View source for List of mercenaries

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of [[mercenaries]]'''. It includes [[foreign volunteers]], [[private military contractors]], and other "soldiers of fortune".

==Antiquity==
{|  class="sortable wikitable"  
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Name
! style="width:7%;"| Life
! style="width:7%;"| Years active
! style="width:10%;"| Allegiance<br />{{small|('''Organization''')}}
! style="width:55%;"| Comments
|- valign="top"
|'''[[Alexon]]'''
|
|250 BC
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian Empire]]
|Greek mercenary from [[Achaea]] who served in the Carthaginian garrison at Lilybaeum while it was besieged by the Romans during the [[First Punic War]]. Foiled a plot by Gallic mercenaries to surrender Lilybaeum to the enemy.
|-
|'''[[Autaritus]]'''
|d. 238 BC
|
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian Empire]]
|Leader of the Gallic mercenaries in the Carthaginian army during the [[First Punic War]]. He turned against Carthage in the [[Mercenary War]] and was crucified by [[Hamilcar Barca]] after his capture.
|-
|'''[[Charidemus]]'''
|d. 333 BC
|367–333 BC
|[[Athens]]
|Greek mercenary leader who served Athens, Thrace and Rhodes.
|-
|'''[[Clearchus of Sparta]]'''
|
|411–401 BC
|
|Spartan general and mercenary leader who joined [[Cyrus the Younger]] in his attempt to seize the Persian throne from [[Artaxerxes III]].
|-
|'''[[Diogenes of Judea]]'''
|
|
|[[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean Kingdom]]
|Jewish soldier in the service of [[Alexander Jannaeus]]. In revenge for the support of certain [[Pharisees]] for [[Demetrius III of Syria]]'s invasion of [[Judea]], Diogenes advised Alexander to crucify 800 Pharisee scholars in front of their families.
|-

|'''[[Memnon of Rhodes]]'''
|380–333 BC
|334–333 BC
|[[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]
|Commander of the Greek mercenaries in the service of [[Darius III]] when [[Alexander the Great]] invaded Persia in 334 BC.
|-
|'''[[Mathos]]'''
|d. 237 BC
|241–237 BC
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian Empire]]
|Berber mercenary leader who fought for Carthage in Sicily during the [[First Punic War]]. He later led a revolt against Carthage during the [[Mercenary War]] but was defeated by [[Hamilcar Barca]] and crucified.
|-
|'''[[Mentor of Rhodes]]'''
|385–340 BC
|358–340 BC
|
|Greek mercenary who fought both for and against [[Artaxerxes III]] of Persia. He is also known as the first husband of [[Barsine]], who later became mistress to [[Alexander the Great]].
|-
|'''[[Naravas]]'''
|
|
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian Empire]]
|Berber mercenary leader who served Carthage during the [[First Punic War]]. Unlike his fellow mercenaries, he remained loyal to Carthage during the [[Mercenary War]] and helped [[Hamilcar Barca]] crush the rebel leaders.
|-
|'''[[Phalaikos]]'''
|d. 343 BC
|
|
|Deposed ruler of [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]] who formed a mercenary army and fought for [[Knossos]] in [[Crete]].
|-
|'''[[Proxenus of Boeotia]]'''
|431–401 BC
|401 BC
|[[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]
|A friend of [[Cyrus the Younger]] and [[Xenophon]], he was one of the four ill-fated generals who accompanied [[Clearchus of Sparta]] to [[Tissaphernes]]. 
|-
|'''[[Pythagoras the Spartan]]'''
|
|401 BC
|[[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]
|Spartan admiral hired to command the first fleet of [[Cyrus the Younger]] during his campaign to claim the Persian throne.
|-
|'''[[Socrates of Achaea]]'''
|436–401 BC
|401 BC
|
|Greek mercenary general from [[Achaea]] who traveled to Persia to fight at the [[Battle of Cunaxa]].
|-
|'''[[Xanthippus of Carthage]]'''
|
|255–245 BC
|[[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian Empire]]
|Spartan mercenary general hired by the Carthaginians to aid in their war against the Romans during the [[First Punic War]]. Credited for developing military tactics used by Carthage, he led Carthaginian soldiers into the [[battle of Tunis]] where the Roman expeditionary force was routed and the Roman consul [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] was captured.
|-
|'''[[Xenias of Arcadia]]'''
|
|
|[[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]
|Greek commander of mercenaries in the service of [[Cyrus the Younger]].
|-
|'''[[Xenophon]]'''
|430–354 BC
|401–371 BC
|[[Peloponnesian League]]
|Athenian-born general who served Sparta during the [[Peloponnesian War]].
|}

