COVID-19 pandemic

"Coronavirus outbreak" redirects here. For other outbreaks of coronaviruses, see Coronavirus § Outbreaks.

2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Map of confirmed cases per capita as of 25 March 2020   1,000+ confirmed cases per million inhabitants   100–1,000 confirmed cases per million inhabitants   10–100 confirmed cases per million inhabitants   1–10 confirmed cases per million inhabitants   >0–1 confirmed cases per million inhabitants   No confirmed cases or no data
Total confirmed cases map Map of total confirmed cases as of 25 March 2020   10,000+ confirmed cases   1,000–9,999 confirmed cases   100–999 confirmed cases   10–99 confirmed cases   1–9 confirmed cases   No confirmed cases or no data
Deaths per capita map Map of deaths per capita as of 25 March 2020   100+ deaths per million inhabitants   10–100 deaths per million inhabitants   1–10 deaths per million inhabitants   0.1–1 deaths per million inhabitants   0.01–0.1 deaths per million inhabitants   >0–0.01 deaths per million inhabitants   No deaths or no data
Confirmed cases per capita interactive timeline Timeline map of confirmed cases per capita (drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile) See larger version
Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020 (clockwise from top) Hospitalised patients in Tehran Disinfection vehicles in Taipei Empty shelves in an Australian supermarket due to panic buying Health checks at Linate Airport in Milan The Italian government's outbreak task force
Disease	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Virus strain	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Source	Zoonosis, possibly bat or pangolin
Location	Worldwide (list of locations)
First outbreak	Wuhan, Hubei, China
Index case	Wuhan, Hubei, China 30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E
Date	17 November 2019 – present (4 years, 11 months and 3 weeks)
Confirmed cases	467,000+
Recovered	113,000+
Deaths	21,100+
Territories	190+

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. As of 25 March, more than 467,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 21,100 deaths and more than 113,800 recoveries.

The virus is typically spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets produced when people cough or sneeze. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but the virus is not considered airborne. People may also catch COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface and then their eyes, nose, or mouth. It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The time between exposure and symptom onset is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment. Primary treatment is symptomatic and supportive therapy. Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering the mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, and monitoring and self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected.

Efforts to prevent the virus spreading include travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, event postponements and cancellations, and facility closures. These include the first, arguably successful quarantine of Hubei, nationwide or regionwide quarantines across Europe, Western, South, and East Asia, Africa, South America, North America and Oceania, curfew measures elsewhere in China and South Korea, various border closures or incoming passenger restrictions, screening at airports and train stations, and outgoing passenger travel bans. Schools and universities have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in more than 124 countries, affecting more than 1.2 billion students.

The pandemic has led to severe global socioeconomic disruption, the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, and cultural events, and widespread fears of supply shortages which have spurred panic buying. Misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus have spread online, and there have been incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese and other East or Southeast Asian people.

Epidemiology

Main articles: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory, 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic cases/WHO situation reports, and 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic deaths/WHO situation reports

Updated November 3, 2024.

COVID-19 pandemic by location

	Location	Cases	Deaths
	World	776,695,852	7,072,496
	European Union	186,241,416	1,265,093
	United States	103,436,829	1,205,461
	China	99,381,002	122,367
	India	45,044,081	533,652
	France	39,023,328	168,091
	Germany	38,437,756	174,979
	Brazil	37,511,921	702,116
	South Korea	34,571,873	35,934
	Japan	33,803,572	74,694
	Italy	26,826,486	197,542
	United Kingdom	25,006,869	232,112
	Russia	24,547,989	403,508
	Turkey	17,004,728	101,419
	Spain	13,980,340	121,852
	Australia	11,861,161	25,236
	Vietnam	11,624,000	43,206
	Argentina	10,105,599	130,693
	Taiwan	9,970,937	17,672
	Netherlands	8,644,223	22,986
	Iran	7,627,863	146,837
	Mexico	7,622,259	334,764
	Indonesia	6,829,668	162,059
	Poland	6,755,185	120,875
	Colombia	6,394,306	142,727
	Austria	6,082,821	22,534
	Greece	5,724,778	39,606
	Portugal	5,669,374	29,018
	Ukraine	5,541,734	109,923
	Chile	5,403,559	64,482
	Malaysia	5,316,630	37,351
	Belgium	4,888,331	34,339
	Israel	4,841,558	12,707
	Canada	4,819,055	55,282
	Czech Republic	4,807,669	43,660
	Thailand	4,803,135	34,733
	Peru	4,526,977	220,975
	Switzerland	4,466,918	14,170
	Philippines	4,173,631	66,864
	South Africa	4,072,813	102,595
	Romania	3,566,466	68,899
	Denmark	3,442,484	9,919
	Singapore	3,006,155	2,024
	Hong Kong	2,876,106	13,466
	Sweden	2,764,353	27,928
	New Zealand	2,650,294	4,435
	Serbia	2,583,470	18,057
	Iraq	2,465,545	25,375
	Hungary	2,235,887	49,084
	Bangladesh	2,051,455	29,499
	Slovakia	1,883,245	21,247
	Georgia	1,863,615	17,150
	Republic of Ireland	1,750,342	9,900
	Jordan	1,746,997	14,122
	Pakistan	1,580,631	30,656
	Norway	1,523,402	5,732
	Kazakhstan	1,504,370	19,072
	Finland	1,499,712	11,466
	Lithuania	1,398,560	9,847
	Slovenia	1,359,672	9,914
	Croatia	1,347,441	18,774
	Bulgaria	1,337,252	38,743
	Morocco	1,279,115	16,305
	Puerto Rico	1,252,713	5,938
	Guatemala	1,250,392	20,203
	Lebanon	1,239,904	10,947
	Costa Rica	1,235,662	9,374
	Bolivia	1,212,149	22,387
	Tunisia	1,153,361	29,423
	Cuba	1,113,662	8,530
	Ecuador	1,078,766	36,054
	United Arab Emirates	1,067,030	2,349
	Panama	1,044,987	8,756
	Uruguay	1,041,640	7,684
	Mongolia	1,011,489	2,136
	Nepal	1,003,450	12,031
	Belarus	994,038	7,118
	Latvia	977,765	7,475
	Saudi Arabia	841,469	9,646
	Azerbaijan	836,462	10,353
	Paraguay	735,759	19,880
	Cyprus	708,559	1,492
	Palestine	703,228	5,708
	Bahrain	696,614	1,536
	Sri Lanka	672,802	16,907
	Kuwait	667,290	2,570
	Dominican Republic	661,103	4,384
	Moldova	650,542	12,280
	Myanmar	643,209	19,494
	Estonia	610,471	2,998
	Venezuela	552,695	5,856
	Egypt	516,023	24,830
	Qatar	514,524	690
	Libya	507,269	6,437
	Ethiopia	501,239	7,574
	Réunion	494,595	921
	Honduras	472,909	11,114
	Armenia	452,977	8,778
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	403,890	16,400
	Oman	399,449	4,628
	Luxembourg	395,802	1,000
	North Macedonia	352,032	9,990
	Zambia	349,892	4,078
	Brunei	349,170	181
	Kenya	344,109	5,689
	Albania	337,192	3,608
	Botswana	330,696	2,801
	Mauritius	329,121	1,074
	Kosovo	274,279	3,212
	Algeria	272,173	6,881
	Nigeria	267,189	3,155
	Zimbabwe	266,396	5,740
	Montenegro	251,280	2,654
	Afghanistan	235,214	7,998
	Mozambique	233,845	2,252
	Martinique	230,354	1,104
	Laos	219,060	671
	Iceland	210,656	186
	Guadeloupe	203,235	1,021
	El Salvador	201,960	4,230
	Trinidad and Tobago	191,496	4,390
	Maldives	186,694	316
	Uzbekistan	175,081	1,016
	Namibia	172,556	4,110
	Ghana	172,210	1,462
	Uganda	172,159	3,632
	Jamaica	157,322	3,618
	Cambodia	139,324	3,056
	Rwanda	133,266	1,468
	Cameroon	125,279	1,974
	Malta	123,114	925
	Barbados	108,835	593
	Angola	107,482	1,937
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	100,976	1,474
	French Guiana	98,041	413
	Senegal	89,312	1,972
	Malawi	89,168	2,686
	Kyrgyzstan	88,953	1,024
	Ivory Coast	88,448	835
	Suriname	82,503	1,406
	New Caledonia	80,203	314
	French Polynesia	79,451	650
	Eswatini	75,356	1,427
	Guyana	74,491	1,302
	Belize	71,430	688
	Fiji	69,047	885
	Madagascar	68,575	1,428
	Jersey	66,391	161
	Cabo Verde	64,474	417
	Sudan	63,993	5,046
	Mauritania	63,876	997
	Bhutan	62,697	21
	Syria	57,423	3,163
	Burundi	54,569	15
	Guam	52,287	419
	Seychelles	51,892	172
	Gabon	49,056	307
	Andorra	48,015	159
	Papua New Guinea	46,864	670
	Curaçao	45,883	305
	Aruba	44,224	292
	Tanzania	43,263	846
	Mayotte	42,027	187
	Togo	39,533	290
	Bahamas	39,127	849
	Guinea	38,582	468
	Isle of Man	38,008	116
	Lesotho	36,138	709
	Guernsey	35,326	67
	Faroe Islands	34,658	28
	Haiti	34,555	860
	Mali	33,171	743
	Federated States of Micronesia	31,765	65
	Cayman Islands	31,472	37
	Saint Lucia	30,288	410
	Benin	28,036	163
	Somalia	27,334	1,361
	Solomon Islands	25,954	199
	United States Virgin Islands	25,389	132
	San Marino	25,292	126
	Republic of the Congo	25,234	389
	Timor-Leste	23,460	138
	Burkina Faso	22,146	400
	Liechtenstein	21,603	89
	Gibraltar	20,550	113
	Grenada	19,693	238
	Bermuda	18,860	165
	South Sudan	18,847	147
	Tajikistan	17,786	125
	Monaco	17,181	67
	Equatorial Guinea	17,130	183
	Samoa	17,057	31
	Tonga	16,992	13
	Marshall Islands	16,297	17
	Nicaragua	16,194	245
	Dominica	16,047	74
	Djibouti	15,690	189
	Central African Republic	15,443	113
	Northern Mariana Islands	14,985	41
	Gambia	12,627	372
	Collectivity of Saint Martin	12,324	46
	Vanuatu	12,019	14
	Greenland	11,971	21
	Yemen	11,945	2,159
	Caribbean Netherlands	11,922	41
	Sint Maarten	11,051	92
	Eritrea	10,189	103
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	9,674	124
	Guinea-Bissau	9,614	177
	Niger	9,528	315
	Comoros	9,109	160
	Antigua and Barbuda	9,106	146
	American Samoa	8,359	34
	Liberia	8,090	294
	Sierra Leone	7,985	126
	Chad	7,702	194
	British Virgin Islands	7,628	64
	Cook Islands	7,375	2
	Turks and Caicos Islands	6,824	40
	Sao Tome and Principe	6,771	80
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	6,607	46
	Palau	6,372	10
	Saint Barthélemy	5,507	5
	Nauru	5,393	1
	Kiribati	5,085	24
	Anguilla	3,904	12
	Wallis and Futuna	3,760	9
	Macau	3,514	121
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	3,426	2
	Tuvalu	2,943	1
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	2,166	0
	Falkland Islands	1,923	0
	Montserrat	1,403	8
	Niue	1,092	0
	Tokelau	80	0
	Vatican City	26	0
	Pitcairn Islands	4	0
	Turkmenistan	0	0
	North Korea	0	0

