View source for Republic of Formosa

{{Short description|1895 short-lived republic on the island of Taiwan}}
{{About|the 1895 historical republic|the modern proposed nation-state|Taiwan independence movement|the current state|Taiwan}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name            = {{native name|zh-Hant-TW|臺灣民主國}}<br>{{transliteration|zh|Táiwān Mínzhǔguó}} ([[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]])<br>{{transliteration|zh|Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok}} ([[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]])<br>{{transliteration|zh|Thòi-vân Mìn-chú-koet}} ([[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]])
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Formosa
| common_name            = Formosa
| status                 = [[List of historical unrecognized countries|Unrecognized state]]
| life_span              = 1895
| era                    = [[New Imperialism]]
| event_start            = [[Treaty of Shimonoseki#Aftermath|Independence declared]] from [[Qing dynasty]]
| date_start             = 23 May
| year_start             = 1895
| event_end              = [[1895 Japanese Conquest of Taiwan|Occupied by Imperial Japan]]
| date_end               = 21 October
| year_end               = 1895
| p1                     = Taiwan under Qing rule
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg
| s1                     = Taiwan under Japanese rule
| flag_s1                = Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg
| image_flag             = Flag of the Republic of Formosa (1895).svg
| flag_caption           = [[Flag of the Republic of Formosa|Flag]]
| other_symbol           = '''National seal:'''<br />{{lang|zh-Hant|民主國之寶印}}<br />[[File:Formosa Seal.svg|85px]]
| image_map              = Taiwan on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg
| image_map_caption      = The [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]], on which the Republic of Formosa was established in 1895.
| national_motto         = 
| national_anthem        = 
| capital                = [[Taipei]] (May – June 1895)<br>[[Tainan]] (June – October 1895)
| common_languages       = [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]
| government_type        = [[Republic]]
| title_leader           = President
| leader1                = [[Tang Jingsong]]
| year_leader1           = 1895
| leader2                = [[Liu Yongfu]] (''de facto'')
| year_leader2           = 1895
| stat_year1             = 1895
| currency               = [[Qing dynasty coinage|Qing Tael]]
| today                  = [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| t = {{linktext|臺灣|民主|國}}
| s = 台湾民主国
| p = Táiwān Mínzhǔguó
| bpmf = ㄊㄞˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄨㄢ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄇㄧㄣˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄓㄨˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄨㄛˊ
| poj = Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok
| tl = Tâi-uân Bîn-tsú-kok
| h = Thòi-vân Mìn-chú-koet
| kyujitai = 臺灣民主國
| shinjitai = 台湾民主国
| l = Democratic State of Taiwan
| hepburn = Taiwan Minshukoku
| kunrei = Taiwan Minsyukoku
| hiragana = たいわんみんしゅこく
| katakana = タイワンミンシュコク
| w = T'ai²-wan¹ Min²-chu³-kuo²
| tp = Táiwan Mínjhǔguó
| romaji = Taiwan Minshukoku
}}
{{History of Taiwan}}
The '''Republic of Formosa''' was a short-lived republic<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=David Curtis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTD6V3bKixwC&pg=PA113 |title=The History of China |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313377488 |pages=113 |language=en |quote=In May 1895 a short-lived republic was declared in Taiwan{{nbsp}}...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 1895 |title=Republic of Formosa. Most Short-Lived Government That Has Ever Existed. |page=8 |work=[[The Sacramento Union|Sacramento Daily Record-Union]] |location=[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18950720.2.89 |quote=[[Charles Denby Jr.|Denby]] confirms the statement made that a republican form of government was instituted, and says: 'This republic will pass into history as the most short-lived government that ever existed.'}}</ref> that existed on the [[island of Taiwan]] in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the [[Qing dynasty]] of China to the [[Empire of Japan]] in the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] and its being taken over by Japanese troops. The Republic lasted 151 days; it was proclaimed on 23 May 1895 and extinguished on 21 October, when the Republican capital [[Tainan]] was taken over by the Japanese. Though sometimes claimed{{by whom|date=November 2024}} as the first East Asian republic to have been proclaimed, it was predated by the [[Lanfang Republic]] in Borneo, established in 1777, as well as by the [[Republic of Ezo]] in Japan, established in 1869.{{citation needed|reason=There's no indication here as to what "republic" means. Both the Japanese term 共和国 and the Chinese term 民主国 have been used anachronistically to refer to Asian forms of government that superficially resembled "republics" by western standards. Both examples here are problematic given the anachronistic uses of the English term "republic," and the Asian terms 共和国 and 民主国. 台湾民主国 is the very least an official designation born after the Chinese term 民主国 was already in widespread use as a translation of "republic", not an anachronism used by historians. See the article for [[Kongsi republic]] for more.|date=November 2024}}