==Medieval==
<!-- 476 to 1500 A.D. -->
{|  class="sortable wikitable"  
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Name
! style="width:7%;"| Life
! style="width:7%;"| Years active
! style="width:10%;"| Allegiance<br />{{small|('''Organization''')}}
! style="width:55%;"| Comments
|- valign="top"
|{{flagicon image|Flag of France (XIV-XVI).svg}} '''[[Arnaud de Cervole]]'''
|1320–1366
|?-1366
|{{flagicon image|Vexillum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae.svg}} [[Papal States]]<br /> [[File:Blason pays fr FranceAncien.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of France]]
|French mercenary soldier and brigand of the [[Hundred Years' War]]. He was murdered by his own men while planning with [[Pope Urban V]] to lead a new [[Crusade]] to the Holy Land.
|-
|{{flagicon|Moravia}} '''[[Bernard Szumborski]]'''
|d. 1470
|1454–1470
|[[file:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg|20px]] [[Teutonic Knights]]
|[[Moravia]]n knight and who led a mercenary army during the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]]. He was hired by the [[Teutonic Knights]] during the [[Battle of Chojnice (1454)|Battle of Chojnice]] and was later sent to relieve the besieged city three years later. Szumborski committed a number of atrocities during the conflict and was eventually poisoned.
|-
|{{flagicon|North Sea Empire}} '''[[Bolli Bollason]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|Byzantine Empire}}
|Viking mercenary who became the first-known West Norseman in the [[Varangian Guard]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Connacht}} '''[[Domnall na Madhmann Mac Suibhne]]'''
|
|
|
|[[Gallowglass]] associate of Rath Glas.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg}} '''[[Eustace the Monk]]'''
|1170–1217
|1205–1212
|{{flagicon image| Royal Banner of England.svg}} [[England]]
|French mercenary and pirate who raided the Normandy coast on behalf of [[King John of England]] until his defection to France in 1212. He supported the rebel faction during the [[First Barons' War]] and ferried [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis]] across the English Channel in 1216. He was executed after his capture at the [[Battle of Sandwich (1217)|Battle of Sandwich]] the following year.
|-
|{{flagicon|Castile}} '''[[Frederick of Castile]]'''
|1223–1277
|1260–1270
|{{flagicon image|Hafsid Flag - Tunisia.svg}} [[Hafsid Dynasty]]
|After his exile from Castile, Frederick served under his brother [[Henry of Castile the Senator|Henry]] as a knight errant in the service of Tunisian emir al-Mustansir. 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg}} '''[[Gérard d'Athée]]'''
|
|1211–1215
|{{flagicon image| Royal Banner of England.svg}} [[England]]
|French mercenary employed by [[King John of England]] to control southern Wales.
|-
|{{flagicon|Castile}} '''[[Henry of Castile the Senator]]'''
|1230–1303
|1259–1268
| {{flagicon image|Hafsid Flag - Tunisia.svg}} [[Hafsid Dynasty]]
|A son of [[Ferdinand III of Castile]], Henry commanded Spanish knights in the service of Tunisian emir al-Mustansir. He also assisted his cousin, [[Charles of Anjou]], becoming [[King of Sicily]] in 1266.
|-
|{{flagicon image| Royal Banner of England.svg}} '''[[Hereward the Wake]]'''
|1035–1072
|
|{{flag|Flanders}}
|English rebel leader and outlaw who resisted the [[Norman conquest of England]]. Prior to the Norman invasion, Hereward was a mercenary in the service of [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Genoa}} '''[[Isnardo Guarco]]'''
|1380–1458
|
|
|Genoese politician and mercenary leader.
|-
| {{flagicon image| Royal Banner of England.svg}} '''[[John Hawkwood]]'''
|1323–1394
|1360–1392
|{{flag|Florence}}
|
|-
|{{flagicon|}} '''[[Lobar the Wolf]]'''
|
|
|
|Leader of Brabançon mercenaries that fought in numerous battles all across Europe in the latter half of the twelfth century. 
|-
|{{flagicon|Bavaria}} '''[[Martin Schwartz (mercenary)|Martin Schwartz]]'''
|
|1475–1487
|
|Germanic mercenary who fought for Lambert Simnel, a Yorkist pretender to the English throne.
|-
|{{flagicon|Wales}} '''[[Owain Lawgoch]]'''
|1330–1378
|1369–1378
|{{flag|France}}
|Welsh soldier who served in Spain, France, Alsace, and Switzerland. He led a [[Free Company]] fighting for the French against the English in the [[Hundred Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} '''[[Peter I, Count of Urgell]]'''
|1187–1258
|
|{{flag|Morocco|1147}}
|Son of King [[Sancho I of Portugal]] who commanded a mercenary army of Christian exiles and adventurers in the service of Yusuf II, the Almohad Caliph of Morocco.
|-
|{{flagicon|Normandy}} '''[[Rainulf Drengot]]'''
|
|1016–1045
|
|Norman adventurer and mercenary in southern Italy.
|-
|{{flagicon|Normandy}} '''[[Robert Guiscard]]'''
|1015–1085
|1047–1085
|
|Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily.
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Rodrigo de Villandrando]]'''
|
|1410–1443
|{{flag|Gascony}}
|Spanish mercenary leader in Gascony during the final phase of the Hundred Years' War.
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Roger Deslaur]]'''
|
|
|
|Spanish [[almogàver]] in the service of [[Walter V of Brienne]]. One of the few knights to survive the bloody [[Battle of Halmyros]], he became a member of the [[Catalan Company]] after his capture.
|-
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Sicily}} '''[[Roger de Flor]]'''
|1267–1305
|
|{{flag|Byzantine Empire}}
|Sicilian adventurer and [[condottiere]] active in Aragonese Sicily, Italy and the Byzantine Empire.
|-
|'''[[Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara]]'''
|1438–1506
|1457–1470
|
|Timurid ruler of Herat. During Bayqara's exile from his homeland, he served as a mercenary soldier to Sultan Sanjar Mirza of Merv.
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Thomas of Galloway]]'''
|
|1212–1228
|{{flag|England}}<br />{{flag|Scotland}}
|[[Galwegian Gaelic|Gall-Gaidhil]] prince and adventurer who was employed as an agent for his brother [[Alan of Galloway]] as well as English and Scottish kings.
|-
|'''[[Werner von Urslingen]]'''
|1308–1354
|
|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
|Germanic mercenary in the service of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|{{flagicon|Normandy}} '''[[William Iron Arm]]'''
|
|1035–1046
|
|Norman adventurer who was the founder of the [[Hauteville family]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Flanders}} '''[[William of Ypres]]'''
|1090–1164
|1139–1154
|
|Flemish mercenary commander who served as [[Stephen of England]]'s chief lieutenant during [[The Anarchy]].
|}