Health authorities in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 31 December 2019, and an investigation was launched in early January 2020. The cases mostly had links to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin. The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses, pangolin coronaviruses and SARS-CoV.

The earliest known person with symptoms was soon traced back to  December 2019, someone who did not have visible connections with the later wet market's cluster. Of the early cluster of cases reported in December 2019, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market. On 14 March 2020, a report from the South China Morning Post said that a 55-year-old from Hubei province could have been the first person who contracted the disease, on 17 November.

On 26 February 2020, the WHO reported that, as new cases reportedly dropped in China but suddenly increased in Italy, Iran, and South Korea, the number of new cases outside China had exceeded the number of new cases in China for the first time. There may be substantial underreporting of cases, particularly those with milder symptoms. By 26 February, relatively few cases have been reported among youth, with those 19 and under making up 2.4% of cases worldwide.

Government sources in Germany and the UK estimate that 60–70% of the population will need to become infected before effective herd immunity can be achieved.

A scientific paper published from epidemiologists from the University of Oxford modeled the amount of SARS-Cov-2 cases in the United Kingdom and Italy. One out of different scenarios states, that 68% of the population of the United Kingdom were infected by 19 March 2020. For Italy one out of different scenarios assumes, that by 6 March 2020, 80% of the Italian population were infected by SARS-Cov-2.

Deaths

The time from development of symptoms to death has been between 6 and 41 days, with the most common being 14 days. By 24 March more than 16,700 deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. Most of those who have died were elderly—about 80% of deaths were in those over 60, and 75% had pre-existing health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

The first confirmed death was on 9 January 2020 in Wuhan. The first death outside China occurred on 1 February in the Philippines, and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February. By 28 February, outside mainland China, more than a dozen deaths each were recorded in Iran, South Korea, and Italy. By 13 March, more than forty countries and territories had reported deaths, on every continent except Antarctica.

A number of measures of mortality are being tracked. The WHO estimated the global crude mortality rate (cumulative deaths divided by cumulative reported infections) to be 3% to 4% as of 6 March 2020. The case-fatality rate (CFR) is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular condition (cases) who subsequently die from that condition, having been adjusted for the time lapse between infection and death; estimates of the CFR vary from 1.4% to 2.3%. The infection mortality rate (IFR) incorporates a further adjustment to allow for undiagnosed and/or asymptomatic infections; as at 22 March 2020 it has been estimated at 0.20%.

Over time, estimates for the CFR in China decreased markedly from 17.3% (for those with symptom onset 1–10 January 2020) to 0.7% (for those with symptom onset after 1 February 2020) as the quality of healthcare improved.

Diagrams

• 
  Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020
• 
  Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020
• 
  Epidemic curve of COVID-19 by date of report
• 
  Semi-log plot of cumulative incidence of confirmed cases and deaths in China and the rest of the world (ROW)
• 
  Semi-log plot of daily new confirmed cases by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total
• 
  Semi-log plot of coronavirus daily deaths by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total
• 
  Semi-log plot of cases in some countries with high growth rates (post-China) with doubling times and three-day projections based on the exponential growth rates
• 
  Semi-log graph showing the change in total count from the first reported date for the 10 most affected countries

Duration

The WHO asserts that this pandemic can be controlled. Predicting the peak and ultimate duration of the outbreak is uncertain and may differ in different places. Maciej Boni of Penn State University stated, "Left unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of available hosts. But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will be". Zhong Nanshan, the Chinese government's senior medical adviser, argued that WHO advice on measures to stop the spread of the virus should be followed everywhere and that "If all countries could get mobilized, it could be over by June." Adam Kucharski of London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine stated that SARS-CoV-2 "is going to be circulating, potentially for a year or two". According to the Imperial College study led by Neil Ferguson, physical distancing and other measures would be required "until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)". William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University stated, "I think it's unlikely that this coronavirus—because it's so readily transmissible—will disappear completely" and it "might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year". The virulence of the comeback would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.

Signs and symptoms

Main article: Coronavirus disease 2019

Symptom	Percentage
Fever	87.9%
Dry cough	67.7%
Fatigue	38.1%
Sputum production	33.4%
Anosmia (loss of smell)	30-66%
Shortness of breath	18.6%
Muscle pain or joint pain	14.8%
Sore throat	13.9%
Headache	13.6%
Chills	11.4%
Nausea or vomiting	05.0%
Nasal congestion	04.8%
Diarrhoea	03.7%
Haemoptysis	00.9%
Conjunctival congestion	00.8%

COVID-19 symptoms

Symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and those infected may either be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, or muscle pain. The typical signs and symptoms and their prevalence are shown in the corresponding table. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists emergency symptoms including difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.

Further development of the disease can lead to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and death. Some of those infected may be asymptomatic, returning test results that confirm infection but show no clinical symptoms, so researchers have issued advice that those with close contact to confirmed infected people should be closely monitored and examined to rule out infection. Chinese estimates of the asymptomatic ratio range from few to 44%.

The usual incubation period (the time between infection and symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days; it is most commonly five days. In one case, it may have had an incubation period of 27 days.

Cause

Transmission

See also: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 § Infection

Respiratory droplets, produced during sneezing and coughing.

A video discussing the basic reproduction number and case fatality rate in the context of the pandemic.

Details about transmission of the disease are still being learned. According to the World Health Organization and the United States Center for Disease Control, it is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets produced during coughing and sneezing. Close contact is within 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6 feet). Respiratory droplets may also be produced during breathing, specifically exhaling (breathing out), including talking, but the virus is not thought to be airborne or to spread over large distances. It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface and then their face. While there are concerns it may spread via faeces, this risk is believed to be low.

It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, and although spread may be possible before symptoms appear, this risk is very low. The CDC states that the virus "seems to be spreading easily and sustainably in the community in some areas". The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), as of 24 March, notes that there is not enough information about how easily and sustainably the disease spreads, but one person generally infects two to three others. The virus can remain infectious for hours to days on surfaces such as door handles. Specifically, the virus was found to be infectious for up to three days on plastic and stainless steel, for one day on cardboard, and for up to four hours on copper. This, however, varies based on the humidity and temperature. While the virus does not generally spread through the air, it may survive for up to three hours in aerosol form.

Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71% ethanol, 50–100% isopropanol, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5% povidone-iodine; benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate are less effective.

Virology

Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion

Coronavirus life cycle, showing how it infect the cell and multiply.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan. All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.

SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV. It is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13). In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from humans, however, whole-genome comparison to date found at most 92% of genetic material shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.

