View source for Sud Express

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{{expand Portuguese|topic=|otherarticle=Sud Expresso|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width       = 
| name            = ''Sud Express''
| color           = 
| logo            = 
| logo_width      = 
| image           = 
| image_width     = 
| caption         = 
| type            = [[Inter-city rail]]
| status          = Suspended
| locale          = 
| predecessor     = 
| first           = 21 October 1887
| last            = 16 March 2020 
| successor       = 
| operator        = 
| formeroperator  =[[Comboios de Portugal]]<ref name=sud-2012>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2012/09/28/economia/noticia/sud-expresso-e-lusitania-expresso-passam-a-comboio-unico-a-partir-de-4-de-outubro-1564987|date=2012-09-28|title=Sud Expresso e Lusitânia Expresso passam a comboio único a partir de 3 de Outubro|accessdate=2020-05-26|work= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|language=Portuguese|author=Carlos Cipriano}}</ref>
<ref name=sud-2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/outras/regresso-do-comboio-hotel-cada-vez-mais-longe-cp-devolve-material/|date=2020-09-10|work=Dinheiro Vivo|title=Regresso do comboio-hotel cada vez mais longe: CP devolve material|language=Portuguese|accessdate=2020-09-12|author=Diogo Ferreira Nunes}}</ref> 
| ridership       = 
| ridership2      = 
| website         = 
| start           = 
| stops           = 
| end             = 
| distance        = 1,066 km
| journeytime     = 12 hours, 11 minutes
| frequency       = Daily
| trainnumber     = 
| line_used       = 
| class           = 
| access          = 
| seating         = 
| sleeping        = 
| autorack        = 
| catering        = Cafe-bar
| observation     = 
| entertainment   = 
| baggage         = 
| otherfacilities = 
| stock           = 
| gauge           = {{Track gauge|1668 mm}}
| el              = 
| speed           = 
| owners          = [[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|Adif]]<br/>[[Infraestruturas de Portugal]]
| routenumber     = 
| maintenance     =
| sharing         =
| map             = {{Sud Express}}
| map_name      = Route diagram (1994–)
| map_state       = collapsed
}}
[[File:Affiche Sud-Express.JPEG|thumb]]

The '''''Sud Express''''' (also called '''''Surexpreso'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renfe.com/EN/viajeros/viajes_internacionales/compra_surexpreso.html|title=Trenhotel Surexpreso|date= |website=Renfe|access-date=12 September 2019 |quote=}}</ref> {{IPA|es|suɾeɣsˈpɾeso|lang}} and '''''Sud Expresso'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cp.pt/passageiros/pt/como-viajar/sud-expresso |title=Sud Expresso - Lisboa >> Hendaye|date= |website=CP - Comboios de Portugal  |access-date=12 September 2019 |quote=}}</ref> {{IPA|pt|suðɨʃˈpɾesu|lang}}) was an overnight passenger train connecting [[Paris]] with [[Lisbon]] and [[Madrid]], and which originally was operated by the [[Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits]] and ran north of Paris to [[Calais]].  After 1994, the ''Sud Express'' connected Lisboa with [[Hendaye]], a French commune on the [[France–Spain border|Franco-Spanish border]]. In 1957, [[Reuters]] called it "one of Europe's fastest and most famous trains".<ref name="Reuters-NYT-1957">{{cite news |title=The Sud Express Marks 70th Year: Famed European Train Has Carried a Host of Notables Southward From Paris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/09/archives/the-sud-express-marks-70th-year-famed-european-train-has-carried-a.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2024 |agency=[[Reuters]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 June 1957 |page=S13}}</ref>

For most of the train's history, it was operated in two sections, with passengers needing to change between trainsets at the French–Spanish border because a [[break of gauge]] there prevented [[through car|through]] operation, but from June 1973 to May 1994 the ''Sud Express'' carried through [[couchette car]]s between Paris and Lisbon (the Madrid section having been dropped in 1973), thanks to the introduction of cars with [[bogie]]s (wheelsets) that could be adjusted at the border for the change of gauge.<ref name="cooks1973sep"/> Passengers in sitting cars still had to change trains at the border.  