==Early modern==
<!-- 1500 to 1789 -->
{|  class="sortable wikitable"  
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Name
! style="width:7%;"| Life
! style="width:7%;"| Years active
! style="width:10%;"| Allegiance<br />{{small|('''Organization''')}}
! style="width:55%;"| Comments
|- valign="top"
|{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} '''[[Selman Reis]]'''
|
|1515–1538
|[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]
|Ottoman admiral and corsair who commanded a group of 2,000 armed Levantines for the Mamluk navy during the [[Portuguese–Mamluk naval war]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} '''[[Arnold Winkelried (mercenary leader)|Arnold Winkelried]]'''
|d. 1522
|1514–1522
|{{flag|Milan}}
|A notorious mercenary leader during the early 16th century, Winkelried was knighted by the [[Milan]]ese duke [[Maximilian Sforza]] in 1514. He instigated by Cardinal [[Matthäus Schiner]] to engage in the skirmish that led to the disastrous [[Battle of Marignano]] that same year. Winkelried later entered French service and was killed in single combat by his former commander [[Georg von Frundsberg]] at the [[Battle of Bicocca]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Serbia}} '''[[Sava Temišvarac]]'''
|
|1594–1612
|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
|Serbian military commander in the service of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]] and then the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the [[Long Turkish War]]. He and Bishop [[Teodor of Vršac]] led the [[Uprising in Banat]] in 1594.
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} '''[[Enno Brandrøk]]'''
|1538–1571
|1557–1571
|{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|England}}<br />{{flag|Scotland}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}
|Son of Norwegian-born privateer and admiral [[Kristoffer Trondson]], Brandrøk served as a [[Landsknecht]] in Denmark, England, Scotland and Spain.
|-
|{{flagicon|}} '''[[Migliorino Ubaldini]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|Scotland}}
|Italian military engineer working in Scotland. He designed new fortifications at the entrances of Edinburgh Castle, Dunbar Castle, and possibly the walled town of Leith.
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} '''[[György Dózsa]]'''
|1470–1514
|
|
|Székely man-at-arms who led a peasants' revolt in the Kingdom of Hungary. Prior to the revolt, he was a soldier of fortune during the wars against the Ottoman Empire
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Thomas of Argos]]'''
|
|1545–1546
|{{flag|Kingdom of England}}
|Commanded a battalion of Greek [[stratioti]] who served as mercenaries with the English army during Henry VIII's wars against Scotland.
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Iacob Heraclid|Ioan Iacob Heraclid]]'''
|1511–1563
|1551–1561
|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
|A Greek soldier of fortune who fought in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] armies of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in his war against [[Henry II of France]]. Heraclid seized the throne of Moldova while in the service of [[Voivode]] [[Alexandru Lăpușneanu]] and, as the Protestant monarch in Eastern Europe, ruled for two years before his murder by [[Ștefan Tomșa]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} '''[[Maarten Schenck van Nydeggen]]'''
|1543–1589
|1578–1589
|{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}
|Dutch nobleman who left the Spanish Empire to join the Dutch Republic.
|-
|'''[[Götz von Berlichingen]]'''
|1480–1562
|1498–1544
|
|Imperial knight and mercenary active in numerous campaigns during a period of 47 years.
|-
|'''[[Ernst von Mansfeld]]'''
|1580–1626
|
|
|A son of Count [[Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort|Peter Ernst von Mansfeld]], Ernst von Mansfeld was a noted mercenary commander during the [[Thirty Years' War]]
|-
|'''[[Georg von Frundsberg]]'''
|1473–1528
|1492–1527
|
|[[Landsknecht]] commander in the service of the Imperial House of Habsburg.
|-
|{{flagicon|Naples}} '''[[Giorgio Basta]]'''
|1544–1607
|
|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
|Neapolitan general employed by the Holy Roman Emperor [[Rudolf II]] to command Habsburg forces in the [[Long Turkish War|Long War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Veneto}} '''[[Lucrezio Gravisi]]'''
|1558–1613
|1574–
|{{flag|Prussia}}<br/>{{flag|Portugal}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}
|Venetian freelance soldier and knight who served in Muscovy, Prussia, Portugal and Spain.
|-
|{{flagicon|Wales}} '''[[Roger Williams (soldier)|Roger Williams]]'''
|1540–1595
|1557–1594
|
|Welsh soldier of fortune and military theorist.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} '''[[Osman Pazvantoğlu]]'''
|1758–1807
|
|
|Ottoman soldier who led a mercenary army against Sultan [[Selim III]].
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[René Descartes]]'''
|1596–1650
|
|
|Fought for both Protestant [[Maurice of Nassau]] and Catholic [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} '''[[Sebastian Peregrin Zwyer]]'''
|1597–1661
|1612–1642
|{{flag|Milan}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}
|In his 30-year career, Zwyer served as a mercenary soldier in the service of Spain and Milan, the Habsburg emperors Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III during the [[Thirty Years' War]], and in northern Italy.
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} '''[[Sigmund von Erlach (1614–1699)|Sigmund von Erlach]]'''
|1614–1699
|
|{{flag|France}}
|Swiss mercenary commander in the services of [[Bernard of Saxe-Weimar]] and [[France]] during the [[Thirty Years War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} '''[[Kaspar von Silenen]]'''
|
|1506–1517
|
|First Commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard.
|-
|{{flagicon|Corsica}} '''[[Sampiero Corso]]'''
|1498–1567
|1512–1567
|{{flag|France}}
|A ''[[Condottieri|condottiero]]'' [[mercenary]] at age 14, Corso served the [[House of Medici|Medici family]] and [[Pope]] [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]] and the French [[House of Valois]] during the early 16th century.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Robert Murray (died 1719)|Robert Murray]]'''
|d. 1719
|
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|Scottish soldier and son of [[Robert Murray (died 1672)|Sir Robert Murray]], [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh]]. A veteran of the [[Nine Years' War]], Murray was an officer in a Scots regiment for the [[Dutch States Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[John Parker Boyd]]'''
|1764–1830
|1793–1808
|
|A soldier of fortune who served in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in Central India.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[George Rogers Clark]]'''
|1752–1818
|1793–1794
|{{flag|France}}
|Leader of the Kentucky militia during the American Revolutionary War. After the war, Clark offered his services to France and planned a campaign with ambassador [[Edmond-Charles Genêt]] to drive the Spanish out of the Mississippi Valley.
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} '''[[Rowland York]]'''
|d. 1588
|1572–1588
|{{flag|Netherlands}}<br/>{{flag|Spain}}
|English soldier of fortune who served under [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] during the [[Eighty Years' War]]. York later betrayed the Earl by turning over the [[Zutphen]] [[sconce (fortification)|sconce]] to the enemy and accepting an offer to command lancers in Spanish service.
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Pontus De la Gardie]]'''
|1520–1585
|
|{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}
|French nobleman in the service of Denmark and Sweden.
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} '''[[Thomas Stukley]]'''
|1520–1578
|1551–1578
|{{flag|France}}
|English mercenary who fought in France, Ireland and Morocco. 
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} '''[[Simon Harcourt (soldier)|Simon Harcourt]]'''
|1603–1642
|1619–1636
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|English soldier of fortune in the service of the [[Prince of Orange]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[John Ruthven (general)|John Ruthven]]'''
|
|1627–1638
|{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish military officer who served in Denmark and Sweden during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Forth]]'''
|1573–1651
|1609–1637
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish nobleman and diplomat who served [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus Adolphus]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[George Sinclair (mercenary)|George Sinclair]]'''
|1580–1612
|1607–1612
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish mercenary who fought for [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]] in the [[Kalmar War]]. He and his men were ambushed and killed by Norwegian peasant militia at the [[Battle of Kringen]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[William Baillie (soldier)|William Baillie]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish professional soldier who commanded a regiment under [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Mark Alexander Boyd]]'''
|1562–1601
|1587–
|{{flag|France}}
|Scottish poet and soldier of fortune who took part in the [[French Wars of Religion|religious wars of France]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Sir James Ramsay]]'''
|1589–1638
|1603–1638
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish soldier, known as "Black Ramsay", who served [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus Adolphus]], during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Bavaria}} '''[[Peter Hagendorf]]'''
|
|1625–1649
|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}
|German mercenary soldier in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. His wartime diary is credited for giving a unique historic record of the life in the contemporary army from the viewpoint of a simple [[Landsknecht]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Paul Menesius]]'''
|1637–1694
|1658–1694
|{{flag|Russian Empire}}
|Scottish soldier and diplomat in the service of the Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge]]'''
|1611–1662
|1627–1662
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish cavalry general in Swedish service during the Thirty Years' War and [[Swedish-Polish wars]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[William Drummond, 1st Viscount Strathallan]]'''
|1617–1688
|1655–1665
|{{flag|Russian Empire}}
|Scottish soldier and politician who served as Lieutenant-General in the [[Muscovite army]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Patrick Gordon]]'''
|1635–1699
|1655–1699
|{{flag|Russian Empire}}
|Scottish general and rear admiral in the service of [[Peter the Great]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[James Francis Edward Keith]]'''
|1696–1758
|1726–1758
|{{flag|Prussia}}<br />{{flag|Russian Empire}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}
|Scottish Jacobite who became a mercenary after the [[Battle of Glen Shiel|failed attempt]] to restore the Stuart Monarchy in Britain. He initially fought for the Spanish and Russian Empires before serving in the Prussian army under Frederick the Great. He eventually rose to the rank of field marshal and was killed during the [[Seven Years' War]] at the [[Battle of Hochkirk]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark]]'''
|1600–1682
|1630–1640
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Fought for the Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus as a professional soldier during the Thirty Years' War.
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven]]'''
|1582–1661
|1605–1637
|{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish soldier in Dutch and Swedish service.
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[James Lumsden (military officer)|James Lumsden]]'''
|1598–1660
|1632–1639
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish soldier who served in the Swedish army of [[Gustavus Adolphus]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Anders Mowatt of Hugoland]]'''
|1535–1611
|1587–1610
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|Scottish merchant who served as an admiral in the Danish Navy under [[Christian IV of Denmark]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Samuel Cockburn (mercenary)|Samuel Cockburn]]'''
|1574–1621
|
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish soldier who participated in the Swedish civil war between [[Sigismund Vasa]] and Duke [[Karl IX]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} '''[[Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot]]'''
|d. 1664
|
|{{flag|France}}
|Scottish soldier who served in the French army of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Hanover}} '''[[Anthony Pohlmann]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|Hanoverian soldier who served in the armies of the [[British East India Company]] and [[Daulat Scindia]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Donald Cameron of Lochiel]]'''
|1700–1748
|
|
|Scottish Highland chieftain involved in the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. 
|-
|'''[[Baron Munchausen]]'''
|1720–1797
|1735–1760
|{{flag|Russian Empire}}
|Nobleman who fought for the Russian Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. 
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[Alejandro O'Reilly]]'''
|1722–1794
|1762–1794
|{{flag|Spain}}
|An Irish Jaboite who left Ireland during the [[Flight of the Wild Geese]] to fight in foreign Catholic armies. He entered Spanish service and rose to become a military reformer, brigadier general and governor of [[Spanish Louisiana|colonial Louisiana]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Robert Douglas (1727–1809)|Robert Douglas]]'''
|1727–1809
|1778–1794
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|Scottish-born soldier who served as a major-general in Dutch service. He was governor of the garrison city [['s-Hertogenbosch]] 1784 to 1794.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[John Sherlock]]'''
|1705–1794
|1727–1775
|{{flag|Spain}}
|Irish-born brigadier general of the Spanish Empire's Ultonia Regiment. He successfully defended [[Melilla]] during [[Siege of Melilla (1774)|a 100-day siege]] by Moroccan troops.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]]'''
|1756–1802
|1781–1798
|
|Irish mercenary who was active in 18th-century India. From 1798 to 1801, he ruled a small kingdom in India, until his defeat and capture by [[Scindia]]'s army under French general [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John Ross (Arctic explorer)|John Ross]]'''
|1777–1856
|1808–1812
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|British naval officer and Arctic explorer who served in the Swedish Navy.
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Jean-François Allard]]'''
|1785–1839
|1815–1839
|{{flag|Persia}}<br />{{flag|Punjab}}
|French soldier and adventurer in the service of the [[Abbas Mirza]] and [[Ranjit Singh]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Gregor MacGregor]]'''
|1786–1845
|1812–1819
|
|Scottish adventurer and confidence trickster attempted to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory he claimed to rule as "[[Cazique]]".
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John Mackenzie, Lord MacLeod]]'''
|1727–1789
|1750–1770
|{{flag|Prussia}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}
|Scottish Jacobite and soldier of fortune in the service of Sweden and Prussia.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John Forbes (general in the Portuguese service)|John Forbes]]'''
|1733–1808
|1762–1808
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|Scottish general in Portuguese service.
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Benoît de Boigne]]'''
|1751–1830
|1768–1796
|{{flag|Punjab}}
|A military adventurer who made his fortune and name in India with the [[Marathas]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} '''[[Jacob Van Braam]]'''
|1729–1792
|1741–1779
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|A Dutch sword master and mercenary in British service. An officer under [[Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)|Lawrence Washington]], he is also credited with training his younger half-brother [[George Washington]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[George Hanger, 4th Baron Coleraine]]'''
|1751–1824
|1776–1780
|{{Flagdeco|Hesse|22px}} [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]
|A British author and eccentric who served in the Hessian Jägers during the American Revolutionary War.
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Claude Auguste Court]]'''
|1793–1880
|1827–1843
|{{flag|Punjab}}
|French soldier and mercenary in the service of [[Ranjit Singh]]. Attaining the rank of general, Court was considered one of the leading European officers in the [[Punjab Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Pierre Cuillier-Perron]]'''
|1755–1834
|1780–1803
|
|Military adventurer in India who served under [[Benoît de Boigne]]. He succeeded De Boigne as commander-in-chief of [[Sindhia]]'s army until the [[Battle of Ujjain|defeat of Ujjain]] in 1801. He defected to Great Britain during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] after his forces were destroyed by [[Lord Lake]] and [[Sir Arthur Wellesley]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sidney Smith]]'''
|1764–1840
|1790
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|British naval officer who served in the [[Royal Swedish Navy]] in the war between Sweden and Russia.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John Robison (inventor)|John Robison]]'''
|1778–1843
|1802–1815
|
|Scottish inventor in the service of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Thomas Sutcliffe (soldier)|Thomas Sutcliffe]]'''
|1790–1849
|1817–1838
|{{flag|Chile}}<br />{{flag|Colombia}}
|English soldier of fortune who served as an army officer in the service of Colombia and Chile.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John Holmes (mercenary)|John Holmes]]'''
|
|1829–1848
|[[File:Sikh Empire Flag.png|30px]]Sikh Empire
|Anglo-Indian mercenary in the service of the Sikh Empire. He served with the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Naples}} '''[[Paolo Avitabile]]'''
|1791–1850
|1815–1824<br />1827–1843
|{{flag|Persia}}<br />{{flag|Punjab}}
|Neapolitan adventurer who served under [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]], [[Ranjit Singh]] and [[Sher Singh]] in the years following the [[Napoleonic Wars]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'''
|1807–1882
|1833–1854
|{{flag|Brazil}}<br />{{flag|Uruguay}}
|One of the founders of modern Italy who led the [[Redshirts (Italy)|Redshirts]] during the [[Italian unification|Risorgimento]]. As a youth, he served in military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[James Patrick Mahon]]'''
|1800–1891
|1852–1858<br />1861–1877
|
|Irish journalist and mercenary who fought in Europe, South America and United States during the mid-to late 19th century. 
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[George Dawson Flinter]]'''
|d. 1838
|1816–1838
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|Irish adventurer and mercenary who left the [[British Army]] to become a staff officer in Spanish service and took part in the [[First Carlist War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[John de Havilland (officer of arms)|John de Havilland]]'''
|1826–1886
|
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|English soldier of fortune who served in Spain under Don Carlos where he became a general in the Spanish Army. An [[officer of arms]] at the [[College of Arms]], Havilland is one of two people born in the U.S. to have held that rank.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Stephen Bartlett Lakeman]]'''
|1823–1900
|1853–1856
|{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|English adventurer and mercenary soldier who rose to become a general in the Ottoman Empire.
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Camillo Ricchiardi]]'''
|1865–1940
|1899–1902
|{{flagcountry|South African Republic}}
|Italian adventurer and journalist who commanded the [[Italian Volunteer Legion]] during the [[Second Boer War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Prosper Giquel]]'''
|1835–1886
|1861–1885
|{{flagcountry|Qing dynasty}}
|French naval officer who took part in the Taiping rebellion. His time with the Qing government played an important role in the modernization of 19th century China.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Harry Aubrey de Vere Maclean]]'''
|1848–1920
|1877–1908
|{{flag|Morocco|1666}}
|Scottish soldier who served [[Hassan I of Morocco|Sultan Mawlay Hassan]] and [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Mawlay Abdelaziz]] as a military instructor to the [[Moroccan Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Frederick Townsend Ward]]'''
|1831–1862
|1852–1862
|{{flagcountry|Qing dynasty}}
|American sailor and soldier of fortune known for his military service in Imperial China during the [[Taiping Rebellion]]. He was killed while leading Qing forces at the [[Battle of Cixi]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Ira Allen]]'''
|1751–1814
|
|{{flag|France}}
|One of the founders of [[Vermont]], Allen co-led the [[Green Mountain Boys]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He went to France in 1795 seeking French army intervention for seizing Canada, to create an independent republic called United Columbia. He bought 20,000 muskets and 24 cannon, but was captured at sea, taken to England, placed on trial, charged with furnishing arms for Irish rebels.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Horace Bell]]'''
|1830–1918
|1859–1861
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />{{flag|Mexico}}
|A founding member of the [[Los Angeles Rangers]], Bell was a member of William Walker's filibustering expedition in Nicaragua and [[Benito Juárez]]'s Army in Mexico during the [[Reform War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Parker H. French]]'''
|1826–1880
|1855–1856
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|Adventurer and swindler who participated in William Walker's conquest of Nicaragua.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[James Long (filibuster)|James Long]]'''
|1793–1822
|1819–1822
|
|A former US Army surgeon, Long was involved in two filibustering expeditions against the Spanish Empire. He led the ill-fated led [[Long Expedition]] to establish an independent republic in [[Spanish Texas]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Augustus Magee]]'''
|1789–1813
|1812–1813
|
||A former US Army officer who led a filibustering expedition of Spanish Texas in 1812.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Philo Norton McGiffin]]'''
|1860-1897
|1885-1895
|
|An 1884 graduate of the [[United States Naval Academy]], McGiffin, due to Congressional budget cuts did not receive a [[billet]] (a job opening) in the U.S. Navy and went to China looking for [[naval]] employment.  Just in time for the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894, McGiffin, promoted to the rank of [[captain]] in the Imperial Chinese Navy, was the executive officer and later commander of the Chinese ironclad ''Chen Yuen'' (aka ''[[Chinese ironclad Zhenyuan|Zhen Yuan]]'') during the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)]], where he was seriously wounded.  McGiffin ultimately died as a result of his wounds in 1897.<ref>Andrade, Tonio. (2016)  ''The Gunpowder Age, China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History.'' New Jersey, USA & Oxshireford, UK. Princeton University Press. P. 287-290</ref><ref>McGiffin, Lee. (1968) ''Yankee of the Yalu, [[Philo Norton McGiffin]], American Captain in the Chinese Navy (1885-1895).'' New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. P. 35, 36, 96</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]]'''
|1739–1812
|1810–1812
|
|A Continental Army officer during the American Revolutionary War, Mathews was a key figure in an 1810–1812 filibuster expedition to capture Spanish Florida for the United States.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[John A. Quitman]]'''
|1798–1858
|1849–1854
|
|As military governor of Mexico City, Quitman aided Venezuelan filibuster [[Narciso López]]'s expedition to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule in 1850. He and [[Mansfield Lovell]] later attempted a filibustering expedition to Cuba in 1853, however, the plans were abandoned when President [[Franklin Pierce]] withdrew his support. 
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]]'''
|1824–1860
|1853–1860
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|Lawyer and journalist who led several filibustering expeditions into Latin America during the 1850s. He served as president of Nicaragua from 1856 to 1857 when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Chatham Roberdeau Wheat]]'''
|1826–1862
|1849–1861
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|An American mercenary and filibusterer who took fought under [[Narciso López]] in Cuba and [[Juan Álvarez]] in Mexico. He was briefly a member of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Expedition of the Thousand]] but returned to the U.S. at the start of the American Civil War.
|}