Diagnosis

Main article: COVID-19 testing

COVID-19 testing statistics by country

Country or region	Date	Tested	Units	Confirmed (cases)	Confirmed / tested, %	Tested / population, %	Confirmed / population, %	Ref.
Afghanistan	17 Dec 2020	154,767	samples	49,621	32.1	0.40	0.13
Albania	18 Feb 2021	428,654	samples	96,838	22.6	15.0	3.4
Algeria	2 Nov 2020	230,553	samples	58,574	25.4	0.53	0.13
Andorra	23 Feb 2022	300,307	samples	37,958	12.6	387	49.0
Angola	2 Feb 2021	399,228	samples	20,981	5.3	1.3	0.067
Antigua and Barbuda	6 Mar 2021	15,268	samples	832	5.4	15.9	0.86
Argentina	16 Apr 2022	35,716,069	samples	9,060,495	25.4	78.3	20.0
Armenia	29 May 2022	3,099,602	samples	422,963	13.6	105	14.3
Australia	9 Sep 2022	78,548,492	samples	10,112,229	12.9	313	40.3
Austria	1 Feb 2023	205,817,752	samples	5,789,991	2.8	2,312	65.0
Azerbaijan	11 May 2022	6,838,458	samples	792,638	11.6	69.1	8.0
Bahamas	28 Nov 2022	259,366	samples	37,483	14.5	67.3	9.7
Bahrain	3 Dec 2022	10,578,766	samples	696,614	6.6	674	44.4
Bangladesh	24 Jul 2021	7,417,714	samples	1,151,644	15.5	4.5	0.70
Barbados	14 Oct 2022	770,100	samples	103,014	13.4	268	35.9
Belarus	9 May 2022	13,217,569	samples	982,809	7.4	139	10.4
Belgium	24 Jan 2023	36,548,544	samples	4,691,499	12.8	317	40.7
Belize	8 Jun 2022	572,900	samples	60,694	10.6	140	14.9
Benin	4 May 2021	595,112	samples	7,884	1.3	5.1	0.067
Bhutan	28 Feb 2022	1,736,168	samples	12,702	0.73	234	1.71
Bolivia	5 Jun 2022	4,358,669	cases	910,228	20.9	38.1	8.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	27 Sep 2022	1,872,934	samples	399,887	21.4	54.7	11.7
Botswana	11 Jan 2022	2,026,898		232,432	11.5	89.9	10.3
Brazil	19 Feb 2021	23,561,497	samples	10,081,676	42.8	11.2	4.8
Brunei	2 Aug 2021	153,804	samples	338	0.22	33.5	0.074
Bulgaria	2 Feb 2023	10,993,239	samples	1,295,524	11.8	158	18.6
Burkina Faso	4 Mar 2021	158,777	samples	12,123	7.6	0.76	0.058
Burundi	5 Jan 2021	90,019		884	0.98	0.76	0.0074
Cambodia	1 Aug 2021	1,812,706		77,914	4.3	11.2	0.48
Cameroon	18 Feb 2021	942,685	samples	32,681	3.5	3.6	0.12
Canada	26 Nov 2022	66,343,123	samples	4,423,053	6.7	175	11.7
Chad	2 Mar 2021	99,027	samples	4,020	4.1	0.72	0.029
Chile	1 Feb 2023	48,154,268	samples	5,123,007	10.6	252	26.9
China	31 Jul 2020	160,000,000	cases	87,655	0.055	11.1	0.0061
Colombia	24 Nov 2022	36,875,818	samples	6,314,769	17.1	76.4	13.1
Costa Rica	2 Nov 2021	2,575,363	samples	561,054	21.8	51.5	11.2
Croatia	2 Feb 2023	5,481,285	cases	1,267,798	23.1	134	31.1
Cuba	2 Feb 2023	14,301,394	samples	1,112,470	7.8	126	9.8
Cyprus	29 Jan 2023	27,820,163	samples	644,160	2.3	3,223	74.4
Czechia	1 Feb 2023	22,544,928	samples	4,590,529	20.4	211	42.9
Denmark	31 Jan 2023	67,682,707	samples	3,399,947	5.0	1,162	58.4
Djibouti	28 Apr 2022	305,941		15,631	5.1	33.2	1.7
Dominica	20 Jun 2022	209,803	cases	14,821	7.1	293	20.7
Dominican Republic	22 Jul 2022	3,574,665	samples	626,030	17.5	32.9	5.8
DR Congo	28 Feb 2021	124,838		25,961	20.8	0.14	0.029
Ecuador	23 Jul 2021	1,627,189	samples	480,720	29.5	9.5	2.8
Egypt	23 Jul 2021	3,137,519	samples	283,947	9.1	3.1	0.28
El Salvador	18 Mar 2022	1,847,861	samples	161,052	8.7	28.5	2.5
Equatorial Guinea	30 Jan 2023	403,773		17,113	4.2	30.8	1.3
Estonia	31 Jan 2023	3,637,908	samples	613,954	16.9	274	46.2
Eswatini	8 Dec 2021	415,110		49,253	11.9	36.5	4.3
Ethiopia	24 Jun 2021	2,981,185	samples	278,446	9.3	2.6	0.24
Faroe Islands	27 Feb 2022	774,000	samples	34,237	4.4	1,493	65.7
Fiji	2 Jan 2023	667,953	samples	68,848	10.3	74.5	7.7
Finland	14 Jan 2022	9,042,453	samples	371,135	4.1	163	6.7
France	15 May 2022	272,417,258	samples	29,183,646	10.7	417	44.7
Gabon	23 Jul 2021	958,807	samples	25,325	2.6	3.1	0.082
Gambia	15 Feb 2021	43,217	samples	4,469	10.3	2.0	0.21
Georgia	3 Nov 2021	4,888,787	samples	732,965	15.0	132	19.7
Germany	7 Jul 2021	65,247,345	samples	3,733,519	5.7	77.8	4.5
Ghana	3 Jul 2021	1,305,749	samples	96,708	7.4	4.2	0.31
Greece	18 Dec 2022	101,576,831	samples	5,548,487	5.5	943	51.5
Greenland	30 Jan 2022	164,573	samples	10,662	6.5	293	19.0
Grenada	11 May 2021	28,684		161	0.56	25.7	0.14
Guatemala	6 Jan 2023	6,800,560	samples	1,230,098	18.1	39.4	7.1
Guinea	21 Jul 2021	494,898	samples	24,878	5.0	3.8	0.19
Guinea-Bissau	7 Jul 2022	145,231		8,400	5.8	7.7	0.45
Guyana	15 Jun 2022	648,569	cases	66,129	10.2	82.5	8.4
Haiti	26 Nov 2022	223,475	cases	33,874	15.2	2.0	0.30
Honduras	26 Nov 2021	1,133,782	samples	377,859	33.3	11.8	3.9
Hungary	10 May 2022	11,394,556	samples	1,909,948	16.8	118	19.8
Iceland	9 Aug 2022	1,988,652	samples	203,162	10.2	546	55.8
India	8 Jul 2022	866,177,937	samples	43,585,554	5.0	63	31.7
Indonesia	3 Jul 2023	76,062,770	cases	6,812,127	9.0	28.2	2.5
Iran	31 May 2022	52,269,202	samples	7,232,268	13.8	62.8	8.7
Iraq	3 Aug 2022	19,090,652	samples	2,448,484	12.8	47.5	6.1
Ireland	31 Jan 2023	12,990,476	samples	1,700,817	13.1	264	34.6
Israel	17 Jan 2022	41,373,364	samples	1,792,137	4.3	451	19.5
Italy	16 Mar 2023	269,127,054	samples	25,651,205	9.5	446	42.5
Ivory Coast	3 Mar 2021	429,177	samples	33,285	7.8	1.6	0.13
Jamaica	30 Sep 2022	1,184,973	samples	151,931	12.8	43.5	5.6
Japan	1 Mar 2021	8,487,288		432,773	5.1	6.7	0.34
Jordan	6 Jun 2021	7,407,053	samples	739,847	10.0	69.5	6.9
Kazakhstan	28 May 2021	11,575,012	samples	385,144	3.3	62.1	2.1
Kenya	5 Mar 2021	1,322,806	samples	107,729	8.1	2.8	0.23
Kosovo	31 May 2021	611,357	cases	107,410	17.6	33.8	5.9
Kuwait	9 Mar 2022	7,754,247	samples	624,573	8.1	181	14.6
Kyrgyzstan	10 Feb 2021	695,415	samples	85,253	12.3	10.7	1.3
Laos	1 Mar 2021	114,030	cases	45	0.039	1.6	0.00063
Latvia	5 Sep 2021	3,630,095	samples	144,518	4.0	189	7.5
Lebanon	14 Jun 2021	4,599,186	samples	542,649	11.8	67.4	8.0
Lesotho	30 Mar 2022	431,221		32,910	7.6	21.5	1.6
Liberia	17 Jul 2021	128,246		5,396	4.2	2.5	0.11
Libya	14 Apr 2022	2,578,215	samples	501,862	19.5	37.6	7.3
Lithuania	31 Jan 2023	9,046,584	samples	1,170,108	12.9	324	41.9
Luxembourg	12 May 2022	4,248,188	samples	244,182	5.7	679	39.0
Madagascar	19 Feb 2021	119,608	cases	19,831	16.6	0.46	0.076
Malawi	29 Nov 2022	624,784	samples	88,086	14.1	3.3	0.46
Malaysia	7 Sep 2021	23,705,425	cases	1,880,734	7.9	72.3	5.7
Maldives	13 Mar 2022	2,216,560	samples	174,658	7.9	398	31.3
Mali	7 Jul 2021	322,504	samples	14,449	4.5	1.6	0.071
Malta	8 Sep 2021	1,211,456	samples	36,606	3.0	245	7.4
Mauritania	16 Apr 2021	268,093		18,103	6.8	6.1	0.41
Mauritius	22 Nov 2020	289,552	samples	494	0.17	22.9	0.039
Mexico	15 Oct 2021	10,503,678	cases	3,749,860	35.7	8.2	2.9
Moldova	20 Apr 2022	3,213,594	samples	516,864	16.1	122	19.6
Mongolia	10 Jul 2021	3,354,200	cases	136,053	4.1	100	4.1
Montenegro	10 May 2021	394,388	samples	98,449	25.0	62.5	15.6
Morocco	6 Jan 2023	14,217,563	cases	1,272,299	8.9	38.5	3.4
Mozambique	22 Jul 2021	688,570	samples	105,866	15.4	2.2	0.34
Myanmar	16 Sep 2021	4,047,680	samples	440,741	10.9	7.4	0.81
Namibia	4 Jul 2022	1,062,663	samples	166,229	15.6	38.7	6.1
Nepal	26 Jul 2022	5,804,358	samples	984,475	17.0	20.7	3.5
Netherlands	6 Jul 2021	14,526,293	cases	1,692,834	11.7	83.4	9.7
New Caledonia	3 Sep 2021	41,962	samples	136	0.32	15.7	0.050
New Zealand	29 Jan 2023	7,757,935	samples	2,136,662	27.5	156	42.9
Niger	22 Feb 2021	79,321	cases	4,740	6.0	0.35	0.021
Nigeria	28 Feb 2021	1,544,008	samples	155,657	10.1	0.75	0.076
North Korea	25 Nov 2020	16,914	cases	0	0	0.066	0
North Macedonia	1 Jul 2021	881,870	samples	155,689	17.7	42.5	7.5
Northern Cyprus	12 Jul 2022	7,096,998	samples	103,034	1.5	2,177	31.6
Norway	20 Jan 2022	9,811,888	samples	554,778	5.7	183	10.3
Oman	28 Oct 2020	509,959	samples	114,434	22.4	11.0	2.5
Pakistan	5 Mar 2021	9,173,593	samples	588,728	6.4	4.2	0.27
Palestine	5 Feb 2022	3,078,533	samples	574,105	18.6	60.9	11.4
Panama	28 Jan 2023	7,475,016	samples	1,029,701	13.8	179	24.7
Papua New Guinea	17 Feb 2021	47,490	cases	961	2.0	0.53	0.011
Paraguay	27 Mar 2022	2,609,819	samples	647,950	24.8	36.6	9.1
Peru	17 Nov 2022	36,073,768	samples	4,177,786	11.6	109.9	12.7
Philippines	7 Jan 2023	34,402,980	samples	4,073,980	11.8	34.1	4.0
Poland	27 Apr 2022	36,064,311	samples	5,993,861	16.6	94.0	15.6
Portugal	5 Jan 2022	27,515,490	samples	1,499,976	5.5	268	14.6
Qatar	11 Nov 2022	4,061,988	cases	473,440	11.7	141	16.4
Romania	29 Jan 2021	5,405,393	samples	724,250	13.4	27.9	3.7
Russia	6 Jun 2022	295,542,733	samples	18,358,459	6.2	201	12.5
Rwanda	6 Oct 2021	2,885,812	samples	98,209	3.4	22.3	0.76
Saint Kitts and Nevis	26 Aug 2021	30,231	cases	995	3.3	57.6	1.9
Saint Lucia	7 Oct 2022	212,132	samples	29,550	13.9	116.6	16.2
Saint Vincent	28 Jan 2023	113,504	cases	9,585	8.4	103.0	8.7
San Marino	29 Jan 2023	192,613	samples	23,427	12.2	563	68.4
Saudi Arabia	26 Apr 2022	41,849,069	samples	753,632	1.8	120	2.2
Senegal	12 Jul 2021	624,502	samples	46,509	7.4	3.9	0.29
Serbia	2 Feb 2023	12,185,475	cases	2,473,599	20.3	175	35.5
Singapore	3 Aug 2021	16,206,203	samples	65,315	0.40	284	1.1
Slovakia	2 Feb 2023	7,391,882	samples	1,861,034	25.2	135	34.1
Slovenia	2 Feb 2023	2,826,117	samples	1,322,282	46.8	135	63.1
South Africa	24 May 2021	11,378,282	cases	1,637,848	14.4	19.2	2.8
South Korea	1 Mar 2021	6,592,010	samples	90,029	1.4	12.7	0.17
South Sudan	26 May 2021	164,472		10,688	6.5	1.3	0.084
Spain	1 Jul 2021	54,128,524	samples	3,821,305	7.1	116	8.2
Sri Lanka	30 Mar 2021	2,384,745	samples	93,128	3.9	10.9	0.43
Sudan	7 Jan 2021	158,804	samples	23,316	14.7	0.36	0.053
Sweden	24 May 2021	9,996,795	samples	1,074,751	10.8	96.8	10.4
Switzerland	7 Nov 2022	23,283,909	samples	4,276,836	18.4	270	49.7
Taiwan	3 Feb 2023	30,275,725	samples	8,622,129	28.48	128.3	36.528
Tanzania	18 Nov 2020	3,880		509	13.1	0.0065	0.00085
Thailand	4 Mar 2021	1,579,597	cases	26,162	1.7	2.3	0.038
Togo	6 Jan 2023	807,269		39,358	4.9	9.4	0.46
Trinidad and Tobago	3 Jan 2022	512,730	cases	92,997	18.1	37.6	6.8
Tunisia	23 Aug 2021	2,893,625	samples	703,732	24.3	24.5	6.0
Turkey	2 Jul 2021	61,236,294	samples	5,435,831	8.9	73.6	6.5
Uganda	11 Feb 2021	852,444	samples	39,979	4.7	1.9	0.087
Ukraine	24 Nov 2021	15,648,456	samples	3,367,461	21.5	37.2	8.0
United Arab Emirates	1 Feb 2023	198,685,717	samples	1,049,537	0.53	2,070	10.9
United Kingdom	19 May 2022	522,526,476	samples	22,232,377	4.3	774	32.9
United States	29 Jul 2022	929,349,291	samples	90,749,469	9.8	281	27.4
Uruguay	16 Apr 2022	6,089,116	samples	895,592	14.7	175	25.8
Uzbekistan	7 Sep 2020	2,630,000	samples	43,975	1.7	7.7	0.13
Venezuela	30 Mar 2021	3,179,074	samples	159,149	5.0	11.0	0.55
Vietnam	28 Aug 2022	45,772,571	samples	11,403,302	24.9	46.4	11.6
Zambia	10 Mar 2022	3,301,860	samples	314,850	9.5	19.0	1.8
Zimbabwe	15 Oct 2022	2,529,087	samples	257,893	10.2	17.0	1.7

