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Pokémon: The First Movie

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Pokémon: The First Movie
Theatrical release poster
Japanese name
Kanji劇場版ポケットモンスター ミュウツーの逆襲
Literal meaningPocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnGekijōban Poketto Monsutā: Myūtsū no Gyakushū
Directed byKunihiko Yuyama
Screenplay byTakeshi Shudo
Based onPokémon
by Satoshi Tajiri & Nintendo
Produced by
  • Choji Yoshikawa
  • Tomoyuki Igarashi
  • Takemoto Mori
Starringsee below
CinematographyHisao Shirai
Edited by
  • Toshio Henmi
  • Yutaka Itō
Music byShinji Miyazaki
Production
company
Distributed byToho
Release date
  • July 18, 1998 (1998-07-18) (Japan)
Running time
75 minutes[1]
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Budget$5 million[2][3]
Box office$172.7 million[2]

Pokémon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back[a] is a 1998 Japanese anime fantasy adventure film[4] directed by Kunihiko Yuyama. It is the first theatrical release in the Pokémon franchise. The film was first released in Japan on July 18, 1998. On July 8, 1999, an extended version[b] of the film aired on Japanese television. In addition to an added prologue, the updated version included new animation and CGI graphics.[5] The film primarily consists of two segments: Origin of Mewtwo, the 10-minute prologue added to the extended version of the film; and Mewtwo Strikes Back, the main 75-minute film feature. Overseas, the prologue can only be seen as a bonus short in DVD versions of Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns. The events of the film take place during the first season of Pokémon: Indigo League. The English-language adaptation was released in North America and other countries on November 10, 1999, by Warner Bros. Pictures.[6]

In Japan, the film received positive reviews, with praise directed at the film's emotional impact and exploration of ethical topics such as cloning, genetic modification, and existentialism. However, the English-language version received generally negative reviews from film critics, with much of the criticism pointed at the poorly dubbed voice acting and its inclusion of an anti-violence message despite the overall concept of the series. Further, retrospective criticism of the English-language version has been targeted against the removal of most of the ethical topics from the Japanese version of the film, such as part of Mewtwo's origin story. Despite divided reviews (including Japan and the United States), it was a box office success worldwide, topping the box office charts in its opening weekend and eventually grossing over $172 million at the worldwide box office. It also sold 10 million home video units in the United States, including 4.2 million VHS sales that earned $58.8 million in 2000.

During the end credits of Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us (2018), it was announced that a full CGI remake was set to release the following year. It was released as Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution in July 2019.

Plot

The Uncut Story of Mewtwo's Origin

Scientist Dr. Fuji is hired by Giovanni, leader of Team Rocket, to utilize his expertise in cloning in order to create a living weapon based on an eyelash from the mythical Pokémon Mew. Fuji is revealed to be allying with Giovanni as a means to fund his side project: the resurrection of his deceased daughter Amber. In a laboratory, the weapon eventually gains sentience and is named Mewtwo. Mewtwo befriends the salvaged consciousness of Amber, named Ambertwo, as well as the clones of other Pokémon in the laboratory. However, Mewtwo is left deeply traumatized after Ambertwo and the rest of the clones decompose and die. To stabilize him, Fuji tranquilizes Mewtwo, causing him to fall asleep and forget the time he spent with his friends. However, before he re-awakens, Mewtwo recalls Ambertwo's last words to him: "Life is wonderful".

Mewtwo Strikes Back

After Mewtwo fully matures and awakens from his long slumber in the laboratory on New Island, he learns of his origin as Mew's clone from Dr. Fuji. Infuriated that Fuji and his colleagues see him as nothing more than an experiment, he unleashes his incredibly strong psychic abilities and telekinetically destroys the laboratory, killing Fuji and the rest of the scientists. Giovanni, witnessing the carnage afar, approaches and convinces Mewtwo to work with him to further develop and perfect his mental abilities. However, after Mewtwo learns of his purpose to be a weapon for Giovanni's benefit, he destroys Team Rocket's headquarters and escapes back to New Island, where he plots revenge against humanity and Pokémon alike.

