Surinamese Maroons: Difference between revisions
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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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[[File:Choropletenkaart Marrons Suriname.png|thumb|center|550px|[[Districts of Suriname|Districts]] of Suriname showing concentration of Maroons as a percentage of total population |
[[File:Choropletenkaart Marrons Suriname.png|thumb|center|550px|[[Districts of Suriname|Districts]] of Suriname showing concentration of Maroons as a percentage of total population {{key needed}}]] |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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The sources of the Surinamese Maroon vocabulary are the [[English language]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], some [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and a variety of [[African languages]]. Between 5% and 20% of the vocabulary is of African origin. Its phonology is closest to that of African languages. The Surinamese Maroons have developed a system of meaning-distinctive intonation, as is common in Africa. |
The sources of the Surinamese Maroon vocabulary are the [[English language]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], some [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and a variety of [[African languages]]. Between 5% and 20% of the vocabulary is of African origin. Its phonology is closest to that of African languages. The Surinamese Maroons have developed a system of meaning-distinctive intonation, as is common in Africa. |
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Revision as of 02:16, 22 March 2024
 Maroon family in Suriname, c. 1900. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 117,567 (2012) 21.7% of Suriname's population[1] | |
| Languages | |
| Saramaccan, Aukan, Kwinti, Matawai, Sranan Tongo, Dutch | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Winti | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Afro-Surinamese |
Surinamese Maroons (also Marrons, Businenge or Bushinengue, meaning black people of the forest) are the descendants of enslaved Africans that escaped from the plantations and settled in the inland of Suriname (Dutch Guiana). The Surinamese Maroon culture is one of the best-preserved pieces of cultural heritage outside of Africa. Colonial warfare, land grabs, natural disasters and migration have marked Maroon history. In Suriname six Maroon groups — or tribes — can be distinguished from each other.
Demographics
There are six major groups of Surinamese Maroons,[2] who settled along different river banks:
- Aluku (or Boni) at the Commewijne River later Marowijne River,
- Kwinti at the Coppename River,
- Matawai at the Saramacca River,
- Ndyuka (or Aukan) at the Marowijne and Commewijne Rivers
- Paamaka (Paramaccan) at the Marowijne River
- Saamaka (Saramaccan) at the Suriname River
Distribution
Language
The sources of the Surinamese Maroon vocabulary are the English language, Portuguese, some Dutch and a variety of African languages. Between 5% and 20% of the vocabulary is of African origin. Its phonology is closest to that of African languages. The Surinamese Maroons have developed a system of meaning-distinctive intonation, as is common in Africa.
Religion
The traditional Surinamese Maroon religion is called Winti. It is a syncretization of different African religious beliefs and practices brought in mainly by the Akan and Fon enslaved peoples. Winti is typical for Suriname, where it originated. The religion has a pantheon of spirits called Winti. Ancestor veneration is central. It has no written sources, nor a central authority. Practising Winti was forbidden by law for nearly one hundred years. Since the 1970s, many Maroons have moved to urban areas and have become evangelical. After the turn of the millennium Winti gained momentum. It is becoming more popular, especially in the Maroon diaspora.[citation needed]
| Religion of Surinamese Maroons (2012)[3] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Religion | Number of adherents | % |
| Christianity | 74,392 | 63.3% |
| Catholic | 27,626 | 23.5% |
| Pentecostal | 21,746 | 18.5% |
| Moravian Church | 19,093 | 16.2% |
| Other christian | 5,927 | 5.1% |
| No religion | 25,270 | 21.5% |
| Winti | 9,657 | 8.2% |
| No answer | 5,116 | 4.4% |
| Other | 1,755 | 1.5% |
| Don't know | 1,377 | 1.2% |
| Total | 117,567 | 100.0% |
See also
References
- ^ "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Cf. Langues de Guyane, sous la direction de Odile RENAULT-LESCURE et Laurence GOURY, Montpellier, IRD, 2009.
- ^ Tabel 7.3. Totale bevolking naar geloofsovertuiging/godsdienst en etnische groep [1]. Gearchiveerd op 5 februari 2023.
Further reading
- Willem F. Van Lier, Notes sur la vie spirituelle et sociale des Djuka (Noirs réfugiés Auca) au Surinam, trad., Universiteit Leiden, 1939 [2] Archived 2014-06-29 at archive.today
- Diane Vernon, Les représentations du corps chez les Noirs Marrons Ndjuka du Surinam et de la Guyane française, ORSTOM, 1992 [3]
- Michel Bindault, Lexique français-bushi-nenge et bushi-nenge-français, Grand-Santi, 1993.
- Richard Price, Les premiers temps : la conception de l'histoire des Marrons saramaka, trad., Seuil, 1994.
- Desmo Betian, Wemo Betain, Anya Cockle, Parlons saramaka, L'Harmattan, 2000.
- Laurence Goury, Le ndyuka : une langue créole du Surinam et de Guyane française, L'Harmattan, 2003.
- Napi Tutu : l'enfant, la flûte et le diable, conte aluku, CRDP de Guyane, 2003.
- Laurence Goury, Grammaire du nengee : introduction aux langues aluku, ndyuka et pamaka, IRD, 2003.
- Les leçons d'Ananshi l'araignée, conte bushinengué, SCEREN-CRDP de Guyane, 2007.
- Élisabeth Godon, Les enfants du fleuve. Les écoles du fleuve en Guyane française : le parcours d'une psy, L'Harmattan, 2008.
