market, including with private, county, and state organizations, such as Cal Fire, as a major reason for the hiring challenges.[20] During the peak of fire season, representatives of California's private timber industry called for firefighting reserves to be augmented by the U.S. military and the National Guard, but were resisted by federal and state officials who noted the cost of such efforts and the lack of extreme resource needs during the season so far. The state has been forced to seek military assistance in the past during severe fire seasons.[21]

Causes

Climate change

Anthropogenic climate change is partially responsible for driving increased wildfire severity in California.[22][23] For instance, background warming has led to weather and vegetation conditions more favorable for wildfire activity even at night, which has typically been a period of reduced activity that allows crews to intensify efforts to suppress fires.[24]

Drought

The state of California is experiencing drought conditions on a number of timescales. The state saw very little precipitation in the January to March time period, with much of the state experiencing its driest such period. As of March 22, 2022, the National Drought Mitigation Center's U.S. Drought Monitor saw the entire state in moderate to extreme drought conditions.[25] In February, their Drought Severity and Coverage (DSCI) index, which measures cumulative dryness, was at 275, or nearly twice the 20-year average of approximately 146, according to the San Francisco Chronicle.[26] This dry period is part of an ongoing 22-year spell of drought in the North American West that marks the driest such period in at least 1,200 years, according to scientific research based on analysis of soil moisture deficits and tree rings.[27][28]

The drought has impacted wildfire risk and severity in a number of ways. Increased dryness of fuels, driven by increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD), a measure of the aridity of the atmosphere, is behind an eightfold increase in the area burned by wildfires in the summer in California since 1972, according to scientific research.[29] Drought and overcrowding have also made forests more vulnerable not just to wildfires but bark beetle infestation, which has further weakened and killed forests. Total tree mortality since 2010 exceeds 172 million, providing plentiful fuel for wildfires.[30]

Forest management and fire suppression

Scientists believe that prior to European colonization, far more area—between 4.4 and 11.8 million acres—was burned on an annual basis in California than in modern history, as a combination of wildfires and indigenous controlled burning.[31] Beginning with the advent of the U.S. Forest Service's '10 AM policy', in which it sought to extinguish all fires by 10 AM the morning after their report, the primary method of wildfire management in California has been suppression.[32] The success of this approach has led to a surfeit of fuel, resulting in larger and more extreme fires.

Wildland-urban interface development

California, as with other areas of the United States and the world, has experienced a growing amount of human development into the wildland-urban interface, or WUI. This area consists of developed areas either adjacent to, or intermingled with, wildland vegetation and fuels. Such areas are more prone to wildfire ignitions and structure losses, increasing the risk and severity of fire seasons in California.[33] The 2018 Camp Fire and 2017 Tubbs Fire are two examples of recent California wildfires that resulted devastating losses in WUI communities.

List of wildfires

The following is a list of fires that burned more than 1,000 acres (400 ha), produced significant structural damage or casualties, or were otherwise notable. Acreage and containment figures may not be up to date.