Infection by the virus can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, though confirmation is ultimately by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of infected secretions (71% sensitivity) and CT imaging (98% sensitivity).

Viral testing

The WHO has published several RNA testing protocols for SARS-CoV-2, with the first issued on 17 January. Testing uses real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The test can be done on respiratory or blood samples. Results are generally available within a few hours to days.

A person is considered at risk if they have travelled to an area with ongoing community transmission within the previous 14 days, or have had close contact with an infected person. Common key indicators include fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other possible indicators include fatigue, myalgia, anorexia, sputum production and sore throat.

Imaging

Characteristic imaging features on radiographs and computed tomography of symptomatic patients include asymmetric peripheral ground glass opacities and absent pleural effusions. The Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases. Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19. However, a large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive, suggesting its consideration as a screening tool in epidemic areas.

Prevention

Infographic by the United States CDC, describing how to stop the spread of germs.

Eight do's and don'ts during the COVID-19 pandemic

Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include overall good personal hygiene, hand washing, avoiding touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands, coughing/sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into a dustbin. Those who may already have the infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask in public. Social distancing measures are also recommended to prevent transmission.

Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak. However, the virus has reached the stage of community spread in large parts of the world. This means that the virus is spreading within communities whose members have not travelled to areas with widespread transmission.

Health care providers taking care of someone who may be infected are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions and eye protection.

Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to prevent further transmission. Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent infection, for example: rinsing the nose and gargling with mouthwash are not effective. As of 23 March 2020, there is no COVID-19 vaccine, though a number of organizations are working to develop one.

Hand washing

Main article: Hand washing

Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease. The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. It further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available. However, in some other countries, like Lebanon, they recommended a hand wash for at least 30 seconds while avoiding using alcohol-based hand sanitizer. The WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.

Respiratory hygiene

People in Hong Kong wearing facemasks

Health organizations recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing (the tissue should then be disposed of immediately). Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected, as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing and coughing. The WHO has issued instructions on when and how to use masks.

Masks have also been recommended for use by those taking care of someone who may have the disease. WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, although masks may help people avoid touching their faces.

China has specifically recommended the use of disposable medical masks by healthy members of the public. Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places. Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make face masks at home out of cloth and wash them daily. The Czech Republic banned going out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth. Face masks have also been widely used by healthy people in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Physical distancing

Main article: Social distancing

Physical distancing at a London pharmacy on 23 March 2020

Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen demonstrates physical distancing by using the traditional fist-and-palm salute instead of shaking hands in response to the pandemic.

