Psilocybe baeocystis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fungus}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| image = Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & A.H. Sm 373850.jpg |
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| ⚫ | |||
| image = psilocybe.baeocystis.cardboard.jpg |
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| ⚫ | |||
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]] |
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| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] |
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| ordo = [[Agaricales]] |
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| familia = [[Strophariaceae]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| binomial = ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' |
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| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
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{{mycomorphbox |
{{mycomorphbox |
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| name = Psilocybe baeocystis |
| name = ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' |
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| whichGills = adnate |
| whichGills = adnate |
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| whichGills2 = sinuate |
| whichGills2 = sinuate |
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| capShape = convex |
| capShape = convex |
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| capShape2=conical |
| capShape2 = conical |
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| hymeniumType=gills |
| hymeniumType = gills |
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| stipeCharacter=bare |
| stipeCharacter = bare |
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| ecologicalType=saprotrophic |
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic |
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| sporePrintColor=purple-brown |
| sporePrintColor = purple-brown |
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| howEdible=psychoactive}} |
| howEdible = psychoactive |
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}} |
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'''''Psilocybe baeocystis''''' is a [[psilocybin mushroom]] of the |
'''''Psilocybe baeocystis''''' is a [[psilocybin mushroom]] of the family [[Hymenogastraceae]]. It contains the [[hallucinogenic]] compounds [[psilocybin]], [[psilocin]] and [[baeocystin]]. |
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The species is commonly known by various names such as bottle caps, knobby tops, blue bells, olive caps |
The species is [[common name|commonly]] known by various names such as bottle caps, knobby tops, blue bells, olive caps. |
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==Etymology and history== |
==Etymology and history== |
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*From the Greek words ''baeo'' (little) and ''kystis'' (bladder) |
*From the Greek words ''baeo'' (little) and ''kystis'' (bladder) |
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*1945 ''P. baeocystis'' is first collected in [[Eugene, Oregon]].<ref name=Singer&Smith1958 |
*1945 ''P. baeocystis'' is first collected in [[Eugene, Oregon]].<ref name="Singer&Smith1958"/> |
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*1958 ''P. baeocystis'' is formally described and published by Singer and Smith.<ref name=Singer&Smith1958/> |
*1958 ''P. baeocystis'' is formally described and published by Singer and Smith.<ref name="Singer&Smith1958"/> |
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*1962 [[Psilocin]] is first reported in this species.<ref name="pmid13867140" |
*1962 [[Psilocin]] is first reported in this species.<ref name="pmid13867140"/> |
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*1967-68 [[Baeocystin]]<ref name="pmid6067681"/> and [[norbaeocystin]]<ref name="pmid5684732"/> are discovered and named. |
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| ⚫ | |||
*1981 Testing again reveals [[psilocybin]], [[psilocin]], [[baeocystin]] and [[norbaeocystin]].<ref name="pmid7194879" |
*1981 Testing again reveals [[psilocybin]], [[psilocin]], [[baeocystin]] and [[norbaeocystin]].<ref name="pmid7194879"/> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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| ⚫ | *Pileas: The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is {{convert|15|-|55|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter and [[conic]] to obtusely conic to [[wikt:convex|convex]]. The cap margin is turned inwards when young, rarely becoming plane in age, often distinctly rippled, translucent-striate and bruising and aging greenish-bluish about the margin. It is dark olive brown to buff brown in color, occasionally steel blue; when dried it tends toward copper brown in the center. It is [[hygrophanous]], fading to milk white, and viscid when moist from a gelatinous [[Pellicle (mycology)|pellicle]], usually separable. The flesh is thin and bruises blue easily |
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''Psilocybe baeocystis'' has a [[farinaceous]] smell and taste. |
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*Spore Print: dark purplish brown |
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| ⚫ | *Stipe: The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is {{convert|5|-|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|2|-|3|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick, and equal to [[wikt:subequal|subequal]]. The color is pallid to brownish with white filaments, while often more yellowish towards the apex. Distinct [[mycelial cord|rhizomorph]]s are found at the base. The stipe is brittle, stuffed with loose fibers, and the [[partial veil]] is [[wikt:evanescent|evanescent]] and rapidly becomes indistinguishable. |
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*Taste: [[farinaceous]] |
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*Odor: farinaceous |
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*Stain: It stains blue easily where damaged. |
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===Microscopic features=== |
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| ⚫ | The [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is 1 |
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===Gills=== |
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===Spores=== |
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| ⚫ | ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' [[spore]]s are dark purplish brown in deposit, oblong in face view or asymmetric ellipsoid (mango form) in side view, and are (8.5) 9.5–13.7(17) x (5) 5.5–6.6(7.1) [[ |
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[[File:Psilocybe.baeocystis.spores.dic.1000x.JPG|thumb|''Psilocybe baeocystis'' spores 1000x]] |
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===Stipe=== |
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| ⚫ | The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
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===Microscopic features=== |
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| ⚫ | ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' is solitary to [[wikt:cespitose|cespitose]], and scattered to numerous on ground bark, wood chips, [[peat moss]], decaying conifer mulch, occasionally on lawns, pastures, and rarely in [[coniferous forest]]s. Often found growing under plants like [[rhododendrons]] and rose bushes in mulched garden beds, sometimes growing amongst other ''Psilocybe'' species such as ''[[Psilocybe stuntzii]]'' and ''[[Psilocybe cyanescens]]''. ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' grows from August through December, and rarely as early as the end of June. ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' is a [[hemiboreal]] mushroom, common throughout the [[Pacific Northwest]]. |
