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{{about|the school in South Carolina|the school in Massachusetts|Charlestown Female Seminary (Massachusetts)}}
{{about|the school in South Carolina|the school in Massachusetts|Charlestown Female Seminary (Massachusetts)}}
{{Infobox school
{{Infobox school
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==History==
==History==
The school was opened in 1870 by Henrietta "Etta" Aiken Kelly (March 17, 1844&nbsp;– January 18, 1916)<ref group=upper-alpha>Henrietta Kelly was well born to a prominent Charleston family, with a "silver spoon in her mouth". Henrietta Aiken's christening set is silver with gilt and "finely engraved with the Aiken crest" probably engraved in a northern city. It originated with Heloise boudo (d. 1837), who was a Charleston silver dealer specializing in spoons. Cup and spoon, c. 1827–1837. Charleston, S.C. {{cite news |url=http://www.historiccharleston.org/about/annual_reports/2007.pdf |format=pdf |title=2007 Annual Report |publisher=Historic Charleston Foundation |year=2007 |accessdate =January 17, 2012}} Her parents were William Kelly (1799–1882) and Mary Stoll Kelly (1811–1867). She is buried at [[Magnolia Cemetery (Charleston, South Carolina)|Magnolia Cemetery]] in Charleston. [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=41761829 Henrietta Aikin Kelly at] [[Find a Grave]].</ref> initially in her own home.<ref name="mazyck">{{cite book|last=Mazyck, Arthur|title=Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings |publisher=Walker, Evans, and Cogswell|location=Charleston, South Carolina|date=1875|pages=176–179|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o2FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=charleston+female+seminary&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M9QUT97qDOjo0QH468mBAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=charleston%20female%20seminary&f=false}}</ref> Kelly, who was an expert on [[silk worm]]s,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_4waAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The culture of the mulberry silkworm |first1=Henrietta Aiken |last1=Kelly |place=Washington DC |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture]], [[Government Printing Office]] |year=1903 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> had earlier sought to have female students admitted to study at the [[College of Charleston]]. After that effort proved unsuccessful, she established the Charleston Female Seminary to offer females access to higher education.<ref name=Wooten>{{cite |url=http://thetandd.com/lifestyles/article_91101844-4758-5205-aa1b-379b5bf7d82d.html |title=Beautiful faces without names |last=Wooten |first=Nancy C. |date=3 March 2007 |newspaper=Times and Democrat |location=Orangeburg, South Carolina |accessdate=8 February 2012}}</ref> Beginning in 1872, the school was housed on 50 Philip Street,<ref name="mazyck" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/csas200803650/|title=Charleston Female Seminary, 50 Philip St., Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|last1=Johnston |first1=Frances Benjamin (1864–1952), photographer |year=1937|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> in a building constructed in 1871 by architect [[John Henry Devereux]].<ref name="Philip">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccpl.org/content.asp?id=15651&action=detail&catID=6026&parentID=5747|title=Philip Street|publisher=Charleston County Public Library|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o2FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177|year=1875|publisher=Walker, Evans & Cogswell|pages=177–79}}</ref> Devereux used "mixed Roman" [[Italianate]] architecture, and "an arcaded and pedimented facade".<ref name="Philip"/><ref>{{cite book |year=1976 |title=Charleston, come hell or high water: a history in photographs |first1=Robert N. S. |last1=Whitelaw |first2=Alice F. |last2=Levkoff |place=Columbia, S.C. |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |page=89}}</ref>
