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* '''J-11BH''' - Naval version of the J-11B, which was first sighted in May 2010.<ref name="globalmil1"/><ref name="cnair_j11bs"/>
* '''J-11BH''' - Naval version of the J-11B, which was first sighted in May 2010.<ref name="globalmil1"/><ref name="cnair_j11bs"/>

* '''J-11D''' - New variant, with an [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar, more composite and [[radar absorbent material]]s, upgraded 137-kN engines, upgraded [[fly-by-wire]] system, and more.<ref>http://www.janes.com/article/51160/images-show-j-11d-variant-with-possible-new-radar</ref>


* '''[[Shenyang J-15|J-15]]''' - Carrier-based version based on the airframe T-10K-3, the prototype of [[Sukhoi Su-33]] purchased from Ukraine in 2001, with indigenous fighter features Chinese technologies as well as avionics from the [[Shenyang J-11#J-11|J-11B]] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_04_27_2011_p01-01-315782.xml|title=New Chinese Ship-Based Heavy Fighter Readied For Flight Tests|publisher=|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
* '''[[Shenyang J-15|J-15]]''' - Carrier-based version based on the airframe T-10K-3, the prototype of [[Sukhoi Su-33]] purchased from Ukraine in 2001, with indigenous fighter features Chinese technologies as well as avionics from the [[Shenyang J-11#J-11|J-11B]] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_04_27_2011_p01-01-315782.xml|title=New Chinese Ship-Based Heavy Fighter Readied For Flight Tests|publisher=|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:06, 26 May 2015

J-11
A Shenyang J-11 flies over Anshan Airfield in March 2007.
Role Air superiority fighter
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
First flight 1998
Introduction 1998
Status Active service
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
Produced 1998-Present
Number built 253+ (as of February 2014)[1][2]
Developed from Sukhoi Su-27SK (airframe for J-11)
Variants Shenyang J-15
Shenyang J-16

The Shenyang J-11 (Chinese: 歼-11) with NATO reporting name: Flanker B+ is a single-seat, twin-engine, jet fighter, whose airframe is based on the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27 (NATO reporting name: Flanker) air superiority fighter. It is currently manufactured by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the sole operator of the aircraft.

The base J-11/A is a fourth-generation jet fighter which, like its Sukhoi brethren, is intended as a direct competitor to Western fourth generation fighters such as the Sukhoi Su-35, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale.

Development

Proposed J-11

In the 1970s, Shenyang Aircraft Factory proposed a light fighter powered by the British Rolls-Royce Spey 512 engine, but otherwise similar to the MiG-19 then in service. Known as the J-11, the project was abandoned due to difficulties in obtaining the engines.[3]

Modern J-11

The J-11 was finally born in 1995 as a Chinese version of the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27SK air superiority fighter after China secured a $2.5 billion production agreement which licensed China to build 200 Su-27SK aircraft using Russian-supplied kits. Under the terms of the agreement, these aircraft would be outfitted with Russian avionics, radars and engines. However, in 2004, Russian media reported that Shenyang co-production of the basic J-11 was halted after around 100 examples were built. The PLAAF later revealed a mock-up of an upgraded multi-role version of the J-11 in mid-2002. The indigenous J-11B variant incorporates various Chinese material modifications and upgrades to the airframe with improved manufacturing methods in addition to the inclusion of domestic Chinese technologies such as radar, avionics suites and weaponry,[4][5][6][7] including anti-ship and PL-12 air-to-air missiles presumably for the role of a maritime strike aircraft. The alleged reason for the sudden stop in the production line of the J-11 was because it could no longer satisfy the PLAAF's requirements,[4] due to elements such as the obsolete avionics and radar, which were structured for aerial missions.[8]

