Hugh Thompson Jr.

Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr.
File:Hugh Clowers Thompson Jr.png Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr. 1970
Born	(1943-04-15)April 15, 1943 Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Died	January 6, 2006(2006-01-06) (aged 62) Pineville, Louisiana, United States of America
Allegiance	United States of America
Service / branch	United States Navy United States Army
Years of service	1961–1964 (Navy), 1966–1983 (Army)
Unit	Naval Mobile Construction Battalions 161st Aviation Company, 23rd Infantry Division
Awards	Distinguished Flying Cross Soldier's Medal Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Air Medal

Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr. (April 15, 1943 – January 6, 2006) was a United States Army warrant officer in 123rd Aviation Battalion, 23rd Infantry Division who played an major role in ending the Mỹ Lai Massacre in Sơn Mỹ Village, Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam on March 16, 1968.

During the Mỹ Lai Massacre, Thompson and his Hiller OH-23 Raven crew, Glenn Andreotta and Lawrence Colburn, stopped a number of killings by threatening and blocking officers and enlisted soldiers of Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division. Additionally, Thompson and his crew saved a number of Vietnamese civilians by personally escorting them away from advancing United States Army ground units and assuring their evacuation by air. Thompson reported the atrocities by radio several times while at Sơn Mỹ. Although these reports reached Task Force Barker operational headquarters, nothing was done to stop the massacre. After evacuating a child to a Quảng Ngãi hospital, Thompson angrily reported to his superiors, in person at Task Force Barker headquarters, that a massacre was occurring at Sơn Mỹ. Immediately following Thompson's report, Lieutenant Colonel Frank A. Barker ordered all ground units in Sơn Mỹ to cease search and destroy operations in the village.

In 1970, Thompson testified against those responsible for the massacre. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only William Laws Calley, Jr. was convicted. William Laws Calley, Jr. was found guilty of killing 22 villagers, but only served three and a half years under house arrest. Thompson was condemned and ostracized by many individuals in the United States military and government for his role in the investigations and trials concerning the Mỹ Lai Massacre. As a direct result of what he experienced, Thompson suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, divorce, and severe nightmare disorder. Despite the adversity he faced, he remained in the United States Army until November 1st, 1983 and continued to make a living as a helicopter pilot in the Southeastern United States. In 1998, Thompson returned to Sơn Mỹ, Vietnam with Lawrence Colburn to meet with survivors of the massacre.

Thompson's role in stopping the Mỹ Lai Massacre and testifying against the war-criminals responsible is thoroughly examined in Trent Angers' The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story.

Biography

Early life

Stone Mountain, Georgia, United States of America

File:Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr. 2.png

Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr., South Vietnam, 1968

Hugh Clowers Thompson, Jr. was born on April 15, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America to Wessie and Hugh Clowers Thompson. His ancestry can be traced back to the Mississippian culture era in North America, the British Isles, and the Province of Georgia. His paternal grandmother was full Cherokee Native American and his ancestors were victims of the ethnic cleansing policies and actions that resulted from the Indian Removal Act, most notably the Trail of Tears.

Hugh Clowers Thompson, Sr. was an electrician and served in the United States Navy during the Second World War. In 1946, the Thompson family relocated from Atlanta, Georgia to Stone Mountain, Georgia. Thompson's brother and only sibling, Thomas Thompson, was born in 1938 and served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War. Thompson was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and his family was actively involved in the Episcopal Church. Hugh Clowers Thompson, Sr. strictly educated his children to act with discipline and integrity.The Thompson family denounced racism and ethnic discrimination in the United States and assisted many minority families in their community. Coming from a working class family, Hugh Clowers Thompson Jr. plowed fields and later worked as an assistant for a funeral mortuary to support his family during his adolescence.