The school was opened in 1870 by Henrietta "Etta" Aiken Kelly (March 17, 1844&nbsp;– January 18, 1916)<ref group=upper-alpha>Henrietta Kelly was well born to a prominent Charleston family, with a "silver spoon in her mouth". Henrietta Aiken's christening set is silver with gilt and "finely engraved with the Aiken crest" probably engraved in a northern city. It originated with Heloise boudo (d. 1837), who was a Charleston silver dealer specializing in spoons. Cup and spoon, c. 1827–1837. Charleston, S.C. {{cite news |url=http://www.historiccharleston.org/about/annual_reports/2007.pdf |format=pdf |title=2007 Annual Report |publisher=Historic Charleston Foundation |year=2007 |accessdate =January 17, 2012}} Her parents were William Kelly (1799–1882) and Mary Stoll Kelly (1811–1867). She is buried at [[Magnolia Cemetery (Charleston, South Carolina)|Magnolia Cemetery]] in Charleston. [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=41761829 Henrietta Aikin Kelly at] [[Find a Grave]].</ref> initially in her own home.<ref name="mazyck">{{cite book|last=Mazyck, Arthur|title=Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings |publisher=Walker, Evans, and Cogswell|location=Charleston, South Carolina|year=1875|pages=176–179|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o2FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=charleston+female+seminary&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M9QUT97qDOjo0QH468mBAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=charleston%20female%20seminary&f=false}}</ref> Kelly, who was an expert on [[silk worm]]s,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_4waAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The culture of the mulberry silkworm |first1=Henrietta Aiken |last1=Kelly |place=Washington DC |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture]], [[Government Printing Office]] |year=1903 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> had earlier sought to have female students admitted to study at the [[College of Charleston]]. After that effort proved unsuccessful, she established the Charleston Female Seminary to offer females access to higher education.<ref name=Wooten>{{citation |url=http://thetandd.com/lifestyles/article_91101844-4758-5205-aa1b-379b5bf7d82d.html |title=Beautiful faces without names |last=Wooten |first=Nancy C. |date=3 March 2007 |newspaper=Times and Democrat |location=Orangeburg, South Carolina |accessdate=8 February 2012}}</ref> Beginning in 1872, the school was housed on 50 Philip Street,<ref name="mazyck" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/csas200803650/|title=Charleston Female Seminary, 50 Philip St., Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|last1=Johnston |first1=Frances Benjamin (1864–1952), photographer |year=1937|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> in a building constructed in 1871 by architect [[John Henry Devereux]].<ref name="Philip">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccpl.org/content.asp?id=15651&action=detail&catID=6026&parentID=5747|title=Philip Street|publisher=Charleston County Public Library|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o2FAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177|year=1875|publisher=Walker, Evans & Cogswell|pages=177–79}}</ref> Devereux used "mixed Roman" [[Italianate]] architecture, and "an arcaded and pedimented facade".<ref name="Philip"/><ref>{{cite book |year=1976 |title=Charleston, come hell or high water: a history in photographs |first1=Robert N. S. |last1=Whitelaw |first2=Alice F. |last2=Levkoff |place=Columbia, S.C. |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |page=89}}</ref>