== Etymology ==
The name Formosa dates from 1542 when [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] sailors sighted an uncharted island and noted it on their maps as ''Ilha Formosa'' ("beautiful island").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Information Office |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2011 |publisher=Government Information Office |year=2011 |location=Republic of China (Taiwan) |pages=46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514004941/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> The name ''Formosa'' eventually "replaced all others in European literature" and remained in common use among English speakers into the 20th century.<ref>[[James W. Davidson|Davidson, James W.]] (1903). ''The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions''. London and New York: Macmillan. [[Open Library|OL]] 6931635M</ref>

The term {{zh|t=民主國|p=mínzhǔguó|labels=no|out=p}} was an early Chinese translation of the English word ''republic'', pioneered by [[William Alexander Parsons Martin]] with his Chinese translation of [[Henry Wheaton]]'s ''[[Elements of International Law]]''. <ref name=chen2011>{{cite journal|title=「民主」と「共和」 ―近代日中概念の形成とその相互影響―|language=Japanese|trans-title="Democracy" and "Republic" : The Emergence of Modern Concepts in Chinese and Japanese and their Interdependence|last=Chen|first=Liwei|journal=成城大学経済研究|trans-journal=Seijo University economic papers|date=November 2011}}</ref> The Japanese equivalent during this time the time was {{nihongo||共和國|kyōwakoku}}, which became the standard translation for ''republic'' in East Asia, while ''mínzhǔguó'' came to mean "democratic country" instead. There was also a similar alternative, {{zh|t=民國|p=mínguó|labels=no|out=p}}, pioneered by [[Sun Yat-sen]] (see [[Republic of China (1912–1949)#Name]]).

== Background ==
{{Main|First Sino-Japanese War|Treaty of Shimonoseki}}

In 1894, China and Japan [[First Sino-Japanese War|went to war]]. In a few months, the Japanese defeated China's [[Beiyang fleet]], routed the Chinese armies in [[Manchuria]], and [[Port Arthur massacre (China)|captured Port Arthur]] and [[British Weihaiwei|Weihaiwei]]. Although nearly all the fighting took place in northern China, Japan had important territorial ambitions in southern China. As the war approached its end, the Japanese took steps to ensure that Taiwan would be ceded to Japan under the eventual peace treaty and that they were well placed militarily to occupy the island. In March 1895 peace negotiations between Japan and China opened in the Japanese city of [[Shimonoseki]]. Although hostilities in northern China were suspended during these negotiations, Taiwan and the [[Penghu|Pescadores]] were specifically excluded from the scope of the armistice. This exclusion allowed the Japanese to mount a military operation against the Pescadores Islands in March 1895 without imperilling the negotiations. The Pescadores, lying midway between [[mainland China]] and Taiwan, were the key to a successful occupation of Taiwan. In a swift campaign in the last week of March the Japanese [[Pescadores Campaign (1895)|captured the islands]], preventing further Chinese reinforcements from being sent across the Taiwan Strait to Taiwan. This brisk ''fait accompli'' influenced the peace negotiations, and the ensuing [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]], concluded on 17 April 1895, duly provided for the cession by China of Taiwan to Japan. On 10 May, Admiral [[Kabayama Sukenori]] was appointed the first Japanese governor-general of Taiwan.<ref name="Takekoshi, 82–4">{{harvnb|Takekoshi|1907|pp=82–4}}</ref>