Name County Acres Start date Containment date Notes Ref
Airport Fire Inyo 4,136 February 16, 2022 February 26, 2022 Unknown cause [34]
Coastal Fire Orange 200 May 11, 2022 May 17, 2022 Unknown cause; burned into a neighborhood and destroyed 20 homes [35][36]
Lost Lake Fire Riverside 5,856 May 26, 2022 June 8, 2022 Unknown cause [37]
Thunder Fire Kern 2,500 June 22, 2022 June 27, 2022 Likely caused by lightning strike [38][39]
Roblar Fire Sonoma 63 June 27, 2022 June 27, 2022 Unknown cause; 1 fatality after being trapped in a vehicle [40]
Electra Fire Amador, Calaveras 4,478 July 4, 2022 July 28, 2022 Unknown cause, possibly fireworks from Fourth of July celebrations[41] [42]
Washburn Fire Mariposa, Madera 4,886 July 7, 2022 July 30, 2022 Human caused, forced evacuations in Wawona and trail closures in Yosemite National Park; threatened Mariposa Grove [43][44]
Oak Fire Mariposa 19,244 July 22, 2022 August 10, 2022 Unknown cause, forced evacuations in Mariposa County. Destroyed 182 structures and damaged 10 structures [45]
McKinney Fire Siskiyou 60,138 July 29, 2022 September 7, 2022 Possibly caused by power lines; destroyed 185 structures and caused 4 fatalities [46][47][48]
Yeti Fire Siskiyou 7,886 July 29, 2022 September 1, 2022 Probable lightning caused, forced evacuations in Siskiyou County, originally named the China 2 fire [49]
Summit Fire Tulare 1,394 August 3, 2022
60% contained
 Caused by lightning, being suppressed using indirect methods, burning in southern Sequoia National Park in areas with recent fire history [50]
Red Fire Mariposa, Madera 8,364 August 4, 2022
60% contained
 Lightning caused, burning in Yosemite National Park, not being fully suppressed due to natural barriers [51]
Six Rivers Lightning Complex Humboldt, Trinity 41,591 August 5, 2022
97% contained
 Caused mandatory evacuations in Trinity and Humboldt counties, composed of multiple lightning fires that eventually merged into the Campbell Fire and Ammon Fire [52][53]
Rodgers Fire Tuolumne 2,790 August 8, 2022
60% contained
 Lightning caused, burning in Yosemite National Park, not being fully suppressed due to natural barriers [54]
Route Fire Los Angeles 5,208 August 31, 2022 September 7, 2022 Burned near Interstate 5 and Castaic Lake, 1 structure destroyed and 7 firefighters injured [55][56]
Border 32 Fire San Diego 4,456 August 31, 2022 September 5, 2022 Burned near U.S./Mexico border, 10 structures destroyed [57]
Mill Fire Siskiyou 3,935 September 2, 2022 September 13, 2022 Burned in/near communities of Weed and Lake Shastina, destroyed 118 structures, caused 2 fatalities [58]
Mountain Fire Siskiyou 13,440 September 2, 2022
95% contained
 Burning 7 miles SW of Gazelle, 4 structures destroyed [59]
Radford Fire San Bernardino 1,079 September 2, 2022
98% contained
 Burning near Big Bear Lake, has caused evacuations in the region [60]
Fairview Fire Riverside 28,307 September 5, 2022
98% contained
 Burning near Hemet, caused 2 fatalities and destroyed 36 structures [61]
Mosquito Fire Placer, El Dorado 76,290 September 6, 2022
39% contained
 Burning near Foresthill, has caused evacuations in Placer and El Dorado County. 78 structures destroyed [62][63][64]
Barnes Fire Modoc 5,843 September 7, 2022
96% contained
 Caused by lightning, burning near Fort Bidwell in the Warner Mountains [65]
Fork Fire Madera 819 September 7, 2022 September 13, 2022 Caused by a vehicle, destroyed 43 structures near North Fork [66]