The ''Sud Express'' carried [[Pullman (car or coach)|Pullman]] (luxury class) cars exclusively until 1933, when first-class cars were added.<ref name="Reuters-NYT-1957"/> It ran without any stops on its Paris–[[Bordeaux]] section, which in 1964 was the world's longest non-stop train journey, covering {{convert|359.8|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="trains65">{{cite magazine|last=Steffee|first=Donald M.|title=Japan Takes the Blue Ribbon at 86.7 mph!|date=June 1965|magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]]|publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]]|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin|pages=20–31}}</ref>

The service was suspended in March 2020 due to the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and has not resumed operation. 

==History==
[[File:Carruagem restaurante do Sul Express em 1887 - Via Libre 177 1978.jpg|thumb|The dining car of the Sud Express in 1887]]
The inaugural trip of the ''Sud Express'' took place on 21 October 1887 connecting [[Lisbon]] via [[Madrid]] to [[Paris]] in 45 hours<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=London Gossip |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18871110/004/0002 |newspaper=[[Nottingham Post|Nottingham Evening Post]] |location=England |date=10 November 1887 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and services were extended on 4 November 1887 to [[Calais]]. By 1900, the cars to and from Lisbon were uncoupled from the Paris–Madrid cars at [[Medina del Campo]], no longer going via Madrid and thereby shortening the journey time between Paris and Lisbon.

For most of the train's history (until 1973), all passengers had to change trains at the French–Spanish border because the two countries used different [[track gauge]]s, and the [[break of gauge]] made it impossible for trains to run through between the two countries.

Initially, the service was weekly, but in 1888 was run twice weekly and from [[Charing Cross railway station|London Charing Cross]]. Also in 1888, the British [[Royal Mail]] launched connecting package services from Lisbon to Rio de la Plata and Brazil.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The International Sleeper Car Company |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18880326/018/0010 |newspaper=[[Pall Mall Gazette]] |location=England |date=26 March 1888 |access-date=8 September 2018|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The service frequency increased further and on 1 January 1907 started to run daily.

In the 1930s, the [[Spanish Civil War]] caused the service to be suspended more than once, including from the war's outbreak (in 1936) until 5 November 1937<ref name="NYT-1937">{{cite news |title=Sud Express Runs Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/11/06/archives/sud-express-runs-again-crack-train-linking-paris-with-spain-and.html?searchResultPosition=1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 November 1937 |page=2}}</ref> and again from 11 December 1937<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Spain Frontier Closed |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19371211/161/0014 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |location=England |date=11 December 1937 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> to 1 August 1939. It was again suspended on 1 November 1940 due to [[World War II]]. It restarted between Paris and Lisbon in March 1945<ref>{{cite news|title=Lisbon-Paris Train Again |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000650/19450321/015/0001 |newspaper=[[Liverpool Daily Post]] |location=England |date=21 March 1945 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and soon also again to Madrid.

The train carried only [[Pullman (car or coach)|Pullman]] cars (luxury-class [[lounge car]]s and [[sleeping car]]s) until 1933, when first-class cars{{snd}}a lower class than Pullman{{snd}}were added.<ref name="Reuters-NYT-1957"/> By at least 1954, it was also carrying some cars with second-class compartments, along with first class and, on the French portion only, Pullman-class  cars.<ref name=cooks1954may>"Table 32 – Sud Express". ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cook's Continental {{not a typo|Time-Table}}]]'', 23 May – 17 June 1954 issue, p. 8. [[Thomas Cook & Son, Ltd.]]</ref> In 1957, [[Reuters]] called it "one of Europe's fastest and most famous trains".<ref name="Reuters-NYT-1957"/>  By that time, its average speed between Paris and Hendaye had been increased to {{convert|65|mph|kph|disp=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Reuters-NYT-1957"/>