The J-11/J-11B's legitimacy remains unproven, despite a wealth of information coming to light since 2007. In the course of a press conference at the 2009 Farnborough Airshow, Alexander Fomin, Deputy Director of Russia's Federal Service for Military-Technical Co-operation, reported that Russia had not so far tabled any questions to China with regard to "copying" military equipment. Fomin reported that Russia handed China the licences to manufacture the aircraft and its components, including an agreement on the production of intellectual property rights. Details of intellectual property rights, however have not been disclosed, fuelling speculation about a "secret" contract or parts of the original contract. The licence, at least officially, did not include an aircraft carrier version- Sukhoi Su-33 nor any variant of it, such as the Shenyang J-15.[9] At the MAKS 2009, Rosoboronexport's General Manager Anatoli Isaykin was quoted saying: "Russia is going to investigate the J-11B, as a Chinese copy of the Su-27 and Sukhoi Company is partaking in the process."[10] In 2010, Rosoboronexport announced via their official website that it was in talks with the Chinese side, regarding the ongoing production of weapons that Russia considers as un-licenced. In light of the ongoing investigations, Rosoboronexport expressed its concern over future sales of advanced Russian systems and components to China.[11][12]

Future

In the future, the current AL-31 engine may be replaced by an indigenous engine known as the WS-10 Taihang turbofan.[13] At the Zhuhai 2002 airshow, a photo was released allegedly depicting a J-11 modified for flight testing of a single WS-10A.[14] Andrei Chang, a military specialist on China reported that one J-11A was outfitted with the indigenously produced WS-10A turbofan engine, J-11B also uses WS-10A. However, Russian media reports also indicate that China still intends to upgrade the current J-11 fleet's engines with either Saturn-Lyulka or Salyut powerplants. Engines under consideration include the Saturn AL-31-117S (a development of the Lyulka AL-31F planned for the Russo-Indian Su-30MKIs), and the Salyut AL-31F-M1, an improved variant of the AL-31F engine.[15]

In 2002, Russian media reported that Shenyang Aircraft Corporation was looking into replacing Russian-made J-11/Su-27SK components with domestic, Chinese-made parts. Specifically, to replace the Russian-made NIIP N001 radar with a Chinese-made fire control radar based on the Type 147X/KLJ-X family, the AL-31F engine with WS-10A, and Russian R-77 AAM's with Chinese-made PL-9 and PL-12 AAM's. One J-11 was photographed with an AL-31F and a WS-10A engine installed for testing in 2002. However, it was not until 2007 when the Chinese government finally revealed information on the domestic J-11: the J-11 used to test WS-10 was designated as J-11WS, and it was when state television station CCTV-7 aired J-11B footages in mid-2007 when the existence of J-11 with domestic components was finally confirmed officially.

Serial manufacturing of the WS-10 and integration with the J-11, proved to be more difficult than expected. As a result, even though several related prototypes had been tested and at least one regiment converted to the Taihang powered J-11B version in 2007, these aircraft were later grounded for an extended period due to a poor operational reliability. A report in the Washington Times suggested that the Chinese engines lasted 30 hours before they needed servicing, compared to 400 hours for the Russian versions.[16] Defects were traced back to the engine manufacturer, Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Company employing sub-standard manufacturing and quality control procedures. Several subsequent batches temporarily reverted to the original, Russian AL-31F turbofans. The engines manufacturing problems had finally been solved by the end of 2009 and the WS-10A had reportedly proved mature enough to power the Block 02 aircraft.[9]

Operational history

In March 2011 a joint Sino-Pakistani exercise, Shaheen 1, was conducted at a Pakistan Air Force (PAF) base involving a contingent of Chinese aircraft and personnel from the PLAAF.[17] Information on which aircraft were used by each side in the exercise was not released, but photos of Pakistani pilots inspecting what appeared to be Chinese Shenyang J-11B fighters were released on the internet. The exercise lasted for around 4 weeks and was the first time the PLAAF had deployed to and conducted "operational" aerial maneuvers in Pakistan with the PAF.[18]

The J-11B, along with the J-10A and Su-30MKK, was deployed to enforce China's Air Defense Identification Zone.[19]

P-8 interception

Chinese Shenyang J-11B fighter intercepting an American P-8. The photo was taken by the crew of the P-8.
Underside view of the J-11BH, showing its air-to-air complement of two PL-8 and two PL-12 missiles.