After Mewtwo rebuilds the laboratory and establishes a base there, he invites several trainers with hologram messages to battle the world's greatest Pokémon trainer at New Island. Ash, Misty, and Brock receive a message and accept the invitation, but when they arrive at the port city, Old Shore Wharf, Mewtwo creates a storm, causing the boats on the wharf to be closed off for safety. As a result, Ash's group are picked up by Team Rocket, disguised as Vikings, on a boat. After the storm sinks their vessel in the middle of the ocean, Ash and his friends use their Pokémon to reach New Island.

Escorted into the island's palace by the woman who appeared on the hologram, Ash and the other trainers who were able to reach the island encounter Mewtwo. The woman is revealed to be a brainwashed Nurse Joy after she is released from Mewtwo's mind control. Mewtwo challenges the trainers using cloned Pokémon coincidentally modeled after the deceased friends from his childhood. Meanwhile, Team Rocket also reached New Island and explore its inner sanctum, with a Mew innocuously following them. After Mewtwo's clones effortlessly defeat the challengers' Pokémon, he confiscates them with dark Pokéballs and expands his clone army. Ash chases after his captured Pikachu down to the cloning lab, where Team Rocket's Meowth is also cloned. Ash destroys the cloning machine, frees the captured Pokémon, and leads them to confront Mewtwo and his clones. Mew then reveals itself, and Mewtwo challenges it to prove his superiority.

All the Pokémon originals battle their clones, save for a defiant Pikachu and Meowth, who makes peace with his clone after realizing the senselessness of their fighting. Horrified at the pain and anguish felt on both sides of the battle, Ash puts himself in between a psychic blast caused by Mewtwo and Mew's fighting, causing Ash's body to become petrified. Pikachu tries to revive Ash with his electricity but fails, and he and the other Pokémon, original and clone alike, are reduced to tears by the unnecessary loss of life. However, Ash is revived by these tears, and Mewtwo is moved by the boy's sacrifice, realizing that he and others should not have to be judged by their origins, but rather by their choices in life. Departing with Mew and the clones, Mewtwo turns back time to just before the trainers left Old Shore Wharf and erases everyone's memories of the traumatic events on the island.

Back in Old Shore Wharf, the now-restored Nurse Joy has returned to re-open the Pokémon Center to shelter the trainers. As the storm outside clears up, Ash spots Mew flying through the clouds, and tells his friends how he saw another legendary Pokémon the day he left Pallet Town. Meanwhile, Team Rocket find themselves stranded on a New Island (with all its vegetation returned), unable to remember how they got there, but enjoy their time nonetheless.