Starting in 1953,<ref name="Vockrodt">{{cite book |last1=Vockrodt |first1=Stefan |title=Eisenbahnen in Paris: Eisenbahngeschichte Spezial 2 |date=2015 |isbn=978-3-937189-94-9 |pages=60–67 |language=de |chapter=Mistral, Capitol und andere Legenden. Berühmte Züge von, nach und über Paris |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte e.V.}}</ref>{{rp|62}} the ''Sud Express'' operated non-stop between Paris and [[Bordeaux]], which in 1964 (at least) was the longest non-stop train journey in the world, covering a distance of {{convert|359.8|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="trains65"/> Its scheduled average speed in 1964 was {{convert|75.2|mph|kph|disp=flip}}, which at the time was only {{convert|15.6|kph|mph|abbr=on}} slower than the fastest train  in all of Europe.<ref name="trains65"/> The train's typical [[consist]] was long, with up to 17 cars.<ref name="nock1978">{{cite book|last=Nock|first=O.S.|author-link=O. S. Nock|title=World Atlas of Railways|chapter=The Aquitaine: Pioneer of electric power|year=1978|page=121|location=New York|publisher=Mayflower Books (original publisher: Artists House, London, UK)|isbn=0-8317-9500-X}}</ref> 

By 1973, the ''Sud Express''{{'s}} Madrid section had been discontinued,<ref name="cooks1973sep">"Table 24 (Summer) – Sud Express". ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cooks Continental Timetable]]'' (September 30–October 31, 1973 edition), p. 75. London: [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook & Son, Ltd.]]</ref> following the June 1969 introduction of a new train, ''Puerta del Sol'', providing through overnight sleeping-car service between Paris and Madrid.<ref name="cooks1969jun">"Stop Press [news]", p. 106, and "Table 43 – Puerta del Sol", p. 72". ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cooks Continental Timetable]]'' (June 1969 edition). London: [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook & Son, Ltd]]. Excerpt (from table 43): "At Hendaye, the through sleeping cars Paris–Madrid and v.v. are jacked up to change the [[bogie]]s on account of the difference in track gauge between France and Spain."</ref>

However, in 1973, the ''Sud Express'' became able to carry [[through car]]s over its entire route, now only Paris–Lisbon, thanks to the introduction of [[couchette car]]s fitted with [[Variable gauge|variable-gauge]] wheelsets.<ref name="cooks1973sep"/> ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cooks Continental Timetable]]'' explained that, "At Hendaye, the through couchettes Paris–Lisbon and v.v. are jacked up to change the [[bogie]]s on account of the difference in track gauge between France and Spain." Sitting cars and full [[sleeping car]]s continued to run in two separate sections, with passengers having to change at Hendaye or Irun.<ref name="cooks1973sep"/>  Through couchette cars running between Paris and [[Porto]] were added in summer 1974,<ref name="cooks1974mar-apr">"Summer services, 1974", p. 465, and "Table 28 (Summer) – Sud Express", p. 473. ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Cooks Continental Timetable]]'' (March 29–April 25, 1974 edition). London: [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook & Son, Ltd.]]</ref> followed in June 1975 by Paris–[[Ourense]],<ref name="cooks1975">"Editorial [service changes or other news]", p. 6, and "Table 28 – Sud Express", p. 76. ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Thomas Cook Continental Timetable]]'' (June 1975 edition). Peterborough, UK: [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook Publishing]].</ref> the latter being extended to [[Vigo]] in 1977.<ref name="cooks1977may-june">"Editorial [service changes or other news]", p. 6, and "Table 28 – Sud Express", p. 78. ''[[Thomas Cook European Timetable|Thomas Cook International Timetable]]'' (May 22–June 30, 1977 edition). Peterborough, UK: [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook Publishing]]. {{issn|0141-2701}}.</ref>

==Events==
A 1939 crash near [[Tolosa, Spain]] on 29 March killed, amongst others, the artist [[Romilly Fedden]] and his novelist wife [[Katharine Waldo Douglas]].<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/04/08/91562063.pdf NYT obit, April 8, 1939]</ref>

On 11 September 1985, a ''Sud Express'' train [[Moimenta-Alcafache train crash|collided head-on with another train near Moimenta-Alcafache station]]. The locomotives exploded and the train, carrying about 400 passengers, immediately caught fire.  Forty-nine deaths were officially confirmed, most caused by the fire, although unofficial estimates put the number of deaths between 100 and 150. A memorial was erected on site.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Late 20th century to 2020==
[[Image:Sud-express-1.JPG|thumb|The carriage-side nameboard of the ''Sud Express'' in 2008]]
[[Image:Sud-express-2.JPG|thumb|The complimentary gifts which greeted first-class passengers in their sleeping compartments on the ''Sud Express'' (2008)]]
[[Image:Sud Express at Valladolid Great Country.JPG|thumb|'Racing snail' locomotive with ''Sud Express'']]
With the 1994 introduction of [[LGV Atlantique]] service from Paris to Irún and from Hendaye (the twin border towns on opposite sides of the French/Spanish border), the through ''Sud Express'' service was discontinued in favour of a (faster) combination of two different trains. The original connection from and to Paris was then made with one [[TGV]] to Irun and from Hendaye.