Thompson graduated from Stone Mountain High School on June 5, 1961. Following graduation, Thompson enlisted in the United States Navy and served in a naval mobile construction battalion at the Naval Air Station Atlanta, Georgia as a heavy equipment operator. Thompson married Palma Baughman in 1963. In 1964 Thompson received an honorable discharge from the United States Navy and returned to Stone Mountain, Georgia to live a quiet life and raise a family his wife. He studied mortuary science and became a licensed funeral director. When the Vietnam War began, Thompson felt obligated to return to military service.

In 1966, Thompson enlisted in the United States Army and completed the Warrant Officer Flight Program training at Fort Wolters, Texas and Fort Rucker, Alabama. In late December 1967, at the age of 25, Thompson was ordered to Vietnam and assigned to Company B, 123rd Aviation Battalion of the 23rd Infantry Division

My Lai Massacre

Main article: My Lai Massacre

Murdered Vietnamese Civilians, Mỹ Lai Massacre, Son My, Quảng Ngãi Province, March 16, 1968, Ronald L. Haeberle Photograph

Dead Man and Two Children, Mỹ Lai Massacre,Son My,Quảng Ngãi Province, March 16, 1968, Ronald L. Haeberle Photograph

Thompson and his crew attempted to evacuate Nguyễn Thị Tẩu (pictured above), but she was murdered in front of them by Ernest Medina, the commanding officer of C Company, March 16, 1968. Ronald L. Haeberle Photograph

Hiller OH-23 Raven, three-place, light observation helicopter, similar to the one Thompson commanded during the Mỹ Lai Massacre.

On March 16, 1968, Thompson and his Hiller OH-23 Raven observation helicopter crew, Larry Colburn (gunner) and Glenn Andreotta (crew chief), were ordered to support Task Force Barker's search and destroy ground operations in Sơn Mỹ, Quảng Ngãi Province, South Vietnam. Song My Village was composed of four hamlets, My Lai, My Khe, Co Luy and Tu Cung and was suspected by the United States Army Military Intelligence Corps to be a Viet Cong stronghold.

United States Army intelligence concerning the presence of Viet Cong in Sơn Mỹ was inaccurate, however, and the village's population was predominately composed of neutral, unarmed paddy field farming families. Reconnaissance aircraft, including Thompson's Hiller OH-23 Raven crew, flew over over the Sơn Mỹ vicinity but received no counter-fire. At 7:24 A.M., without validating intelligence reports, the Untited States Army shelled Son My, which killed many Vietnamese civilians. Following the shelling, Company C (Charlie Company), 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division of Task Force Barker, led by United States Army Captain Ernest Medina, moved into Sơn Mỹ.

Upon entering Sơn Mỹ, officers and soldiers of Company C, initiated an orgy of murder and rape in Son My. For hours, Company C moved through the Song My Village vicinity, murdering civilians, raping women, and setting fire to huts. 1st Platoon of Company C, commanded by William Laws Calley, Jr., forced approximately 70–80 villagers, mostly women and children, into an irrigation ditch and murdered the Vietnamese civilians with knives, bayonets, grenades, and small arms.

Thompson recounted at an academic conference on My Lai held at Tulane University in December, 1994., "We kept flying back and forth, reconning in front and in the rear, and it didn't take very long until we started noticing the large number of bodies everywhere. Everywhere we'd look, we'd see bodies. These were infants, two-, three-, four-, five-year-olds, women, very old men, no draft-age people whatsoever.."

Thompson and his crew, who at first thought the artillery bombardment caused all the civilian deaths on the ground, became aware that Americans were murdering the Vietnamese villagers after a wounded civilian women they requested medical evacuation for, Nguyễn Thị Tẩu (chín Tẩu), was murdered right in front of them by Captain Ernest Medina, the commanding officer of the operation. According to Larry Colburn,

"Then we saw a young girl about twenty years old lying on the grass. We could see that she was unarmed and wounded in the chest. We marked her with smoke because we saw a squad not too far away. The smoke was green, meaning it's safe to approach. Red would have meant the opposite. We were hovering six feet off the ground not more than twenty feet away when Captain Medina came over, kicked her, stepped back, and finished her off. He did it right in front of us. When we saw Medina do that, it clicked. It was our guys doing the killing."

