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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Salish Peoples
| native_name = Séliš
| native_name_lang = sal
| languages = [[Salishan languages]]
| religions = 
| related_groups = [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]]
| rawimage = Squamish003Squamish Pole Raising Ceremony - North Vancouver - 002.jpg
| regions = [[British Columbia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]]
}}''This sandbox is for drafting the wikipedia group project on Salish Peoples. OSU WR303 Writing for the Web.''

The '''Salish peoples''' are an [[ethnic group|ethno-linguistic group]] of the [[Pacific Northwest]], identified by their use of the [[Salishan languages|Salish languages]] which diversified out of Proto-Salish between 3,000 and 6,000 years ago.

The term “Salish” originated in the [[modern history|modern era]] as an [[exonym and endonym|exonym]] created for linguistic research.  Salish is an anglicization of Séliš, the [[exonym and endonym|endonym]] for the [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation|Salish Tribes of the Flathead Reservation]].  The Séliš were the easternmost Salish people and the first to have a diplomatic relationship with the United States so their name was applied broadly to all peoples speaking a related language.

== Salish Language ==
{{Main|Salishan languages}}
The Salish (or Salishan) people are comprised of four major groups: [[Nuxalk Nation|Bella Coola (Nuxalk)]], [[Coast Salish]], [[Interior Salish languages|Interior Salish]], and [[Tsamosan languages|Tsamosan]], who each speak one of the [[Salishan languages]]. The Tsamosan group is usually considered a subset of the broader Coast Salish peoples. There was an an indefinite period when the Salishan language was mainly based on tone and gesture. There was no discernable evidence of sentence structure or any arrangement of words. The words themselves were contingent upon tone and where they were situated in the sentence. However, the Salishan language has since developed past this stage to a point where components such as structure and parts of speech could be identified, but at the same time, some terms lost their originality and the once pliant language has become more rigid and defined. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hill-Tout|first=Charles|date=1905|title=Some Features of the Language and Culture of the Salish|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/659114|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=7|issue=4|pages=674–687|issn=0002-7294}}</ref>      

Among the four major groups of the Salish people there are twenty-three languages spoken in total. At least five of these languages are no longer in use while the rest of them are in danger of becoming extinct with only a few speakers remaining.The majority of fluent Salish speakers are in their elder years while there are currently next to none among the younger generations. In spite of this, there are ongoing efforts to keep the languages alive and preserve them through revitalization programs planned by several tribes. There is also currently a team of scholars conducting research on the languages in order to provide documentation as well as resources to use for dictionaries and other texts. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0090.xml|title=Salish Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ourmothertongues.org/language/Salish/10|title=Our Mother Tongues {{!}} Salish|last=Tongues|first=Our Mother|website=ourmothertongues.org|language=English|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>

The primary reason Salish languages are even imperiled, especially Coastal Salish, is because of assimilation. Federal programs such as residential schools were a major factor in the decline of fluent Salish speakers. Places like these schools did not allow students to speak their native language. Schools today, from high schools to universities are making an effort to call attention to the Salish language and its importance to the past, present, and future. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/coastal-salish|title=Coast Salish {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>

== Language and Cultural Revitalization ==
In 1988, the Self Governance Demonstration Project of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (the CSKT) was successful, and the U.S. government returned full autonomy to their tribal leadership in 1993. Over the following decades the CSKT has reverted to traditional governance in which Elders provide counsel, to the chief, on tribal policies, culture and education, and in turn tribal policies have grown out of a desire to strengthen the community’s ties to their cultural heritage. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cskt.org/|title=Government -- About|last=|first=|date=|website=www.cskt.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>

In a move to self-identify and push back against the effects of the [[Indian termination policy|Indian Termination]] policy, namely assimilation, in 2016 the tribe chose to change their name from the anglicized “Salish-Prend d’Oreille” to Séliš-Ql̓ispé. The change was part of a wider movement to include more Salishan in the daily lives of the community.