==Industrial==
{|  class="sortable wikitable"  
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Name
! style="width:7%;"| Life
! style="width:7%;"| Years active
! style="width:10%;"| Allegiance<br />{{small|('''Organization''')}}
! style="width:55%;"| Comments
|- valign="top"
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1891–1896).svg}} '''[[Frederick Russell Burnham]]'''
|1861–1947
|1893–1897 1900–1901
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} <br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of BSAC.svg}} [[British South Africa Company]]
|American scout and adventurer who served with the British South Africa Company and the British Army in colonial Africa.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} '''[[Lee Christmas]]'''
|1863–1924
|1897–1923
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1866-1949).svg}} [[Honduras]]
|American engineer who fought with rebel groups in Central America during the early 20th century. Initially employed as a railroad engineer in Honduras, he was kidnapped by rebels in 1897. Christmas eventually joined their cause and became a close associate of General [[Manuel Bonilla]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon image|Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg}} '''[[Morris Cohen (adventurer)|Morris Cohen]]'''
|1887–1970
|1922–1943
| {{flagicon image|Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg}} [[Tongmenghui]]<br/>{{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)}}
|Polish-born British adventurer who became aide-de-camp to Dr. Sun Yat-sen and a major-general in the Chinese [[National Revolutionary Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1847–1848).svg}} '''[[George Washington Dixon]]'''
|1801–1861
|1847
|
|American singer and stage actor best known as one of the earliest blackface performers. A controversial newspaper editor, Dixon took part in a failed filibustering expedition to the Yucatán in 1847.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1837–1845).svg}} '''[[Josiah Harlan]]'''
|1799–1871
|1824–1839
|{{flag|Sikh Empire}}<br />[[Emirate of Afghanistan]]<br/>{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|American adventurer who traveled to Afghanistan and Punjab with the intention of making himself a king. [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s short story ''[[The Man Who Would Be King]]'' is partly based on his life.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Charles Frederick Henningsen]]'''
|1815–1877
|1834–1863
|{{flagicon image|Flag of New Spain.svg}} [[Carlists]]<br />{{flag|Circassia}}<br />{{flag|Hungarian State (1849)}}<br />{{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />{{flag|CSA}}
|An English mercenary and munitions expert who fought in the [[First Carlist War]], [[Russian-Circassian War]], [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], and the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]]. Henningsen was involved in several filibustering expeditions during the 1850s including, most notably, William Walker's campaign in Nicaragua.
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Emilio Kosterlitzky]]'''
|1853–1928
|1871–1913
|{{flagicon image|Bandera de México (1880-1914).svg}} [[Mexico]]
|Russian-born soldier of fortune, known as the "Mexican Cossack", who participated in the [[Mexican Apache Wars]] and [[Yaqui Wars]]. Imprisoned during the [[Mexican Revolution]], Kosterlitzky was freed after the intervention of the U.S. in 1914.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1908–1912).svg}} '''[[Homer Lea]]'''
|1876–1912
|1899–1912
|{{flagicon image|Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg}} [[Tongmenghui]]
|American adventurer involved with Chinese reform and revolutionary movements in the early twentieth century. A close associate of Dr. [[Sun Yat-sen]] during the [[Xinhai Revolution|1911 Chinese Republican revolution]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1877–1890).svg}} '''[[Henry McIver]]'''
|1841–1907
|1857–1884
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br/ >{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}<br/ > {{flagicon image|Flag of New Spain.svg}} [[Carlists]]<br/ >{{flag|Second Mexican Empire}}<br/ >{{flag|Principality of Serbia}}<br/ >{{flagicon image| Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|American soldier of fortune who fought for 18 countries during his 27-year career.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Robert Hale Merriman]]'''
|1908-1938
|1937-1938
|{{flag|Spanish Republic}}<br />[[File:Flag of the International Brigades.svg|25px]] [[International Brigades]]
|American doctoral student who fought with the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] forces in Spain during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He was killed while commanding the [[Abraham Lincoln Battalion]] of the [[International Brigades]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Thaddeus P. Mott]]'''
|1831–1894
|1848–1857<br />1868–1879
|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}<br />{{flagicon image|Bandera Histórica de la República Mexicana (1824-1918).svg}} [[Mexico]]<br />{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br/ >{{flag|Khedivate of Egypt}}
|American adventurer and ex-soldier who fought in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. As an advisor to Sultan [[Abdulaziz]], Mott recruited former Union and Confederate soldiers for service in the [[Egyptian Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}}{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Carol Ap Rhys Pryce]]'''
|1876–1955
|1911
|{{flagicon image|Bandera de México (1880-1914).svg}} [[Mexico]]
|Indian-Born Welsh soldier of fortune. Noted for his role in the 1911 [[Magonista]] rebellion in [[Baja California]] as an officer with the Mexican Foreign Legion.
|-
|{{flagicon|Prussia}} '''[[Felix Salm-Salm|Prince Felix von Salm-Salm]]'''
|1820–1870
|1846–1870
|{{flag|Austrian Empire}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1863-1865).svg}} [[United States]] <br />{{flag|Second Mexican Empire}}
|Prussian cavalry officer in the [[First Schleswig War]] that went on to serve the [[Austrian Empire]] in the [[Austro-Sardinian War]], the [[United States of America|American]] [[Union Army]], the [[Second Mexican Empire]], and lastly for [[Prussia]] in the [[Franco-Prussian War]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Venezuela (1905–1930).svg}} '''[[Rafael de Nogales Méndez]]'''
|1879–1937
|1898–1933
|{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flagicon image| Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Spain]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Bandera de México (1880-1914).svg}} [[Mexico]]<br />{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|Venezuelan adventurer and writer who took part in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], [[Spanish–American War]] and various uprisings in Latin America. Méndez served with the Ottoman Empire during World War I where he was a witness to the [[Armenian genocide]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Senegal (1958–1959).svg}} '''[[Abdul Injai]]'''
|
|1905–1915
|{{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}<br/ > {{flag|Portugal}}
|Muslim Wolof mercenary in colonial Portuguese Guinea at the turn of the 20th century.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Frederic Ives Lord]]'''
|1897–1967
|1917–1919<br />1936–1945
|{{flag|Mexico}}<br /> {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[White Army]]<br />{{flag|Spanish Republic}}
|[[Royal Flying Corps]] flying ace during the [[World War I|First World War]] and [[Russian Civil War]]. He was also served as a military advisor to the Mexican air force during the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Carl Gustaf von Rosen]]'''
|1909–1977
|1936–1977
|{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}<br/>{{flag|Finland}}<br/>{{flag|Biafra}}<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987).svg}} [[Derg]]
|A volunteer pilot for Finland during the [[Winter War]] and [[Biafra]] during the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. A pioneer aviator, Rosen flew relief missions in a number of conflicts from the 1930s to 1970s.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Francis Arthur Sutton]]'''
|1884–1944
|1918?–1928
|[[Image:Flag of China (1912–1928).svg|22px]] [[Manchuria]]
|English adventurer, known as "One Arm Sutton", who served as a major general for Manchurian warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Ivor Thord-Gray]]'''
|1878–1964
|1893–1919
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|Cape Colony}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg}} [[Kenya Colony]]<br />{{flag|United States}}<br /> {{flag|Philippines}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Bandera de México (1880-1914).svg}} [[Mexico]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[White Army]]
|Swedish adventurer who participated in 13 different wars across several continents.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Frank Glasgow Tinker]]'''
|1909–1939
|1936–1937
|{{flag|Spanish Republic}}
|Volunteer fighter pilot and top American ace for the Spanish Republican Air Force during the [[Spanish Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} '''[[Amleto Vespa]]'''
|1888–1944
|1922–1941
|[[Image:Flag of China (1912–1928).svg|22px]] [[Manchuria]]<br /> {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
|Fascist mercenary, spy and weapons smuggler who worked for Manchurian warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]] and later for the [[Empire of Japan]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}{{flagicon|Poland}} '''[[Jan Zumbach]]'''
|1915–1986
|1940–1967
|{{flag|France}}<br />{{flag|UK}}<br />{{flag|Katanga}}<br />{{flag|Biafra}}
|A Swiss-born Polish fighter pilot who served with the British, French and Polish Air Force during World War II. He also took part in the [[Congo Crisis]] and [[Nigerian Civil War]] as an air force commander during the 1960s.
|}