On Aug. 19, 2014 a Chinese J-11B flew dangerously close to a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft over the South China Sea. At a press conference on August 22, 2014, Admiral John Kirby, the spokesperson for the U.S. Department of Defense told reporters that “On the 19th of August, an armed Chinese fighter jet conducted a dangerous intercept of a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon aircraft, patrol aircraft, that was on a routine mission. The intercept took place about 135 miles east of Hainan Island, in international airspace.” He elaborated on the incident, saying that the Chinese jet: “crossed under the aircraft with one pass having only 50-100 feet separation. The Chinese jet also passed the nose of the P-8 at 90 degrees with its belly toward the P-8 Poseidon, we believe to make a point of showing its weapons load-out. And then they flew directly under and alongside the P-8, bringing their wingtips, as I said, to within 20 feet. And then conducted a roll over the P-8, passing within 45 feet.”

The Pentagon spokesman said that the U.S. had registered an official complaint with China through regular diplomatic channels. He also said that the Chinese pilot’s actions had been “unprofessional, it’s unsafe, and it is certainly not keeping with the kind of military-to-military relationship” that U.S. seeks to establish with China.[20][21]

In response, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesman Yang Yujun said that the relevant criticism made by the U.S. side was "totally groundless," as the Chinese pilot, with professional operation, kept the jet within a safe distance from the U.S. aircraft. He also said it was the U.S. massive and frequent close-in surveillance of China that endangered the two sides' air and marine security, and was the root of accidents. He added that China urged the U.S. side to abide by international law and international practice, respect concerns of the coastal countries, and properly deal with the differences between the two sides on air and marine security issues.[22]

