Super 35
Super 35 (originally known as Superscope 235) is a motion picture film format that uses exactly the same film stock as standard 35 mm film, but puts a larger image frame on that stock by using the negative space normally reserved for the optical analog sound track.
Super 35 was revived from a similar Superscope variant known as Superscope 235 which was originally developed by the Tushinsky Brothers for RKO back in 1954. When cameraman Joe Dunton was preparing to shoot Dance Craze in 1982, he chose to revive the Superscope format by using a full silent-standard gate and slightly optically recentering the lens port. These two characteristics are among the central ones of the format. It was adopted by Hollywood starting with Greystoke in 1984, under the format name Super Techniscope. Later, as other camera rental houses and labs started to embrace the format, Super 35 became popular in the mid 1990s, and is now considered a ubiquitous production process, with usage on well over a thousand feature films. It is also usually the standard production format for television shows, music videos, and commercials, since none of these require a release print, thus have no reason to reserve space for an optical soundtrack. James Cameron was an early, consistent, and vocal supporter of the format, first using it for The Abyss. It also received much early publicity for making the cockpit shots in Top Gun possible, since it was otherwise impossible to fit 35 mm cameras with large anamorphic lenses into the small free space in the cockpit.
Super 35 is a production format. Theatres do not receive or project Super 35 prints. Rather, movies are shot in a Super 35 format but are then - either through optical blowdown/matting or digital intermediate - converted into one of the standard formats to make release prints. Because of this, often productions will also use Super 35's width in conjunction with a 3-perf negative pulldown in order to save costs on "wasted" frame area shot and allow for camera magazines to shoot for 33% longer in time with the same length of film.
If using 4-perf, the Super 35 camera aperture is 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), compared to the standard Academy 35 mm film size of 21.95 mm × 16.00 mm (0.864 in × 0.630 in) and thus provides 32% more image area than the standard 35-mm format. 4-perf Super 35 is simply the original frame size that was used in 35 mm silent films. That is, it is a return to the way the film stock was used before the frame size was cropped to allow room for a soundtrack.
Super 35 competes with the use of the standard 35 mm format used with an anamorphic lens. In this comparison, advocates of Super 35 claim an advantage in production costs and flexibility; when used to make 2.39:1 theatrical prints, detractors complain of a loss in quality, due to less negative area used and more lab intermediate steps (if done optically).
Super 35 uses standard "spherical" camera lenses, which are faster, smaller, and cheaper to rent—a factor in low-budget production—and provide a wider range of lens choices to the cinematographer. The chief advantage of Super 35 in productions such as James Cameron's is its adaptability to different release formats. Super 35 negatives can be used to produce high-quality releases in any aspect ratio, as the final frame will be extracted and converted from the larger full frame negative. This also means that a full-frame video release can actually use more of the frame than the theatrical release, provided that the extra frame space is "protected for" during filming. Generally the aspect ratio(s) and extraction method (either from a common center or common topline) need to be chosen by the director of photography ahead of time, in order that the correct ground glass can be created to allow the camera operator to see where the extracted frame will be. Super 35 ratios have included 1.85:1 ("flat" print), 2.20:1 (70 mm), 2.39:1 (anamorphic print), 16:9 (widescreen video), and 4:3 (fullscreen video). 1.66:1 and 1.75:1 have been indicated in some Super 35 frame leader charts, although generally they have not been used for Super 35 productions due to both relative lack of usage since the rise of Super 35 and their greater use of negative frame space by virtue of their increased vertical dimension.
Theoretically, 2.39:1 release prints made from Super 35 should have slightly lower technical quality than films produced directly in the anamorphic format, because part of the Super 35 image is thrown away when printing to this format. This is partially offset by Super 35's use of a large film area to begin with. Super 35 mm film format also gives consumers the incentive to buy both the widescreen and full screen versions of the same film (assuming that the image was 4-perf and protected for 1.33:1 composition), especially films without special effects. Super 35 has continually been popular with television shows, due to the lack of a need for a final release print; with the advent of widescreen television sets, 3-perf Super 35 - with a native 1.78:1 (16:9) ratio - is now also being used for widescreen television shows. 3-perf Super 35 has also been used for some time for 2.39:1 feature films, and the digital intermediate process has made it more attractive by skipping the optical processing formerly required.
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