See also

References

  1. ^ "2022 Fire Season". Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  2. ^ "'Surreal' January wildfire shuts California highway". BBC News. January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  3. ^ Smith, Hayley; Wigglesworth, Alex (June 10, 2022). "A treacherous California fire season made more dangerous by drought, water restrictions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  4. ^ "Cal Fire Stats and Events: Current Year Statistics". Cal Fire. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  5. ^ "Fire Season Climatology | NWCG". www.nwcg.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  6. ^ "Death toll in McKinney Fire, California's largest, rises to 4". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  7. ^ Sabalow, Ryan (March 22, 2022). "'Historic dry conditions': California warns of water cuts due to drought's third year". The Sacramento Bee.
  8. ^ Becker, Rachel (February 16, 2022). "No end in sight: California drought on course to break another record". CalMatters. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  9. ^ Dress, Bradley (March 18, 2022). "California announces reduced supply to water agencies amid third year of drought". TheHill. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  10. ^ Newburger, Emma (February 14, 2022). "Western drought fueled by climate change is the worst in 1,200 years, scientists say". CNBC. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  11. ^ Predictive Services, National Interagency Fire Center (April 1, 2022). "National Significant Wildland Fire Potential Outlook" (PDF).
  12. ^ "Northern Operations Monthly/Seasonal Outlooks" (PDF). March 1, 2022.
  13. ^ "Fire Season Climatology | NWCG". www.nwcg.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  14. ^ "Fire Season Climatology | NWCG". www.nwcg.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  15. ^ Kasler, Dale (February 25, 2022). "After California's massive Dixie Fire, PG&E to ramp up spending on wildfire safety in 2022". The Sacramento Bee.
  16. ^ "Wildfire Mitigation Plan". www.pge.com. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  17. ^ "PG&E Drives Greater Wildfire Safety While Keeping Customer Bill Impacts Essentially Flat Over Previous Proposal". PG&E News Releases. February 25, 2022.
  18. ^ Bustillo, Ximena. "'Pretty brutal': Hiring woes plague Biden effort to contain wildfires". POLITICO. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  19. ^ Alexander, Kurtis (March 18, 2022). "California fire season is coming. And firefighter ranks have plunged 20%". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  20. ^ "Forest Service Chief says in some areas only 50% of firefighter positions are filled". Wildfire Today. May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  21. ^ Phillips, Anna (August 23, 2022). "California's timber industry is calling on the military to help control fires". The Washington Post. Research by Vanessa Montalbano. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  22. ^ Mulkern, Anne C. (August 24, 2020). "Fast-Moving California Wildfires Boosted by Climate Change". Scientific American. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  23. ^ Williams, A. Park; Abatzoglou, John T.; Gershunov, Alexander; Guzman‐Morales, Janin; Bishop, Daniel A.; Balch, Jennifer K.; Lettenmaier, Dennis P. (2019). "Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California". Earth's Future. 7 (8): 892–910. Bibcode:2019EaFut...7..892W. doi:10.1029/2019EF001210. ISSN 2328-4277.
  24. ^ McGough, Michael (February 24, 2022). "'Another reason to lose sleep': California fires are growing more intense at night, study shows". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  25. ^ "| U.S. Drought Monitor". droughtmonitor.unl.edu. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  26. ^ Jung, Yoohyun (February 25, 2022). "Drought maps show California is even drier than last year in some parts of the state". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  27. ^ Williams, A. Park; Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdon, Jason E. (February 14, 2022). "Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021". Nature Climate Change. 12 (3): 232–234. Bibcode:2022NatCC..12..232W. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 246815806.
  28. ^ Alexander, Kurtis (February 14, 2022). "California slips into its worst mega-drought in 1,200 years — it's partly our fault". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  29. ^ Williams, A. Park; Abatzoglou, John T.; Gershunov, Alexander; Guzman‐Morales, Janin; Bishop, Daniel A.; Balch, Jennifer K.; Lettenmaier, Dennis P. (July 15, 2019). "Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California". Earth's Future. 7 (8): 892–910. Bibcode:2019EaFut...7..892W. doi:10.1029/2019ef001210. ISSN 2328-4277. S2CID 199105541.
  30. ^ Alexander, Kurtis (February 27, 2022). "Drought, fires and beetles — California's forests are dying. Is it too late to save them?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  31. ^ Weil, Elizabeth. "They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen?". ProPublica. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  32. ^ "U.S. Forest Service Fire Suppression". Forest History Society. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  33. ^ "Most California Fires Occur in Area of Wildland-urban Interface with Less Fuel and More People". www.nrs.fs.fed.us. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  34. ^ "CALFIRE: Airport Fire Incident". Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  35. ^ "CALFIRE: Coastal Fire Incident". Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  36. ^ "Coastal Fire destroys at least 20 homes in Laguna Niguel". cbsnews.com. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  37. ^ "Lost Lake Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  38. ^ "Thunder Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  39. ^ Mayer, Steven (June 24, 2022). "Firefighters appear to be gaining foothold on Thunder Fire near the Grapevine". bakersfield.com. The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  40. ^ Minkler, Alana; Atagi, Colin (June 27, 2022). "1 person dies in 63-acre Roblar Fire in western Sonoma County". The Press Democrat. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  41. ^ "Amador County's Electra Fire could have been started by fireworks, sheriff says". KTVU. July 7, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  42. ^ "Electra Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  43. ^ "Washburn Fire Incident Overview". InciWeb Incident Information System. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  44. ^ "Washburn Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  45. ^ "Oak Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  46. ^ "McKinney Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  47. ^ Medina, Eduardo (July 31, 2022). "McKinney Fire Becomes California's Largest of 2022, Burning 52,000 Acres". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  48. ^ Salahieh, Nouran; Dominguez, Claudia (August 1, 2022). "2 dead in the McKinney Fire in Northern California, the state's largest blaze this year". CNN. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  49. ^ "Yeti and Alex Fires Information". InciWeb. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  50. ^ "Summit Fire Information". InciWeb - Incident Information System. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  51. ^ "Red Fire Information". InciWeb. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  52. ^ "Six Rivers (SRF) Lightning Complex Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  53. ^ "Six Rivers Lightning Complex Information". InciWeb. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  54. ^ "Rodgers Information". InciWeb. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  55. ^ "Route Fire Incident Report". fire.ca.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  56. ^ Elamroussi, Aya (September 1, 2022). "Evacuations ordered as a wildfire rages in northern Los Angeles County". CNN. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  57. ^ "Border 32 Incident Report". fire.ca.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  58. ^ "Mill Fire Incident Report". fire.ca.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  59. ^ "Mountain Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  60. ^ "Radford Incident Information". InciWeb - Incident Information System. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  61. ^ "Fairview Fire Incident Report". www.fire.ca.gov. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  62. ^ "Mosquito Fire Incident Report". CalFire. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  63. ^ "Mosquito Fire Information". InciWeb. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  64. ^ YubaNet (September 7, 2022). "Mosquito, Oxbow Reservoir". YubaNet. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  65. ^ "Barnes Fire Information". InciWeb - Incident Information System. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  66. ^ "Fork Fire Incident Report". CalFire. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
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