Physical distancing (also commonly referred to as social distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by minimizing close contact between individuals. Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres. Individuals may apply physical distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others. Many governments are now mandating or recommending physical distancing in regions affected by the outbreak. Allowed gathering size was swiftly reducing from 250 people (if there was no known COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10 people. On 22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people.

Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and complications and have been advised by the US CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community outbreak.

In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to replace the use of the term "social distancing" with "physical distancing", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact, while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a distance. The use of the term "social distancing" had led to implications that people should engage in complete social isolation, rather than encouraging them to stay in contact with others via alternative means.

Why Social Distancing Matters? A look at the Math behind Social Distancing amid Coronavirus.

Self-isolation

Transmission of COVID depends on many factors, and the basic reproduction number can be lowered by engaging in outbreak prevention measures such as physical distancing and self-isolation upon experiencing symptoms.

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected. Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation.

Additionally, many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations living in affected areas. The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high risk groups. Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country with widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.

Management

See also: Coronavirus disease 2019 § Management, and Pandemic § Management

Outbreak

The goal of community mitigation, (1) delay outbreak peak (2) decompress peak burden on healthcare, known as flattening the curve (3) diminish overall cases and health impact.

There are a number of strategies in the control of an outbreak: containment, mitigation, and suppression. Containment is undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population. When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the mitigation stage, when measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the health care system and society. A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time. Suppression requires more extreme measures so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1.

Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve. This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed. Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such surface cleaning.

More drastic actions aim at suppressing the outbreak were taken in China once the severity of the outbreak became apparent, such as quarantining entire cities affecting 60 million individuals in Hubei, and strict travel bans. Other countries adopted a variety of measures aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. For example, South Korea introduced mass screening, localized quarantines, and issuing alerts on the movements of affected individuals. Singapore provided financial support for those infected who quarantine themselves and imposed large fines for those who failed to do so. Taiwan increased face-mask production and penalized hoarding of medical supplies. Some countries require people to report flu-like symptoms to their doctor, especially if they have visited mainland China.

Simulations for Great Britain and the US show that mitigation (slowing but not stopping epidemic spread), as well as suppression (reversing epidemic growth), has major challenges. Optimal mitigation policies might reduce peak healthcare demand by 2/3 and deaths by half, still resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and health systems being overwhelmed. Suppression can be preferred but need to be maintained until a vaccine becomes available (at least 18 months later) as transmission quickly rebounds when relaxed, while long-term intervention causes social and economic costs.

Treatment

There are no specific antiviral medications approved for COVID-19, but development efforts are underway, including testing of existing medications. Attempts to relieve the symptoms may include taking regular (over-the-counter) cold medications, drinking fluids, and resting. Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids and breathing support may be required. The use of steroids may worsen outcomes. Several compounds, which were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases, are being investigated.

History

Main article: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Cases by country plotted on a logarithmic scale

There have been various theories as to where the first-ever case, or patient zero, may have originated. The first known case of the novel coronavirus was traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. A later unconfirmed claim, citing Chinese government documents, suggests that the first victim was a 55-year-old man who fell ill on 17 November 2019. Within the next month, the number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased to a couple of hundred, before rapidly increasing in January 2020. On 31 December 2019, the virus had caused enough cases of unknown pneumonia to be reported to health authorities in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, to trigger an investigation. These were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals; thus the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.

During the early stages, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days. In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese New Year migration, with Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange, and infections quickly spread throughout the country. On 20 January, China reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen. Later official data shows that 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by 20 January 2020.

On 10 January, based on reports from Chinese authorities, the WHO issued a travel advisory asking travellers to "be prudent to reduce the general risk of acute respiratory infections while travelling in or from affected areas (currently Wuhan City)". While noting that the mode of transmission of the virus was unclear, it advised "against the application of any travel or trade restrictions on China". On 12 January, based on additional information from the Chinese National Health Commission, WHO stated that "at this stage, there is no infection among healthcare workers, and no clear evidence of human to human transmission." On 24 January, WHO updated its travel advisory by recommending entry and exit screenings while continuing to advise "against the application of any restrictions of international traffic".

On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On 24 February, WHO director Tedros Adhanom warned that the virus could become a global pandemic because of the increasing number of cases outside China.

On 11 March, the WHO officially declared the coronavirus outbreak to be a pandemic, following a period of sustained community-level transmission in multiple regions of the world. On 13 March, the WHO declared Europe to be the new centre of the pandemic after the rate of new European cases surpassed that of regions of the world apart from China. By 16 March 2020, the total number of cases reported around the world outside China had exceeded that of mainland China. On 19 March 2020, China reported no new domestic cases (excluding cases re-imported from abroad) for the first time since the outbreak, while the total number of deaths in Italy surpassed that of China.

As of 25 March 2020, more than 462,000 cases have been reported worldwide; more than 20,800 people have died and more than 113,000 have recovered.

Domestic responses

Main articles: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory and National responses to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

See also: Criticism of response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

File:2020 coronavirus pandemic national lockdowns.svg

Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 25 March 2020 (table; more details)

  National lockdown

  Subnational lockdown

More than 170 territories have had at least one case. Due to the pandemic in Europe, multiple countries in the Schengen Area have restricted free movement and set up border controls. National reactions have included containment measures such as quarantines (known as stay-at-home order, shelter-in-place order or lockdown) and curfews.

As of 24 March, more than 158 million people are in lockdown in the United States, and 1.3 billion people are in lockdown in India.

China

Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in mainland China

"Aerial photography of roads after motor vehicles are banned in central urban areas of Wuhan: few vehicle traces"—Video news from China News Service

The first person known to have fallen ill due to the new virus was traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan. Doctor Zhang Jixian observed a cluster of unknown pneumonia on 26 December, and her hospital informed Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December. A public notice on the outbreak was released by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on 31 December. WHO was informed of the outbreak on the same day. At the same time these notifications were happening, doctors in Wuhan were being threatened by the police for sharing information about the outbreak. Chinese National Health Commission initially said that they had no "clear evidence" of human-to-human transmissions.

Temporary hospital for treating mild COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, one of more than 10 temporary hospitals in the city.

The Chinese Communist Party launched a radical campaign later described by the Party general secretary Xi Jinping as a "people's war" to contain the spread of the virus. In what has been described as "the largest quarantine in human history", a quarantine was announced on 23 January stopping travel in and out of Wuhan, which was extended to a total of 15 cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people. Private vehicle use was banned in the city. Chinese New Year (25 January) celebrations were cancelled in many places. The authorities also announced the construction of a temporary hospital, Huoshenshan Hospital, which was completed in 10 days, and 14 temporary hospitals were constructed in China in total.

On 26 January, the Communist Party and the government instituted further measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including health declarations for travellers, and extending the Spring Festival holiday. Universities and schools around the country were also closed. The regions of Hong Kong and Macau instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and universities. Remote working measures were instituted in several Chinese regions. Travel restrictions were enacted. Other provinces and cities outside Hubei imposed travel restrictions. Public transport was modified, and museums throughout China were temporarily closed. Control of movement of people was applied in many cities, and it has been estimated that about 760 million people (more than half the population) faced some form of outdoor restriction.

After the outbreak entered its global phase in March, Chinese authorities have taken strict measures to prevent the virus from "importing" from other countries. For example, Beijing has imposed a 14-day mandatory quarantine for all international travellers entering the city.

The early response by the Wuhan authorities was criticized as prioritizing control of information that might be unfavourable for local officials over public safety, and the Chinese government was also criticized for cover-ups and downplaying the initial discovery and severity of the outbreak. In early January 2020, Wuhan police summoned and "admonished" several doctors—including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital—for "spreading rumours" likening the disease to SARS. Li later died because of the virus. Observers have also blamed the institutional censorship that left the citizens and senior officials with inaccurate information on the outbreak and "contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread". Some experts have questioned the accuracy of the number of cases reported by the Chinese government, and the Chinese government has also been accused of rejecting help from the US CDC and the WHO.

Although criticisms have been levelled at the aggressive response of China to control the outbreak, China's actions have also been praised by some foreign leaders such as US President Donald Trump, and Russian president Vladimir Putin. Trump later reversed himself, saying "I wish they could have told us earlier about what was going on inside," adding that China "was very secretive, and that's unfortunate". The director of WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus congratulated Chinese government "for the extraordinary measures it has taken to contain the outbreak", and a later WHO report described China's response as "perhaps the most ambitious, agile and aggressive disease containment effort in history". According to a media report on 16 March, the economy in China was very hard hit in the first two months of 2020 due to the measures taken by the government to curtail virus spread, and retail sales plunged 20.5%.

On 23 March mainland China has gone five days with only one case transmitted domestically, in this instance via a traveller returning to Guangzhou from Istanbul. On 24 March 2020, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported that spread of domestically transmitted epidemic has been basically blocked and the outbreak has been controlled in China. The same day travel restrictions was eased in Hubei apart from Wuhan two months after the lockdown was imposed.

South Korea

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in South Korea

Coronavirus infection prevention tips banner in Seoul

COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread to South Korea on 20 January 2020 from China. There was a large increase in cases on 20 February, potentially attributable to a gathering in Daegu of a new religious movement known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus. Shincheonji devotees visiting Daegu from Wuhan were suspected to be the origin of the outbreak. As of 22 February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 or about 13% reported symptoms.