Kelly ran the school using the motto ''[[Mens sana in corpore sano]]'' and incorporated physical education into the curriculum.<ref name="mazyck" />
Kelly ran the school using the motto ''[[Mens sana in corpore sano]]'' and incorporated physical education into the curriculum.<ref name="mazyck" />


In the 1890s, the school occupied the [[Benjamin Lazarus House]] on 151 Wentworth Street, at which time a third floor was added to the building.<ref name=poston>{{cite book|last1=Poston|first1=Jonathan H.|title=The buildings of Charleston: a guide to the city's architecture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GHBfBOdwsCkC&pg=PA579|accessdate=17 January 2012|date=1997-12|publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-57003-202-8|page=579}}</ref> "From 1882 to 1896, the building housed Miss Kelly and boarders of her 'rigorous but genteel' academy".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccpl.org/content.asp?id=15652&catID=6026&action=detail&parentID=5747 |title=151 Wentworth St. c.1849 |publisher=Charleston County Public Library |accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas |title=Do you Know Your Charleston (DYKYC) |date=September 27, 1971 |publisher=[[The Post and Courier]]}}</ref> Thereafter, it was at a location that became the [[Nathaniel Russell House]] at 51 Meeting Street.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Breibart|first1=Solomon|title=Explorations in Charleston's Jewish History, Volume 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Qr7ty-w5aLUC&lpg=PA88
In the 1890s, the school occupied the [[Benjamin Lazarus House]] on 151 Wentworth Street, at which time a third floor was added to the building.<ref name=poston>{{cite book|last1=Poston|first1=Jonathan H.|title=The buildings of Charleston: a guide to the city's architecture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GHBfBOdwsCkC&pg=PA579|accessdate=17 January 2012|date=1997-12|publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-57003-202-8|page=579}}</ref> "From 1882 to 1896, the building housed Miss Kelly and boarders of her 'rigorous but genteel' academy".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccpl.org/content.asp?id=15652&catID=6026&action=detail&parentID=5747 |title=151 Wentworth St. c.1849 |publisher=Charleston County Public Library |accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Thomas |title=Do you Know Your Charleston (DYKYC) |date=September 27, 1971 |publisher=[[The Post and Courier]]}}</ref> Thereafter, it was at a location that became the [[Nathaniel Russell House]] at 51 Meeting Street.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Breibart|first1=Solomon|title=Explorations in Charleston's Jewish History, Volume 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Qr7ty-w5aLUC&lpg=PA88
|accessdate=17 January 2012|date=2005|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-59629-047-1|page=88}}</ref>
|accessdate=17 January 2012|year=2005|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-59629-047-1|page=88}}</ref>


==Historical context==
==Historical context==
The establishment of [[Female seminary|Female seminaries]] was a cultural trend across the United States. They were associated with a large and growing trend toward women's equality.<ref name="Donnaway">{{cite journal |url=http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1984-5/donnaway.htm |title=Women's Rights Before the Civil War |publisher=The Student Historical Journal 1984–1985 |first1=Laura |last1=Donnaway |accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> Beginning round 1815 and close to the Civil War, it has been said to be at the confluence of various liberation movements.<ref name="Donnaway"/><ref name="Melder">{{cite book |first1=Keith E. |last1=Melder |title=Beginnings of Sisterhood: The American Woman's Rights Movement, 1800–1850 |place=New York |publisher=Schocken Books |year=1977 |page=15}}</ref>.<ref name="clements"/>
The establishment of [[Female seminary|Female seminaries]] was a cultural trend across the United States. They were associated with a large and growing trend toward women's equality.<ref name="Donnaway">{{cite journal |url=http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1984-5/donnaway.htm |title=Women's Rights Before the Civil War |publisher=The Student Historical Journal 1984–1985 |first1=Laura |last1=Donnaway |accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> Beginning round 1815 and close to the Civil War, it has been said to be at the confluence of various liberation movements.<ref name="Donnaway"/><ref name="Melder">{{cite book |first1=Keith E. |last1=Melder |title=Beginnings of Sisterhood: The American Woman's Rights Movement, 1800–1850 |place=New York |publisher=Schocken Books |year=1977 |page=15}}</ref><ref name="clements"/>