Cast

Main article: List of Pokémon anime characters
Main cast
Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor
English name Japanese name
Ash Ketchum Satoshi Rica Matsumoto Veronica Taylor
Pikachu Ikue Ōtani
Misty Kasumi Mayumi Iizuka Rachael Lillis
Brock Takeshi Yūji Ueda Eric Stuart
Togepi Satomi Kōrogi
Jessie Musashi Megumi Hayashibara Rachael Lillis
James Kojirō Shin'ichirō Miki Eric Stuart
Meowth Nyarth Inuko Inuyama Maddie Blaustein
Fergus Umio (ウミオ) Wataru Takagi Jimmy Zoppi
Corey Sorao (ソラオ) Tōru Furuya Ed Paul
Neesha Sweet (スイート, Suīto) Aiko Satō Amy Birnbaum
Miranda Voyager (ボイジャー, Boijā) Sachiko Kobayashi Lisa Ortiz
Pirate Raymond (レイモンド, Reimondo) Raymond Johnson Maddie Blaustein
Mewtwo Masachika Ichimura
Fujiko Takimoto (young; radio drama)
Showtaro Morikubo (young; anime) 		Philip Bartlett
Mew Koichi Yamadera
Giovanni Sakaki Hirotaka Suzuoki Ed Paul
Officer Jenny Junsar Chinami Nishimura Lee Quick
Nurse Joy Joy Ayako Shiraishi Megan Hollingshead
Dr. Fuji (フジ博士) Yōsuke Akimoto Philip Bartlett
Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Ken Gates
Characters exclusive to Pikachu's Vacation
Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor
English name Japanese name
Raichu Urara Takano
Snubbull Buru Naoki Tatsuta Jimmy Zoppi
Marill Mika Kanai Kayzie Rogers
Cubone Karakara Chiyako Shibahara Michael J. Haigney
Commentary Aiko Satō —
Pokédex ("Dexter") Pokémon Encyclopedia — Eric Stuart
Characters that appear in the radio drama and The Uncut Story of Mewtwo's Origin
Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor
English name Japanese name
Ambertwo Aitwo[7] (アイツー, Aitsū) Kyōko Hikami Unknown
Bulbasaurtwo Fushigidanetwo[7] (フシギダネツー, Fushigidanetsū) Etsuko Kozakura Tara Jayne
Charmandertwo Hitokagetwo[7] (ヒトカゲツー, Hitokagetsū) Yūji Ueda Michael J. Haigney
Squirtletwo Zenigametwo[7] (ゼニガメツー, Zenigametsū) Satomi Kōrogi Eric Stuart
Doctor Fuji's wife[7] Shinobu Adachi Unknown
Madame Boss (女ボス, On'na Bosu) Hiromi Tsuru —[i]
Miyamoto (ミヤモト) Yumi Tōma
Announcers
Investigator Shinpachi Tsuji
Researchers
Trainer Saori Higashi
  1. ^ These characters do not appear in the animated version.

Additional voices:

  1. ^ a b c d e f Uncredited.

Production

Kunihiko Yuyama directed the original Japanese version of the film, while Choji Yoshikawa and Takeshi Shudo served as producer and script writer, respectively. The film was not produced by Pikachu Project.[8] According to Shudo, certain episodes in the anime were intended to tie-in with the movie prior to its release in Japan and provide background behind the events in the film. However, the controversy surrounding the "Dennō Senshi Porygon" episode on December 16, 1997, delayed the tie-in episodes, causing Shudo to expand the beginning of the movie and, thus, the length of the film.[9]

Themes

Shudo explained in his blog that Mewtwo being torn over his life purpose reflects the film's theme of existentialism. In the Japanese script, for instance, the moment Mewtwo realizes he has a right to be in the world just as much as any other living creature represents the central message of accepting one's existence. Amber, who is named Ai (アイ) in the Japanese script, was named so to highlight the film's overall message of self-existence, with Ai being a homonym of the English word "I".[10][11][12]

English-language adaptation

Norman J. Grossfeld, former president of 4Kids Productions, served as the film's producer for the English-language North American version. Grossfeld, Michael Haigney, and John Touhey wrote the English adaptation, and Haigney served as the English version's voice director.[13] The English script was heavily edited from the original Japanese one; along with various content edits, Mewtwo is portrayed more maliciously because Grossfeld felt American audiences needed to see a "clearly evil" villain rather than a morally ambiguous one. As such, the existential themes seen in the Japanese version were significantly toned-down.[14] These changes were not well-received by the original Japanese production crew, with executive producer Masakazu Kubo describing Warner Bros.' proposed changes "a hassle".[15]

The English version editors translated various Japanese texts, including those on signs and buildings, into English. The Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions (formerly Shogakukan Productions) also altered various background from the original version of the film in order to enhance its presentation overseas.[16] In the English dub, three Pokémon are referred to by the wrong name. Pidgeot is called "Pidgeotto", Scyther is called "Alakazam", and Sandslash is called "Sandshrew". 4Kids said that they decided to leave the latter two errors when they noticed it as something for the children watching to notice and because they felt it was plausible in context that Team Rocket could make a mistake.[17]