For the Séliš-Ql̓ispé, language and culture are entwined — through oral histories, food practices, horticulture, environment, and spirituality. By reviving the language, they hope to also reclaim their identity, their health, and their culture. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cskt.org/|title=History and Culture -- Selis Qlispe Culture Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=www.cskt.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>

Community efforts to revitalize the Salishan language and culture, aside from efforts to teach classes on language (in some cases, full-immersion into the language with no falling back onto English), include such things as virtual tours and museums, such as the [http://digitalsqewlets.ca/index-eng.php Sq'éwlets], which is a Stó:lō-Coast Salish Community in the Fraser River Valley. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Morgan|last2=Lepofsky|first2=Dana|last3=Formosa|first3=Sue|last4=Porcic|first4=Marko|last5=Edinborough|first5=Kevan|date=2016-09|title=Beyond culture history: Coast Salish settlement patterning and demography in the Fraser Valley, BC|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2016.06.002|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=43|pages=140–154|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2016.06.002|issn=0278-4165}}</ref> There is also the People's Center Museum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplescenter.org/index.php/museum|title=Museum|last=User|first=Super|website=The People's Center|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> that opened in 1994 and hosts a rotating exhibition of Salish and Kootenai cultural artifacts. The museum is supplemented with an oral tradition of story-telling that explains the significance of the pieces on display, and shares the stories of the people who lived in the time before and during the European invasion.  

There have also been calls for [[repatriation]] of artifacts across all indigenous tribes of the Americas as additional efforts to reclaim history and culture.

=== Powwows ===
The Arlee Espapqeyni Celebration is a yearly 4th of July powwow hosted by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and is located in Arlee, Montana. It runs for a period of several days and involves dance competitions and singing competitions (and non-competitive singing and drum performances). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arleepowwow.com/|title=Home|website=www.arleepowwow.com|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

In 1884 the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) made it illegal for any Indian dances to be performed, and so the tribes danced in secret.<ref name=":0" /> A new, religiously-influenced dance called the [[Ghost Dance]] began spreading from tribe to tribe at a rate that the U.S. government was wary of, and in 1890 a military unit was dispatched to Wounded Knee to interrupt a ceremony of the Ghost Dance among the Sioux. Roughly 200 Sioux were gunned down in what is now known as the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]].  

Modern powwows came about after the armistice of World War 1, when Native American veterans returned home from war; celebrations were held for their homecoming and included traditional dances. A new sense of community also came into being with the end of the war, along with the proximity of reservations to one another, and the celebrations began to include neighboring tribes rather than remain exclusive to individual tribes. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/powwow|title=Powwow {{!}} Native American celebration|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

When Plains Indians were resettled in urban areas following World War II, per the policy of the U.S. government, their culture and traditions went with them and became widely spread -- which is why many powwow dances and songs are from the Plains tradition. This dispersal of people and culture into large community centers also tightened the inter-tribal networks that had come into existence after the first World War. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/powwow|title=Powwow {{!}} Native American celebration|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> 

=== Museums ===
The People's Center Museum opened in 1994 and hosts a rotating exhibition of Salish and Kootenai cultural artifacts. The museum is supplemented with an oral tradition of story-telling that explains the significance of the pieces on display, and shares the stories of the people who lived in the time before and during the European invasion. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplescenter.org/index.php/museum|title=Museum|last=User|first=Super|website=The People's Center|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

=== Tours ===
Water People Tours offer historical and cultural tours specific to Kootenai life, and in-depth and personal insights from tour guides whom are themselves Kootenai -- who can pass on the tradition of oral history and significance of places to those who take the tours. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waterpeopletours.com/about|title=Water People Tours {{!}} Montana {{!}} About|website=waterpeopletours|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

== Art and Material Culture ==

=== Salish Weaving ===
[[File:Salish_cloak_detail,_cataloged_1828_-_Museum_of_Cultures_(Helsinki)_-_DSC04960.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salish_cloak_detail,_cataloged_1828_-_Museum_of_Cultures_(Helsinki)_-_DSC04960.JPG|thumb|detail of a woven Salish cloak]]
{{Main|Salish weaving}}
Salish weavers used both plant and animal fibers. Coast Salish peoples kept flocks of [[Salish Wool Dog|woolly dogs]], bred for their wool, to shear and spin the fibers into yarn. The Coast Salish would also use mountain goat wool, waterfowl down, and various plant fibers including cedar bark, nettle fiber, milkweed and hemp. They would combine these materials in their weaving. A type of white clay was pounded into the fibers, possibly for the purpose of extracting oil from the wool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond-Kaarremaa|first=Liz|date=Spring 2016|title=A CURIOUS CLAY: The Use of a Powdered White Substance in Coast Salish Spinning and Woven Blankets|url=|journal=BC Studies|volume=189|pages=129-149,197-198|via=Gale}}</ref> Not all Salish blankets were made with dog's wool -- commoners' blankets were usually made of plant fibers. The designs of Salish weavings commonly featured graphical patterns such as zig-zag, diamond shapes, squares, rectangles, V-shapes and chevrons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/salishweavingpri0000well|title=Salish weaving, primitive and modern, as practised by the Salish Indians of South West British Columbia|last=Wells|first=Oliver|date=1969|publisher=[Sardis, B.C.: Author, 6937 Vedder Road]|others=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solazzo|first=Caroline|date=December 2011|title=Proteomics and Coast Salish blankets: a tale of shaggy dogs?|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A276633796/AONE?u=s8405248&sid=AONE&xid=d7b93fd7|journal=Antiquity|volume=85|pages=|via=Gale}}</ref>

