KEGG   PATHWAY: ssc04725
Entry
ssc04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Sus scrofa (pig)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
ssc04725  Cholinergic synapse
ssc04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Sus scrofa (pig) [GN:ssc]
Gene
396896  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
100621099  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X3 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
100157804  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
397099  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
100144478  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
100155818  CHRM5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
654405  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
733588  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
100152679  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100157641  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100516581  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100525148  PLCB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
397454  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
100517279  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
100155015  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960]
397184  PRKCA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100522792  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100518074  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X3 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
397326  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
110257402  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927]
100157152  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
100526228  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X2 [KO:K04929]
100154391  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X3 [KO:K04930]
397293  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
110256150  KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 isoform X1 [KO:K05005]
100523060  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
100521454  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
397498  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
100516483  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
100144421  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
100144419  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
397523  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
100516976  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
110261346  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
100516546  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
100154522  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
100524280  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
100157949  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
102165618  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
100620948  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04540]
102167388  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
102166994  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
100621275  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
100622520  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544]
100515992  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 isoform X1 [KO:K04545]
100522202  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
100270820  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
100520008  GNG14; uncharacterized LOC105372280 homolog [KO:K04347]
100511870  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
100519790  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 isoform X1 [KO:K04548]
100621431  uncharacterized protein LOC100621431 isoform X1 [KO:K04549]
110255211  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 isoform X2 [KO:K04549]
396586  KCNJ3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997]
100515928  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
396979  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
396851  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
100034246  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
110259208  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
100518251  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
100739349  NRAS; GTPase NRas precursor [KO:K07828]
100233191  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100153927  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
445013  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100144486  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
100415931  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809]
110257409  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
100516491  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
100151989  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
100157223  CHRNB4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
100622106  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808]
100624934  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100517503  ADCY2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100514402  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100152067  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100155970  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100522613  ADCY6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100620994  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100622999  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100625423  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
397652  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100623628  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100736562  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
100144302  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
100142688  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
100142689  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
100516663  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
100520468  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
100522979  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
100515635  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
397674  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
397394  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100626014  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X7 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100516166  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100515364  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV isoform X3 [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
397201  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
791125  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100518131  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100621789  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100622559  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100511937  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100739510  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100623707  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
100126861  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100513811  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100127478  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100049703  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
100525387  CACNA1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
102164336  CACNA1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849]
100518733  CACNA1C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
100511102  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X14 [KO:K04851]
100514745  CACNA1F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
100622149  CACNA1S; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
100512044  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 isoform X2 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
ssc00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
ssc04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ssc04020  Calcium signaling pathway
ssc04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
ssc04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
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