South Korea declared the highest level of alert on 23 February 2020. On 28 February, more than 2,000 confirmed cases were reported in Korea, rising to 3,150 on 29 February. All South Korean military bases were on quarantine after tests confirmed that three soldiers were positive for the virus. Airline schedules were also affected and therefore they were changed.

South Korea introduced what was considered the largest and best-organised program in the world to screen the population for the virus, and isolate any infected people as well as tracing and quarantining those who contacted them. Screening methods included a drive-thru testing for the virus with the results available the next day. It is considered to be a success in controlling the outbreak despite not quarantining entire cities.

The South Korean society was initially polarized with President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis. Many Koreans signed petitions either calling for the impeachment of Moon over what they claimed is the government's mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response. On 23 March, it was reported that South Korea had the lowest one-day case total in four weeks. South Korea's approach to the outbreak includes having 20,000 people tested every day for coronavirus.

Iran

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Iran

Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains against coronavirus

Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February in Qom, where, according to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, two people had died later that day. Early measures announced by the government included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events, sporting events, and Friday prayers, universities, higher education institutions and schools. Iran allocated five trillion rials to combat the virus. President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February 2020 that there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined. Plans to limit travel between cities were announced in March, although heavy traffic between cities ahead of the Persian New Year Nowruz continued. Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims until 16 March 2020.

Iran became a centre of the spread of the virus after China. Amidst claims of a cover-up of the extent of the outbreak in the country, more than ten countries had traced their cases back to Iran by 28 February, indicating that the extent of the outbreak may be more severe than the 388 cases reported by the Iranian government by that date. The Iranian Parliament was shut down, with 23 of its 290 members reported to have had tested positive for the virus on 3 March. On 12 March, the Human Rights Watch urged the Iranian prison authorities to unconditionally release the human rights defenders detained for peaceful dissent, and to also temporarily release all the eligible prisoners. It stated that there is greater risk of the virus to spread in closed institutions like the detention centers, which also lack adequate medical care. On 15 March, the Iranian government reported 100 deaths in a single day, the most recorded since the outbreak began. At least 12 sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died from the disease by 17 March 2020. Per media reports on 23 March Iran has 50 new cases every hour and one new death every ten minutes due to coronavirus. Even so, some sources like Radio Farda, which is US-backed, says Iran may be underreporting.

Europe

Map of confirmed cases in Europe per country as of 23 March 2020

  10,000+ confirmed cases

  1000-9999 confirmed cases

  100-999 confirmed cases

  10-99 confirmed cases

  1-9 confirmed cases

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Europe

As of 18 March, more than 250 million people are in lockdown in Europe.

Italy

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Italy

Civil Protection volunteers carrying out health checks at the Guglielmo Marconi Airport in Bologna

The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome. Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the Italian government to suspend all flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency. An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later further detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.

On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people from 11 different municipalities in northern Italy. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said, "In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided. Suspension of work activities and sports events has already been ordered in those areas."

On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths. All major sporting events, including Serie A football matches, will be held behind closed doors until April. On 9 March, all sport was suspended completely for at least one month. On 11 March, Prime Minister Conte ordered stoppage of nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.

On 6 March, the Italian College of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols that might be employed. On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most coronavirus-related deaths in the world after reporting 3,405 fatalities from the pandemic. As of 25 March 2020, there were 74,386 confirmed cases, 7,503 deaths and 9,362 recoveries in Italy. On the same date it was reported that Russia had sent nine military planes with medical equipment to Italy.

Spain

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Spain

People maintain social distancing in Valencia, Spain

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Canary Islands.

On 24 February, following a COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, Spain confirmed multiple cases related to the Italian clusters, originating from a medical doctor from Lombardy, Italy, who was on holiday in Tenerife. Afterwards, multiple COVID-19 cases were detected in Tenerife involving people who had come in contact with the doctor. Other cases involving individuals who visited Italy were also discovered in mainland Spain.

Since 13 March 2020, there have been registered cases in all 50 provinces of the country. Only on the islands of La Graciosa (Canary Islands) and Formentera (Balearic Islands) have there been no registered positive cases. On 21 March, it was reported that at least 2,355 people were hospitalized in intensive care (942 in the Community of Madrid) and more than 350,000 tests for COVID-19 had been conducted. On 25 March, it was reported that 738 people had died in a single day.

United Kingdom

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom

People in London buying canned foods and toilet paper on 18 March 2020

The UK response to the virus first emerged as one of the most relaxed of the affected countries, and until 18 March 2020, the British government did not impose any form of social distancing or mass quarantine measures on its citizens. As a result, the government received criticism for the perceived lack of pace and intensity in its response to concerns faced by the public.

On 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson made an announcement advising against all non-essential travel and social contact, to include working from home where possible and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants and theatres. On 20 March, the government announced that all leisure establishments (pubs, gyms etc.) were to close as soon as possible, and promised to pay up to 80% of workers' wages, to a limit of £2,500 per month, to prevent unemployment in the crisis.

On 23 March, the Prime Minister announced tougher social distancing measures, banning gatherings of more than two people and restricting travel and outdoor activity to that deemed strictly necessary. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through the issuing of fines and the dispersal of gatherings. Most businesses were ordered to close, with "essential" exceptions including supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, hardware shops, petrol stations and garages.

France

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in France

The virus was confirmed to have spread to France on 24 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Europe and France was confirmed in Bordeaux. It involved a 48-year-old French citizen who arrived in France from China. Two more cases were confirmed by the end of the day; all of the individuals recently returned from China. A Chinese tourist was admitted to a hospital in Paris on 28 January and died on 14 February, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France. It was also the first death outside of Asia. A national lockdown was put in place on 17 March. As of 25 March 2020, there have been 25,233 confirmed cases, 1,331 deaths and at least 3,900 recoveries in France.

Germany

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Germany

The virus was confirmed to have been transmitted to Germany on 27 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case was confirmed in Bavaria. The majority of the COVID-19 cases in January and early February originated from the headquarters of a car parts manufacturer in Bavaria. Later, new clusters were introduced by travellers from Italy, China and Iran. As of 25 March 2020, Germany has reported 37,323 cases, 206 deaths and 3,547 recoveries.

Rest of Europe

Disinfection of housing in Serbia during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic

Despite a select number of countries being particularly affected by bad outbreaks of COVID-19, many European countries, as of 24 March experienced far fewer cases of the disease. These include Poland, Lithuania, Finland, Greece, Croatia and Armenia among many others.

United States

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States

Confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million inhabitants by state

The first known case in the United States of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington on 20 January 2020, in a man who had returned from Wuhan on 15 January. The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on 29 January. On 31 January, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency, and placed travel restrictions on entry for travellers from China.

President Trump signs the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law on 6 March 2020

After the first death in the United States was reported in Washington state on 29 February, its governor, Jay Inslee, declared a state of emergency, an action that was followed by other states. Schools in the Seattle area cancelled classes on 3 March, and by mid-March, schools across the country were closing and most of the country's students were out of school.

On 6 March, President Donald Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the outbreak. Corporations imposed employee travel restrictions, cancelled conferences, and encouraged employees to work from home. Sports events and seasons were cancelled.

On 11 March, Trump announced travel restrictions for most of Europe (excluding the United Kingdom) for 30 days, effective 13 March, and on 14 March, he expanded the restrictions to include the United Kingdom and Ireland. On 13 March, he declared a national emergency, which made federal funds available to respond to the crisis. Beginning on 15 March, many businesses closed or reduced hours throughout the US as a method to try to combat the virus.

As of 25 March 2020, the epidemic was present in all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia. The number of confirmed cases in the US rose to 62,852, with 885 deaths. On 23 March, it was reported that New York City had 10,700 cases of the coronavirus, an amount that is greater than the country of South Korea.

The White House has been criticized for downplaying the threat and controlling the messaging by directing health officials and scientists to coordinate public statements and publications related to the virus with the office of Vice President Mike Pence. Overall approval of Trump's management of the crisis has been polarized along partisan lines.

International responses

See also: December 2019 – January 2020, February 2020, March 2020, and Criticism of response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

An analysis of air travel patterns was used to map out and predict patterns of spread and was published in The Journal of Travel Medicine in mid-January 2020. Based on information from the International Air Transport Association (2018), Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Taipei had the largest volume of travellers from Wuhan. Dubai, Sydney and Melbourne were also reported as popular destinations for people travelling from Wuhan. Bali was reported as least able in terms of preparedness, while cities in Australia were considered most able.

Australia released its Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on 7 February. It states that much is yet to be discovered about COVID-19, and that Australia will emphasize border control and communication in its response to the pandemic.

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A worker disinfects an ambulance in Daegu, South Korea

Announcement on a television screen at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, advising students not to travel to China (19 February 2020)

Travel restrictions

Main article: Travel restrictions related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Countries that have implemented a global travel ban in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (red)

As a result of the outbreak, many countries and regions have imposed quarantines or entry bans for citizens or visitors of the most affected areas of the pandemic.

The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel zone and introducing border controls with Italy, which has been criticized by some European politicians. After some EU member states announced complete closure of their national borders to foreign nationals, the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization." The United States suspended travel from the Schengen Area and later the Common Travel Area.