==Modern==
{|  class="sortable wikitable"  
|-
! style="width:21%;"| Name
! style="width:7%;"| Life
! style="width:7%;"| Years active
! style="width:10%;"| Allegiance<br />{{small|('''Organization''')}}
! style="width:55%;"| Comments
|-
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Vincent Patriarca]]
|1914–1995
|
|{{Flag|Italy}}{{Flag|Spain}}
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|France}} [[Roger Faulques]]
|1924–
2011
|1944–1970
|[[French Forces of the Interior]]{{Flag|France}}{{Flag|State of Katanga}}{{Flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}}{{Flag|Biafra}}
|He fought in [[World War II]], the [[First Indochina War]], the [[Suez Crisis]], the [[Algerian War]], the [[Congo Crisis]], the [[North Yemen Civil War]] and the [[Nigerian Civil War]]. He is one of France's most decorated soldiers.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Joseph Adams (mercenary)|Joseph Adams]]'''
|
| (fl. 1970s &'80s)
|{{flag|Nicaragua}} <br/> [[Contras]]
|Bodyguard and military adviser of [[Adolfo Calero]], one of the leaders of the [[Contras|Contra rebellion]] in Nicaragua.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[George Bacon (CIA officer)|George Bacon]]'''
|1946–1976
|1975–1976
|{{flag|Angola}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[FNLA]]
|A former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Green Beret]] and CIA operative, Bacon served with the [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] during the [[Angolan Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Hilaire du Berrier]]'''
|1906–2002
|
|{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}<br/>{{flag|Spanish Republic}}<br/>{{flag|Republic of China}}<br/>{{flag|France}}
|Pilot and spy who fought with the Ethiopian Air Force in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], joined the Republican Air Force in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a nationalist spy, and later operated a spy network for the Chinese, in cooperation with France, against the Japanese in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] 
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Frank Camper]]'''
|1946–
|
|{{flag|El Salvador}}<br/>{{flag|Guatemala}}<br/>{{flag|Mexico}}<br/>{{flag|Yemen}}
|A Vietnam War veteran and Defense Intelligence Agency employee who operated as a freelance mercenary in El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Yemen. He later operated the Recondo mercenary training school near [[Dolomite, Alabama]]. According to the [[FBI]], Camper was personally responsible for saving the Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s life in 1985.
|-
|'''{{flagicon|United States}} [[Claire Lee Chennault]]'''
|1893–1958
|1941–1958
|{{Flag|Republic of China}}<br/>{{Flag|Burma}}<br/>{{Flag|Thailand}}<br/>{{Flag|France|name=French Union}}<br/>{{Flag|South Vietnam|name=State of Vietnam}}<br/>{{Flag|Cambodia}}<br/>{{Flag|LAO|name=Laos}}
|Founder and Commander of American Volunteer Group ([[Flying Tigers]]). Founder of [[Civil Air Transport]] (Later known as [[Air America (airline)|Air America]]). Post Commander of American Legion China Post 1 Shanghai.
|-