Grossfeld had new music re-recorded for the film's release, citing that it "would better reflect what American kids would respond to." John Loeffler of Rave Music produced the English-language music and co-composed the film score with Ralph Schuckett. Loeffler collaborated with John Lissauer and Manny Corallo to produce the English-language "Pikachu's Vacation" score. Grossfeld revealed that the English version of the film "combines the visual sense of the best Japanese animation with the musical sensibility of Western pop culture."[16][18][19] Grossfeld revealed in a 2022 interview that while shopping the film around to distributors, one studio suggested having Leonardo DiCaprio dub over Ash's lines, a decision Grossfeld found "weird". Ultimately, he managed to work out a deal with Warner Bros.[20]

Marketing

Burger King promotion

Burger King released a limited series of kids' meal toys to tie in with the film. Also promoted were six 23 karat gold Pokémon cards, each enclosed inside a large plastic Poké Ball. Every card is a 23 karat gold plated slab of metal inside a clear protective plastic case that came with a certificate of authenticity signed by Nintendo of America chairman Howard Lincoln. The first run of gold cards sent and released to Burger King locations were packaged in a limited blue box that sold out immediately. A large second print of gold cards was packaged in a red box until the film promotion ended.

Controversy

Main article: Burger King Pokémon container recall

On December 11, 1999, 13-month-old Kira Murphy from California died when half of the Poké Ball toy became stuck over her mouth and nose, causing her to suffocate; she was later found deceased in her playpen. Twelve days later, a second child in Kansas survived a similar incident. On December 28, 1999, Burger King issued a recall of the toys. Adults were urged to discard or return both pieces of the toy. Customers returning the toy were given a small order of french fries in return. Nearly a month after the recall, another child suffocated from the toy. The dead children's families settled their lawsuits on undisclosed terms.[21]

Manga

Toshihiro Ono, author of Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu, created a manga version of the film. Asked by editors to draw Mewtwo's birth, he received the source material to base the manga off in April 1998 and finished the manga in May. In July of that year, a five episode radio drama titled The Birth of Mewtwo was broadcast over the five Sundays leading up to the premiere of the movie in Japan. Written by Takeshi Shudo, the drama delves into Mewtwo's origin prior to the start of the film. It also explores the leadership of Team Rocket under Madame Boss, Giovanni's mother, and the last known whereabouts of Miyamoto (ミヤモト), Jessie's mother. Due to its mature themes, it was never dubbed in English.[10][22] The drama eventually served the basis for the Origin of Mewtwo prologue that would appear in the extended version of the film.[5] Since the drama was conceived a few months after the manga, the events depicted in the drama do not match up with the events portrayed in the manga. Ono has even stated that "there's not much connection between the manga and the movie."[23]

Soundtrack

Main article: Pokémon: The First Movie (soundtrack)

Pokémon: The First Movie – Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the first Pokémon film in the United States. It was released by Atlantic Records on November 9, 1999, on compact disc and cassette tape. The Pokémon: The First Movie album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 11, 2000 for selling 2,000,000 copies.[24] "Don't Say You Love Me" by M2M was released as a single from the album,[25] and it would later be featured on their debut studio album, Shades of Purple, released on March 7, 2000. For the opening, a remake of the original English theme song from Pokémon: Indigo League originally composed by John Loeffler and John Siegler and originally performed on vocals by Jason Paige, titled "Pokémon Theme (Movie Version)", is performed by Filipino actor and singer Billy Crawford under a new arrangement of the theme song.

Trailers

In the United States, the first trailer was released in August 1999 and was shown before The Iron Giant and Mystery Men. The second trailer was released in late 1999 and was attached to The Bachelor. In addition, select theaters gave away exclusive Pokémon trading cards to capitalize on the success of the trading card game. The cards feature likenesses of Electabuzz, Pikachu, Mewtwo, and Dragonite and were dispensed in random order for each week it was in that particular theater. The subsequent releases of Pokémon: The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3: The Movie featured a similar marketing campaign. The March 2000 home video release of The First Movie had TV, in-school, and online ads with companies such as Clorox, Kraft, and Zenith Electronics, a contest to win a trip to Japan, and a limited edition Mewtwo card (different from that used for the theatrical release) that was packaged with the video.[26]