Variants

  • J-11 - The Chinese-built version of the Russian Su-27SK. The N001V radar, with TS101M processor capable of single target engagement and simultaneously tracking 10 targets during an engagement, is installed. Flight instrumentation incorporates two CRT multifunction displays (MFD) of similar size, one on top of the other with the upper MFD fitted to the right of the HUD.[23][24][25] Unconfirmed claims made by Chinese web sources state that the additional CRT display is used in conjunction with domestic electro-optical avionics and weaponry added to J-11, which avoids having to integrate the domestic avionics and weaponry with the aircraft's Russian systems.
  • J-11A - J-11A is an unofficial name for J-11s which are produced post-1995 that pilot and military fans given to it. It is a J-11 with further radar and flight instrumentation upgrade, most notably with the adoption of EFIS in its avionics. The J-11's N001V radar is replaced by the N001VE with Baguet series BCVM-486-6 processor, capable of simultaneously engaging two of eight targets tracked with R-27EA active radar homing air-to-air missiles. But please note, those R-27EA are not from Russian. Rather it is produced by China based on the technology purchased from Ukraine.[26] The most noticeable difference between the J-11A and the early version of the Su-27SK are the extra Multi-functional Display built on top of the old Head Down Display, the old Head Down Display has also been replaced by a MFD. The J-11A also has a different paint scheme. It has a Chinese national flag located on the outside of the cockpit. There is also a red strip across the plane's wing in the middle. All Chinese made J-11s before 1995 have been ungraded to J-11A standard, all Su-27SK purchased from Russia were left untouched and never received this upgrade.
  • J-11B - An indigenised multirole fighter using a Flanker type airframe and advanced Chinese avionics, WS-10A engine, weaponry and technologies, reduced RCS, MAWS, IRST, and composites to lighten the airframe weight by 700 kg.[6][27][28] It has been said that the J-11B is over 90% indigenous.[29] It has been reported that more than 2 regiments of J-11B are currently in service. In May 2007, the existence of J-11B was confirmed by the Chinese government for the first time when state-run Chinese TV stations aired a report on the J-11B in PLAAF service. It has been claimed that the J-11B is planned to incorporate an AESA radar.[30] A new group of photographs which shows it with a grey nose, likely an active electronically scanned array radar from the Chengdu-based 607th Institute, has emerged and may be evidence that the aircraft has undergone or plans to undergo retrofit with AESA radar.[31]
  • J-11BS - A tandem twin seat version of the J-11B under development, initially developed to serve as a combat-capable training aircraft for J-11B pilots.[32] It is reported that the first prototype was built by the end of 2007 and it is also rumored that a prototype aircraft crashed in 2009 during a test flight.[32] It is believed that the letter S stands for Shuangzuo, meaning twin seater in Chinese. On June 9, 2007, a model of the J-11BS was revealed to the public during the opening ceremony of the new aerospace museum of the Harbin Institute of Technology. As of 2012, the number of J-11B and J-11BS in service is over 120.[33]
  • J-11BH - Naval version of the J-11B, which was first sighted in May 2010.[30][32]
  • J-15 - Carrier-based version based on the airframe T-10K-3, the prototype of Sukhoi Su-33 purchased from Ukraine in 2001, with indigenous fighter features Chinese technologies as well as avionics from the J-11B program.[35]
  • J-16 - A strike variant of the J-11BS with longer range and upgraded avionics, the concept is similar to F-15E fighter/bomber.[32] According to media reports, this fighter is based on Russian Sukhoi Su-30MKK that was sold to China in 2000.[36][37] First few photos of J-16 were published on Chinese internet websites around June 2012, it appears J-16 has a slightly different vertical stabilizer comparing J-11 fighter or J-15 naval fighter. It is equipped with missile pylons for Chinese PL-8 air-to-air missiles, another difference comparing earlier J-11 variants. And its dual-seat layout is certainly different from any single seat Shenyang-manufactured Su-27 variants.[38]

Operators

 People's Republic of China

Specifications (J-11A)

Data from SinoDefense.com.[39][40][41]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1Fuel capacity: 9,400 kg (20,724 lb) internally[42]

Performance

Armament

Avionics

  • Fire-control radar: NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE Myech coherent pulse Doppler radar. J-11B to be equipped with AESA radar.[30]
  • OEPS-27 electro-optic system
  • NSts-27 helmet-mounted sight (HMS)
  • Gardeniya ECM pods