In the early to mid nineteenth century, the fur trade brought [[Hudson's Bay point blanket|Hudson's Bay blankets]] to the Pacific Northwest. The influx of these cheaper, machine-made blankets led to the decline of native wool blankets that were expensive and labor-intensive to produce. Salish weaving continued to a lesser extent, but the weavers largely transitioned to using sheep's wool yarn brought to the area by traders, as it was less costly than keeping the salmon-eating woolly dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/11243|title=Coast Salish Woolly Dogs|last=Barsh|first=Russel|date=|website=www.historylink.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>

There was a revival of Salish weaving in the 1960s, and the [[Salish Weavers Guild]] was formed in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Salish Blankets : Robes of Protection and Transformation, Symbols of Wealth.|last=Tepper|first=Leslie|publisher=Lincoln : UNP - Nebraska|year=2017|isbn=9781496201492|location=|pages=xix}}</ref>
[[File:Hibulb_Cultural_Center_-_misc_cedar_objects_01_(21306650030).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibulb_Cultural_Center_-_misc_cedar_objects_01_(21306650030).jpg|thumb|objects made with cedar at Tulalip Tribes Hibulb Cultural Center]]

=== Use of Cedar ===
Plentiful in the Pacific Northwest, the [[Thuja plicata|Western Red Ceda]]<nowiki/>r was a vital resource in Coast Salish peoples' lives. Canoes, [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|longhouses]], totem poles, baskets, mats, clothing, and more were all made using cedar.

=== Totem Poles ===
[[Totem pole|Totem poles]] were less common in Coast Salish culture than with neighboring non-Salish [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast|Pacific Northwest Coast peoples]] such as the [[Haida people|Haida]], [[Tsimshian]], [[Tlingit]], and [[Kwakwakaʼwakw|Kwakiutl]] tribes. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the totem pole tradition was adopted by the northern Coast Salish peoples including the Cowichan, Comox, Pentlatch, Musqueam, and Lummi tribes. These tribes created fewer free-standing totem poles, but are known for carving house posts in the interior and exterior of longhouses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Harlan|date=March 1911|title=Totem Poles of the North Pacific Coast|url=https://archive.org/details/americanmuseumjo11amer/page/76|journal=The American Museum Journal|volume=XI|pages=77-82|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ddr8f7|title=A Totem Pole History|last=Hillaire|first=Pauline|date=2013-12-01|publisher=UNP - Nebraska|isbn=9780803249509}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=H. G.|date=1942|title=The Southern Extent of Totem Pole Carving|url=https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/lctext/id/1498/rec/221|journal=Pacific Northwest Quarterly|volume=33|pages=379|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/totem_poles/|title=Totem Poles|website=indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref><gallery>
File:Xwmetskwiyam Image 003.png|Musqueam internal house post.
File:Xwmetskwiyam Image 002.png|Musqueam external house posts
File:Cowichan Housefront LACMA AC1997.271.26.jpg|Cowichan housefront with carved house posts
File:Canada, columbia britannica, salish della costa, palo da abitazione, da songish e cowichan.jpg|Salish wooden carvings at [[Field Museum of Natural History|The Field Museum, Chicago]]
File:Lands-in-the-sky totem pole, Suquamish, 1963.jpg|Totem pole by Lummi carver [[Joe Hillaire]], 1962
File:2019-07-20 International arrivals hall of Vancouver International Airport 0935.jpg|"Musqueam welcome figures" by Susan A. Point in the International Arrivals hall of Vancouver International Airport
</gallery>