== Proclamation of the Republic ==
When the news of the treaty's contents reached Taiwan, a number of notables from central Taiwan led by [[Qiu Fengjia]] decided to resist the transfer of Taiwan to Japanese rule. On 23 May, in Taipei, these men declared independence, proclaiming the establishment of a free and democratic Republic of Formosa. [[Tang Jingsong]], the Qing governor-general of Taiwan, was prevailed upon to become the republic's first President, and his old friend [[Liu Yongfu]], the retired [[Black Flag Army]] commander who had become a national hero in China for [[Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass)|his victories]] against the French in northern Vietnam a decade earlier, was invited to serve as Grand General of the Army. Qiu was appointed Grand Commander of Militia, with the power to raise local militia units throughout the island to resist the Japanese. On the Chinese mainland [[Zhang Zhidong]], the powerful governor-general of Liangkiang, tacitly supported the Formosan resistance movement, and the Republicans also appointed [[Chen Jitong]], a disgraced Chinese diplomat who understood European ways of thinking, as the Republic's foreign minister. His job would be to sell the Republic abroad.<ref name="Takekoshi, 82–4" />

== Declaration of Independence ==
The declaration has not been preserved in its original Chinese version, although an English version of it was recorded by the American war correspondent [[James W. Davidson|James Wheeler Davidson]], who was in Taipei when it was issued. Davidson's version reads as follows:
<blockquote>
Official Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Formosa.

The Japanese have affronted China by annexing our territory of Formosa, and the supplications of us, the People of Formosa, at the portals of the Throne have been made in vain. We now learn that the Japanese slaves are about to arrive.

If we suffer this, the land of our hearths and homes will become the land of savages and barbarians, but if we do not suffer it, our condition of comparative weakness will certainly not endure long. Frequent conferences have been held with the Foreign Powers, who all aver that the People of Formosa must establish their independence before the Powers will assist them.

Now, therefore, we, the People of Formosa, are irrevocably resolved to die before we will serve the enemy. And we have in Council determined to convert the whole island of Formosa into a Republican state, and that the administration of all our State affairs shall be organized and carried on by the deliberations and decisions of Officers publicly elected by us the People. But as in this new enterprise there is needed, as well for the resistance of Japanese aggression as for the organization of the new administration, a man to have chief control, in whom authority shall centre, and by whom the peace of our homesteads shall be assured—therefore, in view of the respect and admiration in which we have long held the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Tang Ching Sung, we have in Council determined to raise him to the position of President of the Republic.

An official seal has been cut, and on the second day of fifth moon, at the ''ssu'' hour [9 a.m. 25 May], it will be publicly presented with all respect by the notables and people of the whole of Formosa. At early dawn on that day, all of us, notables and people, farmers and merchants, artizans and tradesmen, must assemble at the Tuan Fang Meeting House, that we may in grave and solemn manner inaugurate this undertaking

Let there be neither delay nor mistake.
A Declaration of the whole of Formosa.
[Seal in red as follows] An announcement by the whole of Formosa.<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1903|pp=279–80}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== International recognition ==
Since the island had already been ceded to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Western powers were not in a position to recognize the Republic of Formosa as a legitimate government.<ref name="Davidson 1903 280">{{harvnb|Davidson|1903|p=280}}; {{harvnb|Takekoshi|1907|p=83}}</ref> Acting under the authority of the new Republic, Chinese troops would be able to resist the Japanese in Taiwan without technically breaching the terms of the treaty, and if they were successful Taiwan could return to Chinese rule at some future date.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} (In this respect, it was significant that the nominally independent Republic acknowledged the suzerainty of China.) There was therefore little sympathy in Europe for the Republic, despite its impeccably 'Parisian' manifesto.<ref name="Davidson 1903 280" />