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p.236
  2. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p.235
  3. ^ Collins, Jack. "Chinese Fighter Development". China-defence.com. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  4. ^ a b "China copies Su-27 fighter, may compete with Russia - paper". RIA Novosti.
  5. ^ "Chinese version of Russian jet endangers bilateral relations". Rt.com. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  6. ^ a b "Chinese Aircraft - J-11 (Sukhoi Su-27)". Globalsecurity.org. Cite error: The named reference "globalsec_j11" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ SIPRI Yearbook 2009:Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2009-09-15. ISBN 978-0-19-956606-8.
  8. ^ "J-11A cockpit". Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  9. ^ a b Andreas Rupprecht. December 2011. "China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update". Combat Aircraft Monthly. Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 40–42.
  10. ^ "Lenta.ru: "Рособоронэкспорт" пообещал разобраться с китайскими копиями Су-27". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  11. ^ obsessed. "МАКС 2011". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  12. ^ http://www.roe.ru/news/lenty/lenta_10_11_17.html
  13. ^ "Overseas media: Chinese naval J-11s spotted in the open". Global Times.
  14. ^ Richard D. Fisher, Jr. (2003-10-07). "New developments in Russia-China Military Relations". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  15. ^ "Su-27 Modernisation Programme". Sinodefence. 2006-11-30. Archived from the original on 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  16. ^ Pomfret, John (25 December 2010). "Military strength eludes China, which looks overseas for arms". Washington Post.
  17. ^ "Pak Air force conducts joint exercise with China". Times of India. Mar 19, 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  18. ^ Zambelis, Chris (May 20, 2011). ""Shaheen 1" Exercise Signals Expansion of China-Pakistan Alliance". China Brief Volume: 11 Issue: 9. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  19. ^ http://p.you.video.sina.com.cn/swf/quotePlayer20131126_V4_4_42_14.swf?autoPlay=1&actlogActive=1&as=1&vid=120495802&uid=1&tokenURL=http%3A%2F%2Fyou.video.sina.com.cn%2Fapi%2FsinawebApi%2Foutplayrefer.php%2Fvid%3D120495802_1_aR23GnY7XjTK%2Bl1lHz2stqkM7KQNt6nknynt71%2BiJgxZVAmMborfO4kK4SvWBMZH%2BWxP%2Fs.swf&tHostName=www.sinodefenceforum.com
  20. ^ Zachary Keck, The Diplomat. "China's 'Dangerous Intercept' of US Spy Plane". The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Defense.gov Transcript: Department of Defense Press Briefing by Admiral Kirby in the Pentagon Briefing Room". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  22. ^ "China urges U.S. to stop close-in surveillance". Xinhua. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  23. ^ "J-11 cockpit". Retrieved 2011-05-12.[dead link]
  24. ^ "Su-27 & J-11 cockpits". Fyjs.cn. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  25. ^ "Su-27 & J-11 cockpits comparison". Military.china.com. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  26. ^ http://junshi.xilu.com/2010/1102/news_44_118670.html
  27. ^ "China Air Force". Cnair.top81.cn. Retrieved 2012-02-03.[self-published source?][dead link]
  28. ^ Air Power Australia (2010-08-29). "Shenyang J-11B Sino-Flanker". Ausairpower.net. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  29. ^ "J-11 Fighter". Aviatia.net. 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  30. ^ a b c Parsons, Ted. "Chinese naval J-11s spotted in the open". Jane's Defence Weekly via globalmil.com. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  31. ^ Chinese PLAAF operational active electronically scanned array (AESA) Chinese J-11B Flanker Fighter Jet Grey Radome missile bvr.jpg
  32. ^ a b c d "Chinese Military Aviation | China Air Force". Cnair.top81.cn. Retrieved 2011-05-12.[dead link]
  33. ^ Richard D. Fisher, Jr. (2012-03-19). "China Modernizes Air Force On Dual Tracks". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  34. ^ http://www.janes.com/article/51160/images-show-j-11d-variant-with-possible-new-radar
  35. ^ "New Chinese Ship-Based Heavy Fighter Readied For Flight Tests". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Chinese Counterfeiters Nail Another Russian Jet Fighter". strategypage.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  37. ^ John Pike. "J-16 (Jianjiji-16 Fighter aircraft 16) / F-16". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  38. ^ "J-16 multirole fighter another new photo". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Su-27 Specifications". Sinodefence.com. 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  40. ^ Sukhoi Su-27SK. KNAAPO.
  41. ^ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) - Airplanes - Military Aircraft - Su-27SК - Aircraft performance". Sukhoi.org. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  42. ^ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) - Airplanes - Military Aircraft - Su-27SÊ - Aircraft performance". Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  43. ^ "Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker Specifications". Sinodefence.com. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  44. ^ Originally measured as 7,600 kgf.
  45. ^ Originally measured as 12,500 kgf.
  46. ^ "Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker". Fighter-planes.com. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Bibliography
  • Golan, John (2006). "China's Hidden Power: The First Half Century of PLAAF Fighter Aviation". Combat Aircraft. 7.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (2014). Hacket, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2014. Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-722-5.
  • Wei, Bai (2012). "A Flanker by any other name". Air Forces Monthly. 5.
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