Release

The Japanese version of the film was initially distributed theatrically by Toho on July 18, 1998.[8]

On March 9, 1999, Warner Bros. negotiated a deal with 4Kids Entertainment and The Summit Media Group to acquire worldwide distribution rights to the film outside Asia.[6] The deal was verified on June 24, with an announcement that the film would be released on November 12 in the United States.[27][28] Days prior to its release, the film was moved up to November 10.[27] Prior to that date, the film premiered on November 6 at Mann's Chinese Theater in Hollywood.[29][30]

In 2016, the film was theatrically re-released exclusively at Cinemark theaters in the United States on October 29 and November 1, 2016. The re-release included the Pikachu's Vacation short film from the original release and was intended to commemorate Pokémon's 20th anniversary.[31][32]

Broadcast airing

For TV syndication, the movie was digitally remastered for high definition and aired in TV Tokyo, as well as in other stations, beginning May 3, 2013.[33][34] The remastered version also aired in the United States on Cartoon Network on January 4, 2014.[35]

Home media

The film was released on March 21, 2000, in Region 1 format (United States and Canada) on both VHS and DVD by Warner Home Video.[36][37][38] The original DVD release with the snap case contains numerous features that were removed from later reprints, such as the origin prologue and the Pikachu's Vacation short film. Other options, such as Dolby Digital 5.1 sound, have been removed, leaving only the 2.0 stereo mix available, among other features.

The original VHS release sold 4.2 million units and earned $58.8 million in the United States by the end of 2000.[2] By 2007, the film had sold 10 million units on home video in the United States.[39]

The film was included in the Blu-ray compilation titled Pikachu Movie Premium 1998-2010 in Japan on November 28, 2012.[40]

On February 9, 2016, Viz Media and Warner Home Video released a limited edition Blu-ray steelbook containing the Pokémon films Pokémon: The First Movie, Pokémon the Movie 2000, and Pokémon 3: The Movie, along with single releases on DVD. In accommodation with the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon franchise, a digitally remastered version of the film was released on digital stores on February 27. On October 2, 2018, the three-film Blu-ray set was re-released as a standard single-disc edition.

Reception

Critical response

Reviews of the original Japanese version have generally been positive due to the film's emotional impact and exploration of ethical topics such as cloning and genetic engineering. However, the philosophical themes were criticized for being too complex for children.[15]

While the English dub of the film received decent reviews from audiences, it received generally negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 16% of critics have given the film's English adaptation a positive review based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 3.57/10. The website's critics' consensus reads, "Audiences other than children will find very little to entertain them."[41] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[43]

Anime News Network review called the main feature "contradictory", stating that "the anti-violent message that is pretty much crammed down our throats works directly against the entire point of the franchise" and criticized Pikachu's Summer Vacation for being "incoherent, pointless and fluffy".[44] Rating the movie two stars out of four, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the movie "a sound-and-light show, linked to the marketing push for Pokémon in general" and said that the movie had "no level at which it enriches a young viewer, by encouraging thinking or observation."[45] Michael Wood of the Coventry Evening Telegraph said that Pikachu's Summer Vacation "can only be described as a mind-numbingly tedious piece, with no discernible storyline and lots of trippy images and silly voices". Wood did note that the main feature had a "mildly intriguing premise" but said that the rest of the film "was like a martial arts movie without the thrills."[46]

Retrospective reviews written several years after the release of the film have criticized the narrative changes made during the localization process, such as the omission of the extended-prologue detailing Mewtwo's origin and script changes that paint Mewtwo as an "oversimplified villain".[47] Commenting on the English-language script of the film, Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek described the decision to cut Mewtwo's origin "a highly unfortunate move" and that the original Japanese script allowed for "a far more engrossing watch" due to its deeper exploration of mature, existential themes. Lambie also commented, however, that "the various edits made to its dialogue and story probably didn't mean much" to younger fans at the time of the movie's release, since the film was ultimately marketed towards children.[48]