[[File:Republic of Formosa Stamp .jpg|right|thumb|Postage stamp issued by the Republic of Formosa]]
Although there was considerable unofficial support for the Formosan resistance movement in [[Beijing]], the Qing government's official stance was one of punctilious adherence to the terms of the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]], as considerable diplomatic efforts were then underway to persuade Japan to relinquish the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], which had also been ceded to Japan under the treaty. Japan's rapacity had aroused concern in Europe, and in a diplomatic demarche known as the [[Triple Intervention]], Russia, France and Germany put pressure on the Japanese government in late April 1895 to restore the peninsula to China. On 5 May the Japanese agreed to retrocede the Liaodong Peninsula to China in return for an increased indemnity, but it took until December 1895 to negotiate the necessary treaty amendments, and while the negotiations were in progress Japanese troops remained in place. During this period the empress dowager and her officials were anxious not to offend Japan, and the Qing court therefore formally disavowed the Republican resistance movement in Taiwan. Shortly before the proclamation of the Republic of Formosa, the Qing court ordered [[Li Jingfang]], the nephew and adopted son of China's elder statesman [[Li Hongzhang]], to proceed to Taiwan and transfer sovereignty over the island from China to Japan. It also cabled an imperial edict to Taipei on 20 May, directing [[Tang Jingsong]] to order all Qing civil officials and all officers and soldiers to leave Taiwan. Tang himself was ordered to return to Beijing.<ref>{{harvnb|Paine|2003}}, page numbers to be supplied</ref>

[[File:Replica of the National Flag of the Republic of Formosa 20110102.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|National flag of the 1895 Republic of Formosa exhibited in the [[National Taiwan Museum]]]]
Spurned by European public opinion and officially disavowed by China, the Republic of Formosa enjoyed only one week of uninterrupted existence.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} During this time it decked itself out with the conventional trappings of sovereignty. The Republicans adopted a [[Flag of the Republic of Formosa|national flag]] with a yellow tiger on a blue background, ordered a large silver state seal to be made, and began to issue paper money and postage stamps in the name of the Republic.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} The foreign minister Chen Jitong, who had lived in France for many years, was responsible for crafting much of this republican symbolism.<ref>{{harvnb|Takekoshi|1907|p=81}}</ref>

==Administrative organisation==
Premises were found for the republican parliament and the republican ministries in the [[yamen]]s of the former Qing administration in Taipei. [[Tang Jingsong]], the president of the republic, remained in the palatial Government House he had previously occupied as the Qing governor-general of Formosa. Tang's cabinet included the heads of the four great ministries of state (war, the navy, home affairs and foreign affairs), who ran their ministries from the large yamens that had previously been the premises of the provincial treasury. The yamens previously used as the headquarters of the Defense Board became Parliament House. The navy department was housed in the old military secretariat.<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1903|p=280}}</ref>

==Defense==
Knowing that a Japanese landing was imminent, the Republican leaders did what little they could in the short time given to them to prepare the island's defenses against invasion. Taiwan in May 1895 was not short of soldiers. Tang Jingsong, in order to raise morale, exaggerated their numbers considerably, claiming that he had under his command 150,000 soldiers, regulars and volunteers. Judicious observers believed that this figure should be halved. In all, they calculated, there were 75,000 soldiers scattered throughout the island, of whom 50,000 were in the northern half and 25,000 in the southern half. These troops included the regular soldiers of the Qing garrison, local volunteers, and Hakka militia units hastily raised on the orders of Qiu Fengjia.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The Qing garrison of Formosa amounted to around 50,000 soldiers, armed for the most part with modern repeating rifles. Liu Yongfu commanded around 20,000 men down in the south, around Tainan, while Qiu Fengjia commanded the central garrisons, perhaps another 10,000 men. The 30,000 men of the northern garrisons were under the command of a Chinese admiral named Yang. Local volunteer and Hakka militia units seem to have accounted for a further 25,000 men.<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1903|pp=284–9}}</ref>