Southern iterations were "among the most advanced in the country" offering the equivalent of four-year college programs even before the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="clements"/> It was part of "an unprecedented social experiment in women's education."<ref name="Farnham">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Education_of_the_southern_belle.html?id=5AdvjrxqZbMC |title=The Education of the Southern Belle |first1=Christie Anne |last1=Farnham |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |date=January 1, 1994 |pages=208 |format=Hardcover |isbn=0-8147-2615-1}} ISBN 978-0-8147-2615-0</ref> Southern female seminaries educated daughters and "education in a renowned and fashionable seminary conferred social capital as well as intellectual and artistic satisfaction".<ref name="clements">{{cite journal |url=
Southern iterations were "among the most advanced in the country" offering the equivalent of four-year college programs even before the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="clements"/> It was part of "an unprecedented social experiment in women's education."<ref name="Farnham">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Education_of_the_southern_belle.html?id=5AdvjrxqZbMC |title=The Education of the Southern Belle |first1=Christie Anne |last1=Farnham |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |date=January 1, 1994 |pages=208 |format=Hardcover |isbn=0-8147-2615-1}} ISBN 978-0-8147-2615-0</ref> Southern female seminaries educated daughters and "education in a renowned and fashionable seminary conferred social capital as well as intellectual and artistic satisfaction".<ref name="clements">{{cite journal |url=
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==Distinguished alumnae==
==Distinguished alumnae==
A notable alumna was author Beatrice Witte Ravenel (August 24, 1870&nbsp;– March 15, 1956)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7756398 |title=Beatrice Witte Ravenel |publisher=[[Find a Grave]]|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>, mother of the South Carolina architectural historiographer Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel (October 3, 1904&nbsp;– December 2, 1990).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/r/Ravenel,Beatrice_Witte.html |title=Collection Number: 03944 Collection Title: Beatrice Witte Ravenel Papers, 1892–1948 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Collection]] |accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.charlestonlibrarysociety.org/Chas_Library_Soc_Fall_NL_2009.pdf |format=pdf |title=From the Collections: Beatrice Witte Ravenel |volume=X |number=2 |page=1 |date=Fall 2009 |work=The Charlestown Reader |publisher=Charlestown Library Society |accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ravenel">{{cite book |title=Architects of Charleston|url=http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb1809819|first1=Beatrice St. Julien (1904–1990) |last1=Ravenel |first2=Carl (photographs) |last2=Julien |author3=Carolina Art Association |page=295 |lccn=91034126 |isbn=0-87249-828-X|place=Columbia, S.C. |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=50203259 |title=Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel |publisher=Find a Grave|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>
A notable alumna was author Beatrice Witte Ravenel (August 24, 1870&nbsp;– March 15, 1956),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7756398 |title=Beatrice Witte Ravenel |publisher=[[Find a Grave]]|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> mother of the South Carolina architectural historiographer Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel (October 3, 1904&nbsp;– December 2, 1990).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/r/Ravenel,Beatrice_Witte.html |title=Collection Number: 03944 Collection Title: Beatrice Witte Ravenel Papers, 1892–1948 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Collection]] |accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.charlestonlibrarysociety.org/Chas_Library_Soc_Fall_NL_2009.pdf |format=pdf |title=From the Collections: Beatrice Witte Ravenel |volume=X |number=2 |page=1 |date=Fall 2009 |work=The Charlestown Reader |publisher=Charlestown Library Society |accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ravenel">{{cite book |title=Architects of Charleston|url=http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb1809819|first1=Beatrice St. Julien (1904–1990) |last1=Ravenel |first2=Carl (photographs) |last2=Julien |author3=Carolina Art Association |page=295 |lccn=91034126 |isbn=0-87249-828-X|place=Columbia, S.C. |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=50203259 |title=Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel |publisher=Find a Grave|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>


Another was Hermine Kean Bulwinkle (1868–1942), who married Solomon Anderson Wolff (1861–1954) in 1890. Both were on the faculty [[Gaston College]], Dallas, N.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/w/Wolff,Hermine_Kean_Bulwinkle.html |title=Collection Number: 04160 Title: Hermine Kean Bulwinkle Wolff Papers, 1878–1892 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Collection]] [[University of North Carolina]] |accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>
Another was Hermine Kean Bulwinkle (1868–1942), who married Solomon Anderson Wolff (1861–1954) in 1890. Both were on the faculty [[Gaston College]], Dallas, N.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/w/Wolff,Hermine_Kean_Bulwinkle.html |title=Collection Number: 04160 Title: Hermine Kean Bulwinkle Wolff Papers, 1878–1892 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Collection]] [[University of North Carolina]] |accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==

===Footnotes===
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===References===
===References===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Revision as of 17:40, 24 September 2012