The continuing ''Sud Express'' ran as a night train from [[Irun]] at the French/Spanish border to Lisbon and from Lisbon to [[Hendaye]]. Until April 2010, facilities existed for second-class seated accommodation, second-class couchette cars (6-bunk compartments), and first-class private sleeping compartments for 1, 2 or 3 passengers.

Previously, first-class passengers found a bar of chocolate and a small bottle of port in their compartments upon boarding the train, with dinner served in a well-appointed dining and bar car, and a continental breakfast the following morning.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} However, by 2019 the full restaurant car and catering had been replaced by a cafe-bar car.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seat61.com/trains-and-routes/sud-express-from-irun-and-san-sebastian-to-lisbon.htm |title=Lisbon by Sud Express |last=Smith |first=Mark |date=2019 |website=[[The Man in Seat Sixty-One]] |access-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064157/https://www.seat61.com/trains-and-routes/sud-express-from-irun-and-san-sebastian-to-lisbon.htm|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The train consisted of a [[Talgo|Talgo IV]] set hired from [[Renfe]] hauled by a [[RENFE Class 252]] between the Irún/Hendaye and Medina del Campo, a [[RENFE Class 334]] between [[Medina del Campo]] and [[Vilar Formoso]] and a [[CP Class 5600]] between Vilar Formoso and Lisbon.

The Portuguese government's strategic plan for transport, published in October 2011, envisaged the withdrawal of the ''Sud Express''. In October 2012, CP started an Intercity (later downgraded to InterRegional) service between Porto and Coimbra in order to improve the connection between the ''Sud Express'' and northern Portugal.<ref>[http://www.cp.pt/cp/displayPage.do?vgnextoid=1bae6e29d6b74010VgnVCM1000007b01a8c0RCRD CP website - Sud Express]</ref> Also from October 2012, this train was operated by [[Comboios de Portugal|CP-Comboios de Portugal]].

After 25 April 2018, the southbound ''Sud Express'' started at Hendaye (instead of Irún), due to the lack of proper certification from the new fleet of [[Euroduplex|TGV 2N2]] operating on the [[LGV Sud Europe Atlantique|LGV SEA]].

==Suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic==

The service was suspended on 17 March 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], but has not resumed.<ref name="ERTT-2020-summer">"What's new this month". ''[[European Rail Timetable]]'' (Summer 2020 edition), pp. 5, 562. UK: European Rail Timetable Ltd. {{isbn|978-0-9957998-7-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/cp-retoma-comboio-para-espanha-e-franca-assim-que-fronteira-reabrir-12273333.html|title=CP retoma comboio para Espanha e França assim que fronteira reabrir|date=3 June 2020|newspaper=[[Diário de Notícias]]|lang=pt|trans-title=CP resumes train to Spain and France as soon as the border reopens|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218225912/https://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/cp-retoma-comboio-para-espanha-e-franca-assim-que-fronteira-reabrir-12273333.html/|archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Seat61-London-Portugal">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Mark |title=How to travel by train from London to Portugal |url=https://www.seat61.com/Portugal.htm |website=[[The Man in Seat Sixty-One]] |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> In March 2021, a representative of the Spanish transport ministry said that the country may stop having night trains even after the end of the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferreira Nunes|first=Diogo|url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/empresas/regresso-do-comboio-internacional-exige-acordo-entre-portugal-e-espanha-13587753.html|title = Regresso do comboio internacional "exige acordo" entre Portugal e Espanha|date = 19 April 2021|publisher=[[:pt:Dinheiro Vivo|Dinheiro Vivo]]|lang=pt|trans-title=Return of the international train 'requires agreement' between Portugal and Spain}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lists of named passenger trains]]
*[[Nord Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:International named passenger trains]]
[[Category:Night trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of France]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of Spain]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of Portugal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1887]]
[[Category:Regional rail in Spain]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Europe]]