=== Contemporary Salish Artists ===

* [[Susan Point|Susan A. Point]] (Musqueam) is a wood carver and glass artist. Her work "Musqueam Welcome Figures", inspired by Coast Salish house posts, is featured in the [[Vancouver International Airport]].
* [[Matika Wilbur]] (Swinomish, Tulalip) is a photographer, and the creator of [[Project 562]], which documents contemporary Native Americans from the 562 federally-recognized tribes in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northsoundlife.com/lifestyle/matika-wilbur/|title=Matika Wilbur|website=North Sound Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref>
*[[Debra Sparrow]] (Musqueam) is an artist and weaver. Her weaving was featured in The Fabric of Our Land: Salish Weaving exhibit at the Museum of Anthropology in 2017-2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/we-re-not-just-making-a-blanket-we-re-making-history-salish-weavings-on-display-1.4406508|title='We're not just making a blanket, we're making history': Salish weavings on display|last=Correia|first=Cory|date=November 17, 2017|work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=November 16, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Corwin Clairmont]] (Salish Kootenai) is a printmaker, and a conceptual and installation artist.

== Subgroups and Territory ==
[[File:Salishan_langs.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salishan_langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages (in red)]]
Salish people groups are subdivided by their respective branches of the Salishan language family: Coast Salish (peoples) speaking the [[Coast Salish languages]], Interior Salish (peoples) speaking the [[Interior Salish languages]], and the Nuxalk (Bella Coola) people speaking the [[Nuxalk language]]. 

The Nuxalk are the northernmost Salish peoples, located in and around [[Bella Coola, British Columbia]]. This area is separated from the main continuous land area known to be populated by Salish peoples.

Below is a list of most, but not all, Salish tribes and bands, listed from north to south.{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
===[[Nuxalk|Nuxalk (Bella Coola)]]===

===[[Coast Salish]]=== 
*[[Comox]]
*[[Homalco|Homalco (Xwemalhkwu)]]
*[[Klahoose]]
*[[Tla'amin Nation|Sliammon (Tla A'min)]]
*[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]
*[[List of Halkomelem-speaking peoples|Halkomelem-speaking peoples]]
**[[Cowichan Tribes|Cowichan]]
**[[Sto:lo]]
**[[Musqueam Indian Band|Musqueam]]
*[[Shishalh]] (Sechelt or Shíshálh)
*[[Squamish people|Squamish]]
*[[Tsleil-Waututh First Nation|Tsleil-Waututh]]
*[[Nooksack people|Nooksack]]
*[[Saanich people|Saanich]]
*[[T'Sou-ke Nation|T'Sou-ke]]
*[[Lummi]]
*[[Klallam]]
*[[List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples|Lushootseed-speaking peoples]]
*[[Skokomish people|Skokomish]] ([[Twana]])
*[[Chehalis people|Chehalis]]
*[[Cowlitz people|Cowlitz]]
*[[Quinault people|Quinault]]
*[[Tillamook people|Tillamook]]
===[[Interior Salish]]===
*Northern
**[[Secwepemc]] (Shuswap)
**[[St'at'imc]] (Lillooet)
**[[Nlaka'pamux]] (Thompson River people)
*Southern
**[[Okanagan language|Okanagan]]-speaking peoples
***[[Colville people|Colville]]
***[[Sanpoil]]
***[[Syilx]] (Okanagan)
***[[Sinixt]]
***[[Methow people|Methow]]
**[[Entiat people|Entiat]]
**[[Wenatchi]]
**[[Sinkiuse-Columbia]]
**[[Chelan people]]
**[[Spokane people]]
**[[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes]] (Flathead)
***[[Bitterroot Salish]]
***[[Kutenai]]
***[[Pend d'Oreilles|Kalispel (Pend d'Oreille)]]
**[[Coeur d'Alene people]]{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Coast Salish peoples]]
*[[Coast Salish art|Coast Salish Art]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130708004651/http://www.bcpcc.com/Outreach/SS4-5/coastsalish.htm Coast Salish of Victoria, BC]
*[http://www.cskt.org/ Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation]
*[https://moa.ubc.ca/exhibition/the-fabric-of-our-land-salish-weaving/ The Fabric of Our Land: Salish Weaving] Exhibit at UBC Museum of Anthropology

== References ==
<references />{{Coast Salish|state=collapsed}}