|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Thomas W. Chittum]]'''
|1947–
|early 1970s–1992
|{{flag|Croatia}}<br/>{{flag|Rhodesia}}
|A Vietnam War veteran who fought in the [[Rhodesian War]] and [[Croatian War of Independence]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Cyprus (1922–1960).svg}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Charlie Christodoulou]]'''
|1951–1976
|1975–1976
|{{flag|Angola}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[FNLA]]
|Greek Cypriot-born British mercenary killed in an ambush in Angola during the [[Angolan War of Independence]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}}
'''[[John Alan Coey]]'''
|1950–1975
|1972–1975
|{{flag|Rhodesia}}
|A former [[United States Marine Corps]] Officer Candidate who left to join the [[Rhodesian Light Infantry]]. He was killed in action in 1975 and was the first American to die in the [[Rhodesian Bush War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Andrew J. Moonen]]'''
|1980–
|2006–2007
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (2004–2008).svg}} [[Iraq]]
|Former employee of [[Blackwater Security]], accused by the Iraq government of murdering Raheem Khalif, a security guard of the Iraqi Vice-president, [[Adel Abdul Mahdi]].
|-

|{{flagicon|Belgian Congo}}/{{flagicon|Belgium}} '''[[Yves Debay]]'''
|1954–2013
|late 1970s–1986
|{{flag|Rhodesia}}<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]
|Congolese-born Belgian mercenary who served in the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] and [[South African Border War]]. He became war correspondent in 1986 and covered wars in Afghanistan, both Iraq wars, Lebanon, the Balkans, Libya and Syria. Debay was the first Belgian journalist killed during the [[Syrian civil war]].
|-

|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Peter Kemp (writer)|Peter Kemp]]'''
|1913–1993
|1936–1946
|{{flagicon image|Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg}} [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]]<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] Agent who worked with WW2 resistance fighters in [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)|Albania]], [[Home Army|Poland]] and [[War in Vietnam (1945–1946)|Indochina]]. Also fought in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Nationalist.
|-

|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''[[Rafał Gan-Ganowicz]]'''
|1932–2002
|1950–1969
|{{flag|United States}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Congo-Léopoldville]]<br/> {{flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}}
|Polish Anti-Communist Mercenary who was a member of the [[Polish government-in-exile]] and fought in the [[Congo Crisis]] and the [[North Yemen Civil War]].
|-

|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Pedro Marangoni]]'''
|1949
|1968-1980
|{{flag|Brazil}}<br/>{{flag|France}}<br/>{{flag|Mozambique}}<br/>{{flag|Rhodesia}}<br/>{{flag|Spain}}<br/><ref>https://terryaspinall.com/03merc/biography/pedros-bio.html</ref>
|
|-

|{{flagicon|Belgium}} '''[[Jean Schramme]]'''
|1929–1988
|1961–1968
|{{flag|Katanga}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Congo-Léopoldville]]
|Belgian planter who turned mercenary during the [[Congo Crisis]] and led the 1967 uprising in [[State of Katanga|Katanga]] against Colonel [[Mobutu Sese Seko]].
|-

