Hamer language

Hamer-Banna
Native to	Ethiopia
Region	South Omo Region
Ethnicity	Hamar, Banna, Karo speakers
Native speakers	74,000 (2007 census)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Omotic South Omotic Hamer-Banna
Dialects	Hamer Banna Karo
Language codes
ISO 639-3	amf
Glottolog	hame1242
ELP	Hamer-Bana-Kara

Hamer or Hamer-Banna (Hamer: hámar aapó) is a language within the South Omotic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. It is spoken primarily in southern Ethiopia by the Hamar people, Banna people, and by speakers of Karo.

Phonology

This is a sketch of the phonology of the non-Karo branch of Hamer.

Consonants

Hamer has six places of articulation for consonants, and eleven manners of articulation, though the system is not entirely orthogonal.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Pulmonic Stops	p b	t d	c ɟ	k g		(ʔ)
Ejective Stop					qʼ
Ingressive Stops	ɓ	ɗ		ɠ
Fricatives	(f)	z s	ʃ	(x)		h
Affricate		t͡s
Nasals	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Flap		ɾ
Lateral		l
Semivowels	w		j

Consonants marked with parentheses are surface forms only, appearing predictably due to phonotactics or morphophonemic processes.

Consonant length is distinctive non-initially. Long /ɾ/ is realized as a trilled /r/.

Vowels

There are five basic vowels

i				u
	e		o
		a

The vowels are further subdivided into two main categories (with a third being a surface "umlaut" phenomenon (see below)). Category I vowels are shorter, pharyngealized, and have retracted tongue root. Category II vowels are longer, glottalized, and have advanced tongue root.

Vowel Harmony exists in that every root word and every suffix belongs to either category I or II. When the category of a root and its suffix do not agree, a kind of umlauting takes place. An umlauted vowel retains its basic place of articulation, and is pronounced between the corresponding category I and II vowels, i.e. of medium length, and unmarked for pharyngealization, glottalization or tongue root position. Generally, the vowel(s) of the suffix undergo umlauting, but there is a set of "strong" suffixes which retain their category, and cause the vowels of the root to undergo umlauting.

There is a sixth non-phonemic vowel, /ə/, which appears in speech epenthetically to "break up" otherwise invalid consonant clusters. There is no need to consider this a phoneme, and no definitive reason for it to require a grapheme, as it occurs entirely predictably as part of what is essentially an allophonic process.

Syllable and word structure

Syllable structure is simply (C)V(C), though syllable-final consonants are rare. Strings of at least three vowels are documented. Strings of more than two consonants are not documented. There are a large number of (mostly very simple) rules governing metathesis and epenthesis when consonant clusters appear. In summary, there are three sorts of consonant cluster: "valid", "special", and "invalid". Valid clusters undergo no change between their underlying and surface forms. Special clusters undergo some kind of (generally metathetic) transformation in their surface forms. Invalid clusters insert a non-phonemic /ə/ between the two consonants to create their surface forms.

Orthography

There is no official writing system for Hamer, though several romanization schemes have been proposed, along with a Gə'əz orthography. As yet, there is no movement for official recognition of any of these systems.

"Lydall" romanization

This is the romanization used by Jean Lydall. It is perhaps the de facto standard, simply by being the one in which the majority of the existing corpus is presented.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Pulmonic Stops	b p	d t	j c	g k		'
Ejective Stop					q'
Ingressive Stops	B	D		G
Fricatives	f	z s	š	x		h
Affricate		ts
Nasals	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Flap		r
Lateral		l
Semivowels	w		y

Category I vowels

ɪ				ʊ
	ɛ		ɔ
		ʌ

Category II vowels

i				u
	e		o
		a

Umlauted vowels

Vowels which have been umlauted are written using the letter for their original sound, combined with an underline.

No marking of stress occurs.

"Minimal" romanization

This romanization will be used in this article to present grammar examples. The advantages of this scheme are that it allows capitalization (e.g. of proper nouns), and that it should be more familiar to the general linguist (especially one familiar with African studies).

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Pulmonic Stops	Bb Pp	Dd Tt	Ďď Ťť	Gg Kk		'
Ejective Stop					Qq
Ingressive Stops	Ḅḅ	Ḍḍ		Ġġ
Fricatives	Ff	Zz Ss	Šš	Xx		Hh
Affricate		Cc
Nasals	Mm	Nn	Ňň	Ṇṇ
Flap		Rr
Lateral		Ll
Semivowels	Ww		Yy

Vowels

i				u
	e		o
		a

Vowel categories and umlauting

Within roots, the stressed vowel is marked with an acute (for Category I), a grave (for Category II), a circumflex (for Umlauted Category I) or a caron (for Umlauted Category II). Within "harmonic" suffixes (i.e. where no umlauting takes place), or suffixes which have caused Umlauting, no diacritic is used on the suffix. Within Umlauted suffixes, a circumflex or caron is used as appropriate on the first vowel of the suffix.