Immediately after the execution, Thompson discovered the irrigation ditch full of William Laws Calley, Jr. victims. Thompson then radioed a message to accompanying gunships and Task Force Barker headquarters, "It looks to me like there's an awful lot of unnecessary killing going on down there. Something ain't right about this. There's bodies everywhere. There's a ditch full of bodies that we saw. There's something wrong here." Thompson spotted movement in the irrigation ditch, indicating that there were civilians alive in it. He immediately landed to assist the victims. William Calley approached Thompson and the two exchanged an uneasy conversion.

Thompson: What's going on here, Lieutenant?

Calley: This is my business.

Thompson: What is this? Who are these people?

Calley: Just following orders.

Thompson: Orders? Whose orders?

Calley: Just following...

Thompson: But, these are human beings, unarmed civilians, sir.

Calley: Look Thompson, this is my show. I'm in charge here. It ain't your concern.

Thompson: Yeah, great job.

Calley: You better get back in that chopper and mind your own business.

Thompson: You ain't heard the last of this!

As Thompson was speaking to Calley, Calley's subordinate, Sergeant David Mitchell, fired into the irrigation ditch killing any civilians still moving. Thompson and his crew, in disbelief and shock, returned to their helicopter and began searching for civilians they could save. They spotted a group of women, children, and old men in the northeast corner of the village fleeing from advancing soldiers from the 2nd Platoon, Company C. Immediately realizing that the soldiers intended to murder the Vietnamese civilians, Thompson landed his helicopter between the advancing ground unit and the villagers. He turned to Colburn and Andreotta and told them shoot the men in the 2nd Platoon if they attempted to kill any of the fleeing civilians. While Colburn and Andreotta focused their guns on the 2nd Platoon, Thompson located as many civilians as he could, persuaded them to follow him to safer location, and ensured their evacuation with the help of two UH-1 Huey pilots he was friends with

Low on fuel, Thompson was forced to return to a supply airstrip miles outside the village. Before they departed the village, Andreotta spotted movement in the irrigation ditch full of bodies. According to Trent Angers in The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story(2014),

"The helicopter looped around then set down quickly near the edge of the ditch. Andreotta had maintained visual contact with the spot where he saw the movement, and he darted out of the aircraft as soon as it touched the ground. Thompson got out and guarded one side of the copper and Colburn guarded the other. Andreotta had to walk on several badly mangled bodies to get where he was going. He lifted a corpse with several bullet holes in the torso and there, lying under it, was a child, age five or six, covered in blood and obviously in a state of shock."

The child, Do Ba, was pulled from the irrigation ditch and after failing to find anymore survivors, Thompson's crew transported the child to a hospital in Quang Ngai.  

After transporting the child to the hospital, Thompson flew to the Task Force Barker headquarters (Landing Zone Dottie), and angrily reported the massacre to his superiors . His report quickly reached Lieutenant Colonel Frank Barker, the operation's overall commander. Barker immediately radioed ground forces to cease the "killings". After the helicopter was refueled, Thompson's crew returned to the village to ensure that no more civilians were being murdered and that the wounded were evacuated.

After the massacre

Thompson made an official report of the killings, and was interviewed by Colonel Oran Henderson, the commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade (the parent organization of the 20th Infantry). Concerned, senior American Division officers cancelled similar planned operations by Task Force Barker against other villages (My Lai 5, My Lai 1, etc.) in Quang Ngai Province, possibly preventing the additional massacre of further hundreds, if not thousands, of Vietnamese civilians.

Initially, commanders throughout the American chain of command were successful in covering up the My Lai Massacre. Thompson quickly received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions at My Lai. The citation for the award fabricated events, for example praising Thompson for taking to a hospital a Vietnamese child "caught in intense crossfire". It also stated that his "sound judgment had greatly enhanced Vietnamese–American relations in the operational area." Thompson threw away the citation.