==Collapse==
{{Main|Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)}}
[[File:Japanese Soldier Entering Taipei(1895).jpg|thumb|Japanese troops enter [[Taipei]], 11 June 1895]]

The Republic of Formosa survived for only five months. The Japanese landed near Keelung on the northern coast of Taiwan on 29 May 1895, and in a five-month campaign swept southwards to Tainan. During the night of 4 June, on the news that the Japanese had captured Keelung, President Tang and General Qiu fled to [[Tamsui]], and from there sailed for the mainland on the evening of 6 June. The Japanese entered Taipei shortly afterwards.<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1903|pp=299–306}}</ref>

Following Tang's flight, Liu Yongfu assumed the mantle of leadership of the Republic in Tainan. He refused to serve as president, however, and stressed instead his role as commander-in-chief of the resistance against the Japanese.<ref>{{harvnb|Lamley|1968|p=755}}</ref> The capture of Tainan now became both a political and a military imperative for the Japanese. During the next three months, although their advance was slowed by guerilla activity, the Japanese defeated the Formosan forces whenever they attempted to make a stand. The Japanese victory at [[Battle of Baguashan|Baguashan]] on 27 August, the largest battle ever fought on Taiwanese soil, doomed the Formosan resistance to an early defeat. The [[Capitulation of Tainan (1895)|fall of Tainan]] on 21 October ended organised resistance to Japanese occupation, and inaugurated [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|five decades of Japanese rule in Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=PING-HUI |first1=LIAO |title=Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895–1945: History, Culture, Memory |last2=WANG |first2=DAVID DER-WEI |date=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51081-3}}</ref>

One of the republic's resistance fighters was [[Lin Sen]], future [[President of the Republic of China]]. During [[World War II]], Lin urged the return of Taiwan be included in the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' war aims which was accomplished shortly after his death with the [[1943 Cairo Declaration|Cairo Declaration]]. There are roads named after him throughout the island.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Historical significance ==
In spite of the similarities between their names, modern supporters of [[Taiwan independence]] who call for the establishment of a Republic of Taiwan are wary of claiming that their own movement owes anything to the example of the 1895 Republic. The reason for this is that [[Tang Jingsong]] and his adherents continued to recognise Chinese [[suzerainty]], while modern advocates of a Republic of Taiwan seek complete independence.
[[Nitobe Inazō]] wrote, "Mr. Tang was elected president and the Republic of Formosa lasted three or four months, leaving behind nothing but some post-stamps valuable for collectors."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nitobe |first=Inazo |author-link=Nitobe Inazō |date=1912 |title=Japan as a Colonizer |journal=[[The Journal of Race Development]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |page=351 |doi=10.2307/29737924 |jstor=29737924 |quote=There were at that time some Imperial Chinese soldiers still remaining on the island, but on hearing of its cession to Japan they were required to disarm and leave the country. Many did so, but a few remained to oppose our army; and then also there were a few patriots who did not feel ready to accept our terms, not ready to accept an alien rule—and these either left the island or took up arms against us. Since there was now no government, some of the so-called patriots proclaimed a republic, one of the very few republics, (I say one of the very few because this is not the only case —we had a similar instance in Japan), that were started in Asia. Mr. Tang was elected president and the Republic of Formosa lasted three or four months, leaving behind nothing but some post-stamps valuable for collectors. At this time the professional brigands took this opportunity of general disturbance to ply their trade. I dare say the peaceful inhabitants of the island suffered more from the hands of their own countrymen, that is, largely from Chinese troops and brigands, than they did from us. Evidence of this lies in the fact that several towns received our army with open arms as a deliverer from robbery and slaughter. Though the island was pacified no one knew what was to happen next. We did not understand the character of the people. Very few Japanese could speak Formosan and fewer Formosans could speak Japanese. There was naturally mutual distrust and suspicion. The bandits abounded everywhere. Under these conditions military rule was the only form of government that could be adopted until better assurance could be obtained of the disposition of the people. For this purpose it was calculated that some ten million yen, I may say five million dollars, was yearly needed for the pacification and government of Formosa.}}</ref>