|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Tex O'Reilly]]'''
|1880–1946
|1900s–1920s
|{{flag|Mexico}}<br/> [[División del Norte]]<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Spain]]
|An American adventurer and soldier of fortune who participated in the [[Banana Wars]], [[Mexican Revolution]] and the [[Rif War]] during the early 20th century.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Robert C. MacKenzie]]'''
|1948–1995
|1970–1985
|{{flag|Rhodesia}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]<br />{{flag|Transkei}}<br/> {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|An ex-Vietnam War veteran who served as an officer with the [[Rhodesian Special Air Service]], [[South African Defence Force]], and [[Transkei|Transkei Defense Force]]. He was later a contributing editor for ''[[Soldier of Fortune (magazine)|Soldier of Fortune]]'' and covered conflicts around the globe.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Dean Ivan Lamb]]'''
|1886–1956
|1912–1923
|{{flag|Honduras}}<br/>{{flag|Mexico}}<br/>{{flag|Paraguay}}
|A mercenary fighter pilot who took part in the [[Mexican Revolution]], [[World War I]] and the [[Paraguayan Civil War (1922)|First Paraguayan Civil War]]. He also helped to establish the [[Honduran Air Force]] in 1921.
|-
|{{flagicon|Palestine}} '''[[Abu Nidal]]'''
|1937–2002
|1967–2002
|[[Rejectionist Front]]
|Founder of the [[Abu Nidal Organization]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} '''[[Carlos The Jackal|Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (Carlos the Jackal)]]'''
|1949–
|1970–1994
| [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP-terrorists]]<br/> [[File:Flagge des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit.svg|25px]] [[Stasi]]<br/>{{flag|Ba'athist Iraq}}
|Venezuelan Communist known for committing several terrorist attacks in Europe and the Middle East, most notably the [[OPEC siege]] in 1975.
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Bruce Conde]]'''
|1913–1992
|1962–1970
|{{flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}}
|Stamp collector and royal impostor who served as a general with Royalist forces in the [[North Yemen Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Harold Edward Dahl]]'''
|1909–1956
|1936–1945
|{{flag|Spanish Republic}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of Canada (1921–1957).svg}} [[Canada]]
|Mercenary pilot who was a member of [[Andrés García La Calle]]'s "American Patrol" group during the [[Spanish Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}/{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Sam Dreben]]'''
|1878–1925
|1907–1917
|{{flag|Mexico}}<br/>{{flag|Guatemala}}<br/> {{flag|Honduras}}<br/> {{flag|Nicaragua}}
|A World War I war hero popularly known as "The Fighting Jew". He also fought as a mercenary during the [[Banana Wars]] and [[Mexican Revolution]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Sam Hall (diver)|Sam Hall]]'''
|1937–2014
|1980s
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}<br/> [[Contras]]
|One time U.S. Olympian who fought on the side of anti-communist forces as a military advisor to the Nicaraguan Contras.
|-
|{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} '''[[Gulmurod Khalimov]]'''
|1975–2017
|2015–2017
|{{flag|Islamic State}}
|Known as Al-Tadzhiki, Khalimov was a former Lieutenant Colonel in the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan]] before defecting to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] in 2015, becoming its War Minister. He was allegedly killed in 2017 during a Russian air strike in [[Deir ez-Zor]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Peter McAleese]]'''
|1942–
|1976-early 1990s
|{{flag|Angola}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[FNLA]]<br/> {{flag|Rhodesia}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]<br/> {{flag|Colombia}}
|An ex-[[Special Air Service]] officer who served with the [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]], [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|Rhodesian SAS]] and the [[44 Parachute Brigade (South Africa)|44 Parachute Brigade]].
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Bob Denard]]'''
|1929–2007
|1961–1995
|{{flag|Katanga}}<br/> {{flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Congo-Léopoldville]]<br/> {{flag|Rhodesia}}<br/> {{flag|Biafra}}<br/> {{flag|Gabon}}<br/> {{flag|People's Republic of Benin}}<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of the Comoros (1978–1992).svg}} [[Comoros]]
|French soldier and mercenary who operated in many African countries during the Cold War. He is, to date, the only mercenary who has ruled over a [[nation]]. However, he did not hold political office and ruled through the [[Puppet ruler|puppet president]] he ousted previously, [[Ahmed Abdallah]].
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Dominique Borella]]'''
|1927–1975
|1945–1975
|{{flag|Khmer Republic}}<br/> {{flag|Lebanon}}
|French soldier and mercenary who fought in the [[Algerian War]], [[Cambodian Civil War]] and the [[Lebanese Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Rolf Steiner]]'''
|1933–
|1950–1971
|{{flag|France}}<br/>{{flagicon image|OAS Flag.svg}} [[Organisation Armée Secrète|OAS]]<br/> {{flag|Biafra}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Sn anyaanya1.PNG}} [[Anyanya]]
|Soldier of fortune who led the 4th Commando Brigade in the [[Biafra]]n Army during the [[Nigerian Civil War]], and later served with the [[Anyanya]] rebels in southern Sudan.
|-
|{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg}}/{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[Mike Hoare]]'''
|1919–2020
|1960–1983
|{{flag|Katanga}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Congo-Léopoldville]]<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of Seychelles (1977–1996).svg}} [[Seychelles]]
|An Indian-born Irish [[mercenary]] leader known for military activities in [[Africa]] and his attempt to conduct a [[coup d'état]] in the [[Seychelles]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}}/{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg}}'''[[Siegfried Müller (mercenary)|Siegfried Müller]]'''
|1920–1983
|1962–1965
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg}} [[Congo-Léopoldville]]
|A former ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' officer-candidate who fought as a mercenary under Major Mike Hoare in the Congo Crisis.
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Lynn Garrison]]'''
|1937–
|1967–1970
|{{flag|Biafra}}
|Flew as a combat pilot in various conflicts, most notably the [[Nigerian Civil War]], and later acted as a military and political advisor, allegedly with the support of a number of US Government agencies and various U.S. senators.
|-
|{{flagicon|Fiji}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Fred Marafano]]'''
|1940–2013
|1984–2006
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br/> [[Executive Outcomes]]
|Fijian-born British [[Special Air Service]] operative turned mercenary who fought in the [[Sierra Leone civil war]] as a member of [[Executive Outcomes]].
|-
|{{flagicon image| Flag of Cyprus (1922–1960).svg}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Costas Georgiou]]'''
|1951–1976
|1975–1976
|{{flag|Angola}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[FNLA]]
|Greek Cypriot-born British mercenary executed in Angola following the [[Luanda Trial]] for activities during the civil war phase of the [[Angolan War of Independence]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Philip Sessarego]]'''
|1952–2008
|1979–1993
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Mujahideen]]<br/>{{flagicon image| Flag of Afghanistan (1992–2001).svg}} [[Afghanistan]]<br/> {{flag|Croatia}}
|A soldier of fortune involved in a failed coup in the Maldives and trained Mujahideen in Afghanistan before faking his own death in 1993.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Simon Mann]]'''
|1952–
|1993–2004
|[[Executive Outcomes]]<br/> {{flag|Angola}}<br/> {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br/> {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br/> {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|Former British Army officer who was imprisoned in [[Equatorial Guinea]] for his role in a [[2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt|failed coup d'état]] in 2004.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Tim Spicer]]'''
|1952–
|1994–
|[[Sandline International]]<br/> [[Aegis Defense Services]]<br/>  {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br/>{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (2004–2008).svg}} [[Iraq]]
|A British Army officer turned military contractor. He served as CEO of [[Sandline International]] from 1995 to 2000 before co-founding [[Aegis Defence Services]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}}/{{flagicon|Hungary}} '''[[Eduardo Rózsa-Flores]]'''
|1960–2009
|1991–1994
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|A war correspondent for ''[[La Vanguardia]]'' and the Spanish unit of the [[BBC World Service]], Rózsa-Flores joined the [[Croatian National Guard]] during the [[Croatian War of Independence]]. As the group's first foreign volunteer, he helped form the Croatian army's First International Unit. Rózsa-Flores was later killed in a police raid during a meeting to allegedly plan the assassination of Bolivian president [[Evo Morales]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Yair Klein]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|Lebanon}}<br/> {{flag|Colombia}}<br/>[[Medellín Cartel]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Sl RUF.png}} [[Revolutionary United Front]]
|A former [[Israeli Army]] officer who founded the private mercenary company Spearhead Ltd. The organization provided arms and training to armed forces in [[South America]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Sierra Leone]].
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Nick du Toit]]'''
|
|
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|South African arms dealer and mercenary implicated in the 2004 plot to overthrow [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo|Teodoro Obiang]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Tullio Moneta]]'''
|1937–2022
|1964–1981
|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]<br/> {{flagicon image| Flag of Seychelles (1977–1996).svg}} [[Seychelles]]
|Italian-born South African mercenary who served under [[Mike Hoare]] in the Congo. He was second-in-command to Hoare during the failed 1981 coup at [[Mahe Airport]] in the [[Seychelles]]. Moneta was sentenced to five years in prison.
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Neall Ellis]]'''
|1949–
|Late 1960s–1971 1996–2004
|{{flag|Rhodesia}}<br/> [[Executive Outcomes]]<br/>[[Sandline International]]<br/> {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|An ex-[[South African Air Force]] pilot, Ellis later contracted for various private military corporations including [[Executive Outcomes]] and [[Sandline International]]. During the [[Sierra Leone Civil War|civil war in Sierra Leone]], he and his crew held off [[Revolutionary United Front]] forces almost single-handedly before the capital was overrun.
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}/{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} '''[[Taffy Williams]]'''
|1933–1996
|1960–1970
|{{flag|Katanga}}<br/> {{flag|Biafra}}
|Welsh-born mercenary who served in [[Biafra]] and the Congo with [[Mike Hoare]] and [[5 Commando (Congo)]].
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} '''[[Kelvyn Alp]]'''
|1971–
|1996–2002
|{{flagicon image| Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg}} [[Māori people|Māori]]
|Founder of the New Zealand Armed Intervention Force. Though founded as a mercenary organisation, it was referred to in the media as a Māori separatist group.
|-
|{{flagicon|Liberia}}/{{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Jackie Arklöv]]'''
|1973–
|1992–1999
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|[[Liberia]]n-born Swedish mercenary who took part in [[Yugoslav Wars]]. He was imprisoned for war crimes in [[Bosnia]] but eventually returned to Sweden in a prisoner exchange. Arklöv later joined the neo-Nazi group led by [[Tony Olsson (criminal)|Tony Olsson]] and participated in their 1999 crime spree that led to [[Malexander murders|the deaths of two police officers]].
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Mitchell WerBell III]]'''
 |1918–1983
|1950–1973
|{{flag|Cuba}}<br>{{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br>
|An ex-Office of Strategic Services guerrilla operative, arms dealer and weapons designer who served as a security advisor to Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo and to the Batista regime in Cuba during the 1950s. Also involved with various rebel groups in the Caribbean and Central America during the Cold War.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Brooks, M. Evan. ''Military History's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Improbable Victories, Unlikely Heroes, and Other Martial Oddities''. Potomac Books, 2002.
* Davis, Richard Harding. ''Six Who Dared: The Lives of Six Great Soldiers of Fortune''. Fireship Press, 2007.
* [[Michael Lee Lanning|Lanning, Michael Lee]]. ''Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, from Ancient Greece to Today's Private Military Companies''. Random House Publishing Group, 2007.
* Mockler, Anthony. ''The Mercenaries: The Men Who Fight for Profit{{snd}}from the Free Companies of Feudal France to the White Adventurers in the Congo''. Macmillan, 1969.