Gə'əz orthography

Letters are provided below with their traditional Amharic names. Rows marked in dark red have special meanings that cannot fully be explained in the table: the ʾÄlf row is used for Category II vowels without a preceding consonant, while the ʿÄyn row is used for Category I vowels without a preceding consonant.

		ä [ə]	u	i	a	e	ə [ɨ]	o	wa	yä [jə]
Hoy	h	ሀ	ሁ	ሂ	ሃ	ሄ	ህ	ሆ
Läwe	l	ለ	ሉ	ሊ	ላ	ሌ	ል	ሎ	ሏ
Ḥäwt	x	ሐ	ሑ	ሒ	ሓ	ሔ	ሕ	ሖ	ሗ
May	m	መ	ሙ	ሚ	ማ	ሜ	ም	ሞ	ሟ	ፙ
Śäwt	ʃ	ሠ	ሡ	ሢ	ሣ	ሤ	ሥ	ሦ	ሧ
Rəʾs	ɾ	ረ	ሩ	ሪ	ራ	ሬ	ር	ሮ	ሯ	ፘ
Sat	s	ሰ	ሱ	ሲ	ሳ	ሴ	ስ	ሶ	ሷ
Ḳaf	q'	ቀ	ቁ	ቂ	ቃ	ቄ	ቅ	ቆ	ቋ
Bet	b	በ	ቡ	ቢ	ባ	ቤ	ብ	ቦ	ቧ
	ɓ	በ፟	ቡ፟	ቢ፟	ባ፟	ቤ፟	ብ፟	ቦ፟	ቧ፟
Täwe	t	ተ	ቱ	ቲ	ታ	ቴ	ት	ቶ	ቷ
	c	ቸ	ቹ	ቺ	ቻ	ቼ	ች	ቾ	ቿ
Nähas	n	ነ	ኑ	ኒ	ና	ኔ	ን	ኖ	ኗ
ʾÄlf	ʾ	አ	ኡ	ኢ	ኣ	ኤ	እ	ኦ	ኧ
Kaf	k	ከ	ኩ	ኪ	ካ	ኬ	ክ	ኮ	ኳ
Wäwe	w	ወ	ዉ	ዊ	ዋ	ዌ	ው	ዎ
ʿÄyn	ʿ	ዐ	ዑ	ዒ	ዓ	ዔ	ዕ	ዖ
Zäy	z	ዘ	ዙ	ዚ	ዛ	ዜ	ዝ	ዞ	ዟ
Yämän	y	የ	ዩ	ዪ	ያ	ዬ	ይ	ዮ
Dänt	d	ደ	ዱ	ዲ	ዳ	ዴ	ድ	ዶ	ዷ
	ɟ	ጀ	ጁ	ጂ	ጃ	ጄ	ጅ	ጆ	ጇ
	ɗ	ደ፟	ዱ፟	ዲ፟	ዳ፟	ዴ፟	ድ፟	ዶ፟	ዷ፟
Gäml	g	ገ	ጉ	ጊ	ጋ	ጌ	ግ	ጎ	ጓ
	ɠ	ገ፟	ጉ፟	ጊ፟	ጋ፟	ጌ፟	ግ፟	ጎ፟	ጓ፟
Ṣädäy	t͡s	ጸ	ጹ	ጺ	ጻ	ጼ	ጽ	ጾ	ጿ
Äf	f	ፈ	ፉ	ፊ	ፋ	ፌ	ፍ	ፎ	ፏ	ፚ
Psa	p	ፐ	ፑ	ፒ	ፓ	ፔ	ፕ	ፖ	ፗ

References

• Lydall, Jean (1976): "Hamer" in: Bender, M. Lionel (ed.): The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 393–438.
• Lydall, Jean (1988): Gender, Number and Size in Hamar. in: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne and Fritz Serzisko (eds.): Cushitic-Omotic: Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6–7, 1986. Hamburg. pp 77–90.
• Lydall, Jean (2005): Hamär dialect cluster. in: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2. Wiesbaden. pp 981–982.

External links

• World Atlas of Language Structures information on Hamer
• Rosetta Project: Hamer-Banna Swadesh List