Evacuation of foreign citizens

See also: Evacuations related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan

Owing to the effective quarantine of public transport in Wuhan and Hubei, several countries have planned to evacuate their citizens and diplomatic staff from the area, primarily through chartered flights of the home nation, with Chinese authorities providing clearance. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, France, Australia, Sri Lanka, Germany and Thailand were among the first to plan the evacuation of their citizens. Pakistan has said that it will not be evacuating any citizens from China. On 7 February, Brazil evacuated 34 Brazilians or family members in addition to four Poles, a Chinese person and an Indian citizen. The citizens of Poland, China and India deplaned in Poland, where the Brazilian plane made a stopover before following its route to Brazil. Brazilian citizens who went to Wuhan were quarantined at a military base near Brasília. On the same day, 215 Canadians (176 from the first plane, and 39 from a second plane chartered by the US government) were evacuated from Wuhan to CFB Trenton to be quarantined for two weeks.

On 11 February, another plane of 185 Canadians from Wuhan landed at CFB Trenton. Australian authorities evacuated 277 citizens on 3 and 4 February to the Christmas Island Detention Centre, which had been repurposed as a quarantine facility, where they remained for 14 days. A New Zealand evacuation flight arrived in Auckland on 5 February; its passengers (including some from Australia and the Pacific) were quarantined at a naval base in Whangaparoa, north of Auckland. The United States announced that it would evacuate Americans aboard the cruise ship Diamond Princess. On 21 February, a plane carrying 129 Canadian passengers who had been evacuated from Diamond Princess landed in Trenton, Ontario. The Indian government has scheduled its air force to evacuate its citizens from Iran.

International aid

File:Digital billboard in Shibuya expressing support against coronavirus.jpg

Digital billboard conveying support with the words "Be Strong China" in various languages at Shibuya in Tokyo on 10 February

On 5 February, the Chinese foreign ministry stated that 21 countries (including Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt and Iran) had sent aid to China. Some Chinese students at American universities joined together to help send aid to virus-stricken parts of China, with a joint group in the greater Chicago area reportedly managing to send 50,000 N95 masks to hospitals in the Hubei province on 30 January.

The humanitarian aid organization Direct Relief, in coordination with FedEx, sent 200,000 face masks along with other personal protective equipment, including gloves and gowns, by emergency airlift to the Wuhan Union Hospital by 30 January. On 5 February, Bill and Melinda Gates announced a US$100 million donation to the WHO to fund vaccine research and treatment efforts along with protecting "at-risk populations in Africa and South Asia".

File:Azadi Tower lights in support of China against coronavirus 2.jpg

Tehran's Azadi Tower lights in the colours of the Flag of China to show support

Japan donated one million face masks to Wuhan. Other countries have also announced aid efforts. Turkey dispatched medical equipment, Russia sent more than 13 tonnes of medical supplies to Wuhan, Malaysia announced a donation of 18 million medical gloves to China, and Germany delivered various medical supplies including 10,000 Hazmat suits. On 19 February, the Singapore Red Cross announced that it would send $2.26 million worth of aid to China.

In March 2020, China, Cuba and Russia sent medical supplies and experts to help Italy deal with its coronavirus outbreak. Businessman Jack Ma sent 1.1 million testing kits, 6 million face masks and 60,000 protective suits to Addis Ababa for distribution by the African Union. He later sent 5,000 testing kits, 100,000 facemasks and 5 ventilators to Panama.

WHO response measures

The WHO has commended the efforts of Chinese authorities in managing and containing the epidemic. The WHO noted the contrast between the 2003 epidemic, where Chinese authorities were accused of secrecy that impeded prevention and containment efforts, and the current crisis where the central government "has provided regular updates to avoid panic ahead of Lunar New Year holidays".

WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom

On 23 January, in reaction to the central authorities' decision to implement a transportation ban in Wuhan, WHO representative Gauden Galea remarked that while it was "certainly not a recommendation the WHO has made", it was also "a very important indication of the commitment to contain the epidemic in the place where it is most concentrated" and called it "unprecedented in public health history".

On 30 January, following confirmation of human-to-human transmission outside China and the increase in the number of cases in other countries, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), the sixth PHEIC since the measure was first invoked during the 2009 swine flu pandemic. WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom said that the PHEIC was due to "the risk of global spread, especially to low- and middle-income countries without robust health systems. In response to the implementations of travel restrictions, Tedros stated that "there is no reason for measures that unnecessarily interfere with international travel and trade" and that "WHO doesn't recommend limiting trade and movement."

On 5 February, the WHO appealed to the global community for a $675 million contribution to fund strategic preparedness in low-income countries, citing the urgency to support those countries which "do not have the systems in place to detect people who have contracted the virus, even if it were to emerge". Tedros further made statements declaring that "We are only as strong as our weakest link" and urged the international community to "invest today or pay more later".

On 11 February, the WHO in a press conference established COVID-19 as the name of the disease. On the same day, Tedros stated that UN Secretary-General António Guterres had agreed to provide the "power of the entire UN system in the response". A UN Crisis Management Team was activated as a result, allowing co-ordination of the entire United Nations response, which the WHO states will allow them to "focus on the health response while the other agencies can bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak".

WHO representatives holding joint meeting with Tehran administrators

On 14 February, a WHO-led Joint Mission Team with China was activated to provide international and WHO experts to touch ground in China to assist in the domestic management and evaluate "the severity and the transmissibility of the disease" by hosting workshops and meetings with key national-level institutions to conduct field visits to assess the "impact of response activities at provincial and county levels, including urban and rural settings".

On 25 February, the WHO declared that "the world should do more to prepare for a possible coronavirus pandemic," stating that while it was still too early to call it a pandemic, countries should nonetheless be "in a phase of preparedness". In response to a developing outbreak in Iran, the WHO sent a Joint Mission Team there on the same day to assess the situation.

On 28 February, WHO officials said that the coronavirus threat assessment at the global level would be raised from "high" to "very high", its highest level of alert and risk assessment. Mike Ryan, executive director of WHO's health emergencies program, warned in a statement that "This is a reality check for every government on the planet: Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way and you need to be ready," urging that the right response measures could help the world avoid "the worst of it". Ryan further stated that the current data did not warrant public health officials to declare a global pandemic, saying that such a declaration would mean "we're essentially accepting that every human on the planet will be exposed to that virus."

On 11 March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak an official pandemic. The Director-General said that WHO was "deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction".

Impacts

Politics

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on politics

Chinese President Xi Jinping (left) and Prime Minister Li Keqiang (right), who is in charge of prevention and control of the epidemic.

A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions. Some experts believe this is likely in a move to protect Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak.

In early March, the Italian government criticized the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy. On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy.

The planned NATO “Defender 2020” military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.

The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus. Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying that his country doesn't have access to international markets due to the United States sanctions against Iran.

The outbreak has prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid family leave, and higher levels of funding for public health. Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election. The outbreak has also led to bipartisan praise for both Republican and Democratic Governors.

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic. South Korea criticized Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts".

Education

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education

Learners affected by school closures caused by COVID-19

  Localised school closures

  Country-wide school closures

  No school closures

As of 20 March, more than 960 million children and other students were affected by temporary or indefinite government-mandated school closures. Of these, 105 countries shut schools nationwide, affecting students who would normally attend pre-primary to upper-secondary classes, and 15 countries implemented localized closures, affecting an additional 640 million school children and other students.

On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.

Even when school closures were temporary, the measures carried high social and economic costs, affecting people across communities, but their impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.

In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programs, open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.

Socioeconomics

Main article: Socio-economic impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation and on financial markets

See also: Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war and 2020 stock market crash

Coronavirus fears have led to panic buying of essentials in Singapore and elsewhere, including toilet paper, dried and/or instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant and rubbing alcohol

The coronavirus outbreak has been attributed to several instances of supply shortages, stemming from: globally increased usage of equipment to fight the outbreaks, panic buying and disruption to factory and logistic operations. The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about shortages to drugs and medical equipment due to increased consumer demand and supplier disruption. Several localities, such as the United States, Italy, and Hong Kong, also witnessed panic buying that led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper and bottled water, inducing supply shortages. The technology industry in particular has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods. According to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold and this demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months. This has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.

In Australia, the pandemic has provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to sell Australian product into China. This activity has left locals without essential supplies.

As mainland China is a major economy and a manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilizing threat to the global economy. Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes. In January 2020, some analysts estimated that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the SARS outbreak. One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries reportedly "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China. Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China. On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, various US stock indexes including the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points, the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08. All three indexes ended the week down more than 10%. On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook. Stocks plunged again based on coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March 2020. Many consider an economic recession to be likely.

The near-empty arrival hall of Seoul–Incheon International Airport in South Korea on 6 March

Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advise of governments against any travel all over the world. As a consequence, numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, including British Airways, China Eastern and Qantas, while British regional airline Flybe collapsed. Several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed. The epidemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland. Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs. In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date. These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports. Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.

Retail sector has been impacted globally, with store hours reductions or temporary closures. This resulted in 30% drop in daily footfall by 18 March, with additional restrictions, such as closure of all 150+ shopping centres nationally by Simon Property Group, by mall operators around the world.

Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in Northern Italy and the Wuhan region, and the ensuing high demand for food products, both areas have been spared from acute food shortages. Effective measures by China and Italy against the hoarding and illicit trade of critical products have been carried out with success, avoiding acute food shortages that were anticipated in Europe as well as in North America. Northern Italy with its significant agricultural production has not seen a large reduction, but prices may increase according to industry representatives. Empty food shelves were only encountered temporarily, even in Wuhan city, while Chinese government officials released pork reserves to assure sufficient nourishment of the population. Similar laws exist in Italy, that require food producers to keep reserves for such emergencies.