This article is about the school in South Carolina. For the school in Massachusetts, see Charlestown Female Seminary (Massachusetts).
Charleston Female Seminary
Charleston Female Seminary at its Philip Street location
Location
Charleston
,
South Carolina

United States
Information
TypePrivate, All-Female
MottoMens sana in corpore sano
("A sound mind in a sound body.")
Religious affiliation(s)Christian
Established1870
FounderHenrietta "Etta" Aiken Kelly

The Charleston Female Seminary, also known as Miss Kelly's School, was a private Christian[1] school for wealthy white girls in Charleston, South Carolina.

History

The school was opened in 1870 by Henrietta "Etta" Aiken Kelly (March 17, 1844 – January 18, 1916)[A] initially in her own home.[2] Kelly, who was an expert on silk worms,[3] had earlier sought to have female students admitted to study at the College of Charleston. After that effort proved unsuccessful, she established the Charleston Female Seminary to offer females access to higher education.[4] Beginning in 1872, the school was housed on 50 Philip Street,[2][5] in a building constructed in 1871 by architect John Henry Devereux.[6][7] Devereux used "mixed Roman" Italianate architecture, and "an arcaded and pedimented facade".[6][8]

Kelly ran the school using the motto Mens sana in corpore sano and incorporated physical education into the curriculum.[2]

In the 1890s, the school occupied the Benjamin Lazarus House on 151 Wentworth Street, at which time a third floor was added to the building.[1] "From 1882 to 1896, the building housed Miss Kelly and boarders of her 'rigorous but genteel' academy".[9][10] Thereafter, it was at a location that became the Nathaniel Russell House at 51 Meeting Street.[11]

Historical context

The establishment of Female seminaries was a cultural trend across the United States. They were associated with a large and growing trend toward women's equality.[12] Beginning round 1815 and close to the Civil War, it has been said to be at the confluence of various liberation movements.[12][13][14]

Southern iterations were "among the most advanced in the country" offering the equivalent of four-year college programs even before the American Civil War.[14] It was part of "an unprecedented social experiment in women's education."[15] Southern female seminaries educated daughters and "education in a renowned and fashionable seminary conferred social capital as well as intellectual and artistic satisfaction".[14] The continuing changes at Charleston Female Seminary aligned with trends throughout the United States. They included ever growing facilities in a more institutional format. Classical building structures became a norm, and were in sharp contrast to earlier forms of female education which moved from boarding schools and private education to seminaries. By midcentury, "female seminaries and academies were everywhere, replacing the homelike atmosphere of boarding schools with a more institutional setting". These larger buildings housed "dormitory rooms, chapels, dining halls, and classrooms".[14] The timing of the opening of a female seminary in 1870 was significant, as there was a retrenchment in female education following the Civil War.[15]

Another Charleston female seminary was Miss Murthen's Seminary for Young Ladies.[16]

Distinguished alumnae

A notable alumna was author Beatrice Witte Ravenel (August 24, 1870 – March 15, 1956),[17] mother of the South Carolina architectural historiographer Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel (October 3, 1904 – December 2, 1990).[18][19][20][21]

Another was Hermine Kean Bulwinkle (1868–1942), who married Solomon Anderson Wolff (1861–1954) in 1890. Both were on the faculty Gaston College, Dallas, N.C.[22]

A third notable alumna was Sarah Campbell Allan (1861–1954), who went on to become a physician in spite of educational and professional barriers she encountered as a woman. After completing a medical preparatory course at the South Carolina College for Women in Columbia and studying medicine at the Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, in 1894 she was licensed as a physician by the state of South Carolina. She was the only woman in the pool of applicants examined by the South Carolina Medical Board that year, the first time the board sat to examine applicants, and she received the board's highest grade. As a doctor, for 11 years Allan worked with female patients at the South Carolina Hospital for the Insane in Columbia and taught anatomy and physiology to nursing students.[4]