Thompson continued to fly the observation missions in the OH-23 Raven and was hit by enemy fire a total of eight times. In four of those instances, his aircraft was lost. In the last incident, his helicopter was brought down by enemy machine gun fire, and he broke his back in the resulting crash landing. This ended his combat career in Vietnam, and he was evacuated to a hospital in Japan and began a long period of rehabilitation. He carried psychological scars from his service in Vietnam for the rest of his life.

When news of the massacre publicly broke, Thompson repeated his account to then-Colonel William Wilson and then-Lieutenant General William Peers during their official Pentagon investigations. In late 1969, Thompson was summoned to Washington DC and appeared before a special closed hearing of the House Armed Services Committee. There, he was sharply criticized by Congressmen, in particular Chairman Mendel Rivers (D-S.C.), who were anxious to play down allegations of a massacre by American troops. Rivers publicly stated that he felt Thompson was the only soldier at My Lai who should be punished (for turning his weapons on fellow American troops) and unsuccessfully attempted to have him court-martialed. As word of his actions became publicly known, Thompson started receiving hate mail, death threats and mutilated animals on his doorstep.

Thompson was hated my many in the American public for his involvement in testifying against United States Army personnel. He recounted in a CBS 60 Minutes television program in 2004, "I'd received death threats over the phone...Dead animals on your porch, mutilated animals on your porch some mornings when you get up."

After his Vietnam service, Thompson was assigned to Fort Rucker to become an instructor pilot and later received a direct commission. His other military assignments included Fort Jackson, South Korea, Fort Ord, Fort Hood, and bases in Hawaii. He retired from the Army in 1983.

Post-military life

Thompson became a helicopter pilot for the oil industry, operating in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1988 an English documentary film producer, Michael Bilton, working for Yorkshire Television, managed to contact him via his mother, who was then widowed and living in Texas. At that point Thompson had all but disappeared off the radar. Bilton had been talking with his former crew member Larry Colburn, and put the two in touch with each other after a gap of nearly 16 years. Both Thompson and Colburn had been trying to find each other without success. Thompson was living in Lafayette, Louisiana, and Colburn near Atlanta, Georgia, and they quickly arranged a reunion. Bilton flew down and spent a long weekend with Thompson discussing the events at My Lai. It proved the beginning of a long friendship which lasted until Thompson's death.

Both Thompson and Colburn agreed to be interviewed for the film Four Hours in My Lai (1989) (Remember My Lai? on PBS) - which went on to win a British Academy Award and an International Emmy. The interview showed Thompson overcome with grief at what he had witnessed at My Lai and his sense of powerlessness at not being able to prevent it happening. "Here we were supposed to be the guys in the white hats. It upset me". Bilton and his colleague Kevin Sim then began researching a book and Bilton conducted further interviews with Thompson and Colburn. When the book Four Hours in My Lai (1992) (not to be confused with My Lai 4 [1970], turned into a film in 2009) was published it prompted a campaign to have the heroism of Thompson and his helicopter crew recognised. Several senior figures in the U.S. military supported the campaign, as did President George H. W. Bush. Thompson and Colburn were invited to speak to a wide range of audiences about the ethics of warfare including at West Point, a conference in Norway, and at Connecticut College in New London, Conn., where they were each awarded an honorary doctorate. Bilton was specially invited by Connecticut College to introduce Thompson and Colburn to the audience of students and academics.

In 1998, Thompson and Colburn returned to the village of Sơn Mỹ, where they met some of inviduals they saved during My Lai Massacre, including Thi Nhung and Pham Thi Nhanh, two women who had been part of the group that was about to be killed by Brooks' 2nd Platoon. Thompson, with regret, stated to the survivors, " I just wish our crew that day could have helped more people than we did." Thompson and Colburn lit incense sticks and placed them in an urn by a stone marker at the irrigation ditch where many were murdered. They also dedicated a new elementary school for the children of the village.