Box office

In Japan, it was the second-highest-grossing domestic film of 1998, earning a distribution income of ¥4.15 billion,[49] and grossing a total of ¥7.6 billion.[50]

In the U.S. box office, Pokémon: The First Movie was an instant commercial success, debuting at number one and earning $10.1 million on its Wednesday opening day. This day is commonly referred to as the "Pokéflu" because so many children missed school to see the film, much to the chagrin of educators.[51] This was the biggest animated film opening for any film in the history of Warner Bros.[51] The film remained the only anime film to top the U.S. box office until 2021's Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train.[52] During its first weekend, it grossed $31 million and went on to generate a total of $50.8 million since its Wednesday launch in 3,043 theaters, averaging to about $10,199 per venue over the three-day span. It also held the record for being the animated feature with the highest opening weekend in November outside of the Thanksgiving holiday. Despite a 59.72% drop in its second weekend to $12.5 million, the film made $67.4 million within 12 days. It closed on February 27, 2000, earning $85.7 million in North America and $77.9 million in other territories. It is the highest-grossing anime film in the United States and the fourth highest-grossing animated film based on a television show worldwide.[1] It was also the highest-grossing film based on a video game at the time, until 2001's Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.[53] Commercially, Takeshi Shudo states the film fared better overall in the U.S. than it did in its home country.[10]

In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £10.8 million at the box office.[54] It is also the highest-grossing Japanese film in France and Germany, where it sold 2,224,432 and 3,222,452 box office admissions, respectively.[55] In total, the film's worldwide box office gross was $172,744,662[2] (¥19 billion).[56]

Accolades

At the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film garnered five nominations, of which it won two: Worst Achievement in Animation (OLM, K.K.) and Most Unwelcome Direct-to-Video Release (All nine Pokémon videos released in 1999). However, it lost Biggest Disappointment (Films That Didn't Live Up to Their Hype) to The Blair Witch Project, Worst Screen Debut (all 151 Pokémon) to Jar Jar Binks (played by Ahmed Best) in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, and Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More than $100 Million Using Hollywood Math (Takeshi Shudo) to Wild Wild West.[57]

Award Subject Nominee Result
Animation Kobe Theatrical Film Award OLM, K.K. Won
Stinkers Award Worst Achievement in Animation OLM, K.K. Won
Most Unwelcome Direct-to-Video Release All nine Pokémon videos were released in 1999 Won
Biggest Disappointment (Films That Didn't Live Up to Their Hype) Toho/Warner Bros. Nominated
Worst Screen Debut Pokémon (All 151 of Them!) Nominated
Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More than $100 Million Using Hollywood Math Takeshi Shudo Nominated

Legacy

Main article: Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution

The film serves as the primary influence on Mewtwo's portrayal in the Super Smash Bros. series of fighting games, in keeping with the anime inspiration for playable Pokémon characters. Mewtwo's playable debut in Super Smash Bros. Melee features Masachika Ichimura reprising his role as Mewtwo from the film, and the Japanese version of the game contains quotes reminiscent of Mewtwo's character in the film. The character's return as a DLC fighter in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U was heralded by the tagline "Mewtwo Strikes Back!" in a gameplay trailer. Instead of Ichimura, Mewtwo is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Elements and references from the second Mewtwo in Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened are included in later games such as its Mega Evolution, Final Smash, and Boxing Ring title.

During the end credits of Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us (2018), it was announced that a CGI remake was set to release in the following year. In December 2018, the release date of the remake was revealed as July 12, 2019. Pokémon fansite Serebii reported that the film, titled Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution, would be directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Motonori Sakakibara.[58][59][60][61][62]

On January 22, 2020, it was announced that Netflix would be releasing the English-dubbed version of the film on February 27, 2020.[63]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back (Japanese: 劇場版ポケットモンスター ミュウツーの逆襲, Hepburn: Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā: Myūtsū no Gyakushū)
  2. ^ Japanese: 完全版, Hepburn: kanzenban

References

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