== Leaders ==
{|class=wikitable
!No.!!Portrait!!width=200|Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}!!Place of Birth!!colspan=2|Term of Office!!Days
|-
|align=center style="background:#28537F; color:white;"|'''1'''||[[File:Tang Jingsong.jpg|100px]]
|align=center|'''[[Tang Jingsong]]'''<br>{{large|{{lang|zh-tw|唐景崧}}}}<br>{{small|Táng Jǐngsōng ([[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]])<br>Tn̂g Kéng-siông ([[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]])<br>Thòng Kín-chhiùng ([[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]])<br>(1841–1903)<br>President}}
|[[Guilin]], [[Guangxi]], China
|25 May 1895<br>{{small|Yongqing 1-5-25<br>[[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]] 21-5-2<br>[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 28-5-25}}
|5 June 1895<br>{{small|Yongqing 1-6-5<br>[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 28-6-5}}||align=center|{{age in days|1895|5|23|1895|6|5}}
|-
|align=center style="background:#28537F; color:white;"|'''2'''||[[File:劉永福 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|align=center|'''[[Liu Yongfu]]'''<br>{{large|{{lang|zh-tw|劉永福}}}}<br>{{small|Liú Yǒngfú ([[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]])<br>Lâu Éng-hok ([[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]])<br>Liû Yún-fuk ([[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]])<br>(1837–1917)<br>Commander-in-chief}}
|[[Qinzhou]], [[Guangxi]], China
|5 June 1895<br>{{small|Yongqing 1-6-5<br>[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 28-6-5}}||21 October 1895<br>{{small|Yongqing 1-10-21<br>[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 28-10-21}}||align=center|{{age in days|1895|6|5|1895|10|21}}
|}

==In popular culture==
* In 2007 the Taiwan [[Public Television Service]] Foundation broadcast the 20-episode historical drama ''The War of Betrayal 1895'' (亂世豪門).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* The Taiwanese movie ''[[1895 (2008 film)|1895]]'' was released in 2008. It is based on the novel ''Love Back to the Earth'' (情歸大地) by Li Chiao (李喬).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Taiwan}}
* [[History of Taiwan]]
* [[Gotō Shinpei]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich |title=Sketches from Formosa |publisher=Marshall Brothers |year=1915 |location=London, England |ol=7051071M |author-link=William Campbell (missionary)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=James W. |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi |title=The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions |publisher=Macmillan & co. |year=1903 |location=London and New York |ol=6931635M |author-link=James W. Davidson}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lamley |first=Harry J. |date=August 1968 |title=The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=739–762 |doi=10.2307/2051577 |jstor=2051577 |s2cid=162833818}}
* {{Cite book |last=McAleavy |first=Henry |title=Black Flags in Vietnam : The Story of a Chinese Intervention |date=1968 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-0049510142 |location=London, England |author-link=Henry McAleavy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paine |first=S.C.M. |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 : perceptions, power and primacy |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=0521817145 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge, England |ol=22020888M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Takekoshi |first=Yosaburō |url=https://archive.org/details/japaneseruleinf00takegoog |title=Japanese rule in Formosa |date=1907 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and co. |location=London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta |oclc=753129 |ol=6986981M |author-link=Takekoshi Yosaburō}}
*{{Cite news |last=van der Wees |first=Gerrit |date=4 June 2018 |title=The rise and fall of the Republic of Formosa |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/06/04/2003694280 |access-date=4 June 2018}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat inline}}
*{{Cite news |last=Han Cheung |date=19 June 2016 |title=As the last resistance fell |page=12 |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/06/19/2003648948 |access-date=19 June 2016}}

{{Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)}}
{{Taiwan topics}}

{{coord missing|Taiwan}}

[[Category:1895 in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former countries in East Asia]]
[[Category:Former republics|Formosa]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:First Sino-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Taiwan under Qing rule]]
[[Category:Taiwan under Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Taiwan]]
[[Category:1895 disestablishments in Taiwan]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1895]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1895]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]