==Further reading==
;Ancient World
* Griffith, G. T. ''The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World''. Cambridge University Press, 1935.{{ISBN?}}
* [[Matthew Trundle|Trundle, Matthew]]. ''Greek Mercenaries: From the Late Archaic Period to Alexander''. Routledge, 2004.{{ISBN?}}
* Yalichev, Serge. ''Mercenaries of the Ancient World''. Constable, 1997.{{ISBN?}}

;Medieval
* France, John, ed. "Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages". ''Smithsonian History of Warfare''. Vol. 47. Brill, 2008. {{ISBN|9004164472}}
* Janin, Hunt and Ursula Carlson. ''Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe''. McFarland, 2013.
* Mallett, Michael. ''Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy''. Pen and Sword, 2009.
* Murphy, David. ''Condottiere 1300–1500: Infamous Medieval Mercenaries''. Oxford: Osprey, 2007.

;Early modern
* Dempsey, Guy. ''Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799–1814''. Frontline Books, 2002.
* Ingrao, Charles W. ''The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform Under Frederick II, 1760–1785''. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Janice E. Thomson, ''Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe'' Princeton University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|1-4008-0801-4}} Describes the building of the modern state system through the states' "monopolization of extraterritorial violence."
* Rodriguez, Moises Enrique. ''Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America''. Vol. 2. Hamilton Books, 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130758/http://www.drizzle.com/~celyn/jherek/16thMilSci.pdf Military science in western Europe in the sixteenth century. Prologue:The nature of armies in the 16th century] (pdf): ''A given army often included numerous nationalities and languages. The normal Landsknecht regiment included one interpreter per 400 men, and interpreters were commonly budgeted for in the staffs of the field armies of the French, and of German reiter regiments as well. Fluency in multiple languages was a valuable skill for a captain, given that it was not uncommon for armies to consist of a majority of foreign nationals.''

;Industrial
* Edwards, John Carver. ''Airmen Without Portfolio: U.S. Mercenaries in Civil War Spain''. Praeger, 1997.
* Jowett, Philip. ''Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–30''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
* Langley, Lester D. and Thomas D. Schoonover. ''The Banana Men: American Mercenaries and Entrepreneurs in Central America, 1880–1930''. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.
* Roche, James Jeffrey. ''The Story of the Filibusters''. T. F. Unwin, 1891.

;Modern
* Mockler, Anthony. ''The New Mercenaries: The History of the Mercenary from the Congo to the Seychelles''. Paragon House, 1987.
* Arnold, Guy. ''Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-312-22203-1}}
* Pelton, Robert Young. ''Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror''. Crown, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1400097814}}
* Mockler, Anthony. ''Hired Guns and Coups d'Etat: Mercenaries: Thirty Years 1976–2006''. Hunter Mackay, 2007.
* [[Jeremy Scahill]]. ''[[Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army]]'', Nation Books, 2007. {{ISBN|1-56025-979-5}}
* [[P. W. Singer]]. ''Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry'', Cornell University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0801474361}}
* Woolley, Peter J. "Soldiers of Fortune," ''[[The Common Review]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20110513141410/http://www.thecommonreview.org/fileadmin/template/tcr/pdf/WoolleyRev54.pdf v. 5, no. 4(2007), pp. 46–48]. Review essay.
* Venter, Al J. ''War Dog: Fighting Other People's Wars: The Modern Mercenary in Combat''. Lancer Publishers, 2010.
* Othen, Christopher. ''Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World''. History Press, 2015.
* McFate, Sean. ''The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order''. Oxford University Press, 2016.
* Chase, Simon & Pezzullo, Ralph. ''Zero Footprint''. Mulholland Books, 2017 {{ISBN|978-0316342254}}

[[Category:Lists of military personnel|Mercenaries]]
[[Category:Mercenaries|Mercenaries]]