See also

Bibliography

Footnotes

  1. ^ Henrietta Kelly was well born to a prominent Charleston family, with a "silver spoon in her mouth". Henrietta Aiken's christening set is silver with gilt and "finely engraved with the Aiken crest" probably engraved in a northern city. It originated with Heloise boudo (d. 1837), who was a Charleston silver dealer specializing in spoons. Cup and spoon, c. 1827–1837. Charleston, S.C. "2007 Annual Report" (pdf). Historic Charleston Foundation. 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2012. Her parents were William Kelly (1799–1882) and Mary Stoll Kelly (1811–1867). She is buried at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston. Henrietta Aikin Kelly at Find a Grave.

References

  1. ^ a b Poston, Jonathan H. (1997-12). The buildings of Charleston: a guide to the city's architecture. University of South Carolina Press. p. 579. ISBN 978-1-57003-202-8. Retrieved 17 January 2012. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Mazyck, Arthur (1875). Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings. Charleston, South Carolina: Walker, Evans, and Cogswell. pp. 176–179.
  3. ^ Kelly, Henrietta Aiken (1903). The culture of the mulberry silkworm. Washington DC: Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  4. ^ a b Wooten, Nancy C. (3 March 2007), "Beautiful faces without names", Times and Democrat, Orangeburg, South Carolina, retrieved 8 February 2012
  5. ^ Johnston, Frances Benjamin (1864–1952), photographer (1937). "Charleston Female Seminary, 50 Philip St., Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b "Philip Street". Charleston County Public Library. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  7. ^ Guide to Charleston illustrated: being a sketch of the history of Charleston, S. C. with some account of its present condition, with numerous engravings. Walker, Evans & Cogswell. 1875. pp. 177–79.
  8. ^ Whitelaw, Robert N. S.; Levkoff, Alice F. (1976). Charleston, come hell or high water: a history in photographs. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 89.
  9. ^ "151 Wentworth St. c.1849". Charleston County Public Library. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  10. ^ Thomas (September 27, 1971). "Do you Know Your Charleston (DYKYC)". The Post and Courier.
  11. ^ Breibart, Solomon (2005). Explorations in Charleston's Jewish History, Volume 1. The History Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-59629-047-1. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  12. ^ a b Donnaway, Laura. "Women's Rights Before the Civil War". The Student Historical Journal 1984–1985. Retrieved 21 January 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Melder, Keith E. (1977). Beginnings of Sisterhood: The American Woman's Rights Movement, 1800–1850. New York: Schocken Books. p. 15.
  14. ^ a b c d "Academies & Seminaries" Women's Education Home Page". Women's Education Evolves, 1790–1890 – Selected Primary Works from the W.L. Clements Library. William L. Clements Library University of Michigan. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  15. ^ a b Farnham, Christie Anne (January 1, 1994). The Education of the Southern Belle (Hardcover). NYU Press. p. 208. ISBN 0-8147-2615-1. ISBN 978-0-8147-2615-0
  16. ^ Lewis, J.D. (2007). "South Carolina – Antebellum Educational Opportunities". Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  17. ^ "Beatrice Witte Ravenel". Find a Grave. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  18. ^ "Collection Number: 03944 Collection Title: Beatrice Witte Ravenel Papers, 1892–1948". Southern Historical Collection. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  19. ^ "From the Collections: Beatrice Witte Ravenel" (pdf). The Charlestown Reader. X (2). Charlestown Library Society: 1. Fall 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  20. ^ Ravenel, Beatrice St. Julien (1904–1990); Julien, Carl (photographs); Carolina Art Association (1992). Architects of Charleston. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 295. ISBN 0-87249-828-X. LCCN 91034126.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel". Find a Grave. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  22. ^ "Collection Number: 04160 Title: Hermine Kean Bulwinkle Wolff Papers, 1878–1892". Southern Historical Collection University of North Carolina. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
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