Thompson later served as a counselor in the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs, and gave a lecture at the United States Naval Academy in 2003 and the United States Military Academy in 2005 on Professional Military Ethics. He also spoke at the United States Air Force Academy and to United States Marine Corps officers at Quantico. Thompson gave his first lecture to a U.S. Army audience, discussing physical and moral courage, at the U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, in 1998. Thompson and his crew's actions have been used as an example in the ethics manuals of U.S. and European militaries. In 2005, he retired from Louisiana Veterans Affairs.

Death

At the age of 62, after extensive treatment for cancer, Thompson was removed from life support and died on January 6, 2006, at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Pineville, Louisiana. Colburn came from Atlanta to be at his bedside. Thompson was buried in Lafayette, Louisiana, with full military honors, including a three-volley salute and a helicopter flyover. On February 8, Congressman Charles Boustany (R-La.) made a statement in Congress honoring Thompson, stating that the "United States has lost a true hero, and the State of Louisiana has lost a devoted leader and dear friend."

Recognition for actions at My Lai

Exactly 30 years after the massacre, Thompson, Andreotta, and Colburn were awarded the Soldier's Medal (Andreotta posthumously), the United States Army's highest award for bravery not involving direct contact with the enemy. "It was the ability to do the right thing even at the risk of their personal safety that guided these soldiers to do what they did," then-Major General Michael Ackerman said at the 1998 ceremony. The three "set the standard for all soldiers to follow." Additionally on March 10, 1998, Senator Max Cleland (D-Ga.) entered a tribute to Thompson, Colburn and Andreotta into the record of the U.S. Senate. Cleland said the three men were, "true examples of American patriotism at its finest."

In 1999, Thompson and Colburn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award. Later that year, both men served as co-chairs of STONEWALK, a group who pulled a one-ton rock engraved "Unknown Civilians Killed in War" from Boston to Arlington National Cemetery. In 2010, the Hugh Thompson Foundation was chartered in memory of Thompson's courage in halting the massacre. His biography The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story was included in the U.S. Army Chief of Staff’s professional reading list.

Folk singer David Rovics wrote a song about the incident at My Lai titled "Song for Hugh Thompson". Ryan Costello of The Oaks wrote a song commemorating Hugh Thompson's heroism in For Hugh Thompson, Who Stood Alone on the album Our Fathers and the Things They Left Behind. Thom Parrott (also known as Tom Parrott) wrote the song "Pinkville Helicopter" about the massacre that is included on the Smithsonian Folkways CD collection Best of Broadside. Jonathan Berger composed a piano concerto dedicated to Hugh Thompson, which was commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts. It was premiered at the United Nations General Assembly on January 24, 2001. A subsequent solo piano work, Elegy for the Victims of My Lai, adapted from the concerto was recorded and performed by pianist Sasha Toperich.

See also

• Seymour Hersh
• Silas Soule

Further reading

• Angers, T. (1999): The forgotten hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson story. Lafayette, La.: Acadian House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9254-1733-6
• Bilton, M., & Sim, K. (1992): Four hours in My Lai. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-1401-7709-1
• Peers Inquiry: Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident (1969).

External links

• Hugh Thompson Jr. about My Lai Massacre on YouTube
• The Heroes of My Lai (first-hand report by Thompson) Linder, Douglas (1999). The My Lai Courts-Martial, 1970.
• The Choices Made: Lessons from My Lai on drawing the line Bock, Paula (March 10, 2002), Seattle Times Magazine.
• My Lai Pilot Hugh Thompson via All Things Considered, NPR.
• Hugh Thompson’s Crewmember Remembers Helping to Stop the My Lai Massacre on Democracy Now!
• "Hugh Thompson Jr". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-07-13.