Environment

Empty motorway in the Netherlands.

Due to the coronavirus outbreak's impact on travel and industry, many regions experienced a drop in air pollution. The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air reported that methods to contain the spread of coronavirus, such as quarantines and travel bans, resulted in a 25% reduction of carbon emission in China. In the first month of lockdowns, China produced approximately 200 million fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide than the same period in 2019, due to the reduction in air traffic, oil refining, and coal consumption. One expert estimated that this reduction may have saved at least 77,000 lives. Between 1 January and 11 March 2020, the European Space Agency observed a marked decline in nitrous oxide emissions from cars, power plants and factories in the Po Valley region in northern Italy, coinciding with lockdowns in the region. In Venice, the water in the canals cleared up and experienced an increased presence of fish and waterfowl; the Venice mayor's office clarified that the increase in water clarity was due to the settling of sediment that is disturbed by boat traffic and mentioned the decrease in air pollution along the waterways.

Despite a temporary decline in global carbon emissions, the International Energy Agency warned that the economic turmoil caused by the coronavirus outbreak may prevent or delay companies from investing in green energy. However, extended quarantine periods have boosted adoption of remote work policies. As a consequence of the unprecedented use of disposable face masks, significant numbers are entering the natural environment, adding to the worldwide burden of plastic waste.

Culture

Main article: List of events affected by the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on religion, on cinema, on television, on sports, and on video games

The closed entrance to the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Ray, Iran. Cultural sites and other public spaces throughout the world were closed to slow the spread of the pandemic.

Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, the film industry, and other societal events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, fashion shows and sports.

The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled. Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online livestreaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship. With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square is emptied of Christian pilgrims, other religious bodies also cancelled services and limiting public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues and gurdwaras. Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed, while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to the holy sites in Mecca and Medina.

The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War. Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, 2019–20 Premier League, UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season, and 2019–20 NHL season. The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics (originally scheduled to start at the end of July); the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".

Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled. This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting doubling of their rate of new sign-ups.

The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours. Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances. Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute and publicize their work.

Potential long-term impacts

See also: Globalization and disease

The political, cultural, and socio-economic impacts of the pandemic may together cause major changes in human society. Commentators have suggested this could include an increase in remote work, localization of global supply chains, and increased political polarization.

Xenophobia and racism

Main article: List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Houston Chinatown where businesses claim up to a 75% reduction in business due to the pandemic.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia and racism have been noted toward people of European, Chinese and other East Asian descent, as incidents of fear, suspicion and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America and the Asia-Pacific region. Some countries in Africa saw rising anti-Chinese sentiment as well. There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, towards those in virus-stricken areas, but many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported experiencing discrimination based on their regional origin. Since the progression of the outbreak to new hot-spot countries, people from Italy, the centre of Europe's coronavirus outbreak, have also been subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.

Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea, initially signed petitions lobbying their government to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease spreading. In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan had been trending on Twitter. Chinese people in the United Kingdom said they were facing increasing levels of racist abuse, with cases of assaults reported. In the United States, there have been widespread incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans. U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by detractors to be Sinophobic. In response, Trump tweeted: "It is very important that we totally protect our Asian American community in the United States, and all around the world." Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary. Students from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, who study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak. The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them." The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".

Islamists have exploited the disease to foster anti-Western sentiment. In Hong Kong, anti-Western sentiment has risen as expats are accused of introducing a 'second wave' of the disease. Anti-Caucasian sentiment has also risen in Thailand, where Westerners are accused of spreading the disease.

There were rumours in India that some Muslims who returned from Dubai refused to undergo coronavirus testing for religious reasons. The news was then amplified by bloggers and some social media channels, but it was later debunked and confirmed to be false. Local authorities in Bolivia quarantined Japanese nationals despite them having no coronavirus-related symptoms. In the Russian cities of Moscow and Yekaterinburg, Chinese nationals were targeted by quarantine enforcing campaigns, as well as police raids, which were condemned by human rights advocates as racial profiling. The Chinese Embassy in Germany has acknowledged a rise in hostile cases against its citizens since the outbreak. Children of Asian descent were ostracized and mocked over their origins in middle schools near Paris. Many French-Vietnamese report also being subject to harassment since the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan.

As the pandemic has progressed, there have also been isolated instances of prejudice against Westerners, particularly Western tourists accused of importing the disease. Most notably, a post to the Twitter account of the Thai Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, urged Thais to be "more careful of Westerners than Asians". It claimed many Western tourists refused to wear masks and "dressed dirtily and never shower". The post attracted negative feedback in Thailand and the UK and was quickly removed. Mr Charnvirakulk claimed he was not responsible for it.

On 30 January, the WHO's Emergency Committee issued a statement advising all countries to be mindful of the "principles of Article 3 of the IHR (the International Health Regulations)", which the WHO says is a caution against "actions that promote stigma or discrimination" when conducting national response measures to the outbreak.

Information dissemination

Many newspapers with paywalls have lowered them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage. Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access. Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.

Misinformation

Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

After the initial outbreak, conspiracy theories and misinformation spread online regarding the origin and scale of the COVID-19 coronavirus. Various social media posts claimed the virus was a bio-weapon, a population control scheme, or the result of a spy operation. Facebook, Google and Twitter announced that they would take stringent measures against possible misinformation. In a blog post, Facebook stated they would remove content flagged by leading global health organizations and local authorities that violates its content policy on misinformation leading to "physical harm".

On 2 February, the WHO declared there was a "massive infodemic" accompanying the outbreak and response, citing an overabundance of reported information, accurate and false, about the virus that "makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it". The WHO stated that the high demand for timely and trustworthy information has incentivized the creation of a direct WHO 24/7 myth-busting hotline where its communication and social media teams have been monitoring and responding to misinformation through its website and social media pages. The WHO has specifically debunked as false some claims that have circulated on social media, including that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; that drinking lots of water will protect against the virus; and that gargling salt water will prevent infection.

Taiwanese authorities accused the 50 Cent Party's internet trolls of spreading disinformation online to sow fear and panic among Taiwanese. Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 being the CIA's creation to keep China down spread across the Chinese internet. Possibly prompted by a press conference on 27 February where Zhong Nanshan, a prominent expert, said that "the coronavirus first appeared in China but may not have originated in China", individual officials have echoed Xinhua's claim that "The WHO has said many times that COVID-19 is a global phenomenon with its source still undetermined." Zhao Lijian, a spokesman from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, tweeted in March 2020 that the disease may have been introduced by members of the American Army who visited Wuhan in October 2019. In a move which third party commentators consider state propaganda to deflect blame for poor handling of the epidemic, some officials, including a foreign ministry spokesman, as reported by the state news agency Xinhua, have protested at alleged "politicisation" of the outbreak by countries. Commentators also consider the state propaganda is promoting a narrative that China's authoritarian system is uniquely capable of curbing the coronavirus and contrasts that with the chaotic response of the Western democracies.

Trump's top economic adviser Larry Kudlow and some members of the United States Congress have been accused of giving misinformation about the coronavirus. Some Indian politicians from Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure coronavirus. On 22 February, US officials said that they have discovered Russia-linked social media accounts deliberately promoting anti-American conspiracy theories, such as "waging economic war" on China, which was denied by Russia.

Iranian cleric Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi accused President Trump of targeting Qom with coronavirus to fulfil his previous promise of retaliation against Iranian cultural sites. Iran's Press TV asserted that "Zionist elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran", while Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said that the US created "a special version" of the virus that was affecting the country. According to the Middle East Media Research Institute, numerous writers in the Arabic media have promoted the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 was deliberately created and spread by the United States, as "part of an economic and psychological war waged by the US against China with the aim of weakening it and presenting it as a backward country and a source of diseases".

See also

• List of public venues and institutions closed during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
• Contact tracing
• Cross-species transmission
• Emerging infectious disease
• List of epidemics
• Virgin soil epidemic
• Wildlife trafficking and emerging zoonotic diseases
• Spanish flu
• 2019–20 United States flu season

References

•  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Text taken from 290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response​, UNESCO.
•  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Text taken from Coronavirus impacts education​, UNESCO.

External links

Government health agencies

• COVID-19 (Questions & Answers) by the World Health Organization
• COVID-19 (Q&A) by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• COVID-19 by the China National Health Commission
• COVID-19 (Q&A) by the Singapore Ministry of Health
• COVID-19 (Q&A) by the US Centers for Disease Control
• Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Q&A) by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• Expert Tips on COVID-19 Best Practices videos by WHO

Data and maps

• Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports by the World Health Organization (official numbers of confirmed cases by country)
• WHO map of cases by country
• Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data created by Lauren Gardner by Johns Hopkins University
• Covid-19 latest news and resources by The BMJ
• COVID-19 Resource Centre by The Lancet
• Coronavirus Resource Hub by Cell Press
• Coronavirus Observer based on Johns Hopkins University data
• Google Scholar list of COVID-19 research resources, with links to research hubs by the CDC, NEJM, JAMA, The Lancet, Cell, The BMJ, Elsevier, OUP, Nature, Wiley, CUP, and medRxiv
• World Travel Restrictions based on WFP data

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