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| ⚫ | The [[basidia]] are 4-spored, and [[pleurocystidia]] are absent. The [[cheilocystidia]] are 20–30(40) x 4.5–6(9) [[ |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | [[Psilocin]] was first reported in this species in Benedict et al., 1962,<ref name="pmid13867140"/> and a few years later, Leung and Paul would report the related compound [[baeocystin]], isolated from saprophytic culture,<ref name="pmid6067681"/> as well as the [[desmethyl]] metabolite [[norbaeocystin]].<ref name="pmid5684732"/> Beug and Bigwood (1981) also reported on the concentrations of these compounds in ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' using [[High performance liquid chromatography#Reverse Phase chromatography|reverse-phase HPLC]] and [[thin-layer chromatography]].<ref name="pmid7194879"/> Concentration ranges for psychoactive compounds from these studies were reported to be 0.15–0.85% psilocybin, up to 0.59% psilocin, and up to 0.10% baeocystin. |
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== |
==Classification== |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' is solitary to [[wikt:cespitose|cespitose]], and scattered to numerous on ground bark, wood chips, [[peat moss]], decaying conifer mulch, occasionally on lawns, pastures, and rarely in [[coniferous forest]]s. Often found growing under plants like [[rhododendrons]] and rose bushes in mulched garden beds, sometimes growing amongst other ''Psilocybe'' species such as ''[[Psilocybe stuntzii]]'' and ''[[Psilocybe cyanescens]]''. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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''Psilocybe baeocystis'' grows from August through December, and rarely as early as the end of June. |
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<ref name="Singer&Smith1958">{{Cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=R. |last2=Smith |first2=A.H. |year=1958 |title=New species of ''Psilocybe'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=141–142 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0050/001/0141.htm |doi=10.2307/3756045|jstor=3756045 }}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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''Psilocybe baeocystis'' is a [[hemiboreal]] mushroom, common throughout the [[Pacific Northwest]]. It was found in [[Maine]] in November 2007 and is reported to have been found in [[Connecticut]] also. |
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<ref name="pmid13867140">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/jps.2600510428|vauthors=Benedict RG, Brady LR, Tyler VE |title=Occurrence of psilocin in''Psilocybe baeocystis''|journal=J Pharm Sci|volume=51|issue=4|pages=393–4|date=April 1962|pmid=13867140}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | [[Psilocin]] was first reported in this species in Benedict et al., 1962,<ref name="pmid13867140"/> and a few years later, Leung and Paul would report the related compound [[baeocystin]], isolated from saprophytic culture,<ref name="pmid6067681"/> as well as the |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Classification== |
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| ⚫ | |||
<ref name="pmid5684732">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/jps.2600571007|vauthors=Leung AY, Paul AG |title=Baeocystin and norbaeocystin: new analogs of psilocybin from ''Psilocybe baeocystis''|journal=J Pharm Sci|volume=57|issue=10|pages=1667–71|date=October 1968|pmid=5684732}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Field grown baeocystis.jpg|Field grown ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' |
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</gallery> |
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<ref name="pmid7194879">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88741-5|vauthors=Beug MW, Bigwood J |title=Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' (Singer and Smith) by high-performance liquid chromatography and by thin-layer chromatography|journal=J. Chromatogr.|volume=207|issue=3|pages=379–85|date=March 1981|pmid=7194879}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<ref name="Guzman1978">{{Cite journal |last=Guzmán |first=Gastón |date=Mar–Apr 1978 |title=Variation, distribution, ethnomycological data and relationships of ''Psilocybe aztecorum'', a Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom |journal=Mycologia |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=385–396 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0070/002/0385.htm |pmid=566852 |jstor=3759037 |doi=10.2307/3759037}}</ref> |
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<ref name="isbn0-89815-839-7">{{cite book|author=Stamets, Paul|title=Psilocybin mushrooms of the world: an identification guide|publisher=Ten Speed Press|location=Berkeley, Calif|year=1996|isbn=0-89815-839-7}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [ |
* [https://mushroomobserver.org/14088?search_seq=191584 ''Psilocybe baeocystis'' on wood chips] |
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* [http://www.shroomery.org/9564/Psilocybe-baeocystis Shroomery.org] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017221203/http://www.shroomery.org/9564/Psilocybe-baeocystis Shroomery.org] |
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* [http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=122 lycaeu.org] |
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{{Hallucinogenic mushrooms}} |
{{Hallucinogenic mushrooms}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3330893}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Psilocybe baeocystis}} |
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[[Category:Entheogens]] |
[[Category:Entheogens]] |
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[[Category:Fungi described in 1958]] |
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[[Category:Psychoactive fungi]] |
[[Category:Psychoactive fungi]] |
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[[Category:Psilocybe|baeocystis]] |
[[Category:Psilocybe|baeocystis]] |
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[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]] |
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]] |
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[[Category:Fungi of North America]] |
[[Category:Fungi of North America]] |
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[[Category:Fungus species]] |
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[[es:Psilocybe baeocystis]] |
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[[gl:Psilocybe baeocystis]] |
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[[tr:Psilocybe baeocystis]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:14, 13 January 2024
| Psilocybe baeocystis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Psilocybe |
| Species: | P. baeocystis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Psilocybe baeocystis | |
Psilocybe baeocystis | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or conical |
 | Hymenium is adnate or sinuate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is purple-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is psychoactive |
Psilocybe baeocystis is a psilocybin mushroom of the family Hymenogastraceae. It contains the hallucinogenic compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. The species is commonly known by various names such as bottle caps, knobby tops, blue bells, olive caps.
Etymology and history
[edit]- From the Greek words baeo (little) and kystis (bladder)
- 1945 P. baeocystis is first collected in Eugene, Oregon.[1]
- 1958 P. baeocystis is formally described and published by Singer and Smith.[1]
- 1962 Psilocin is first reported in this species.[2]
- 1967-68 Baeocystin[3] and norbaeocystin[4] are discovered and named.
- 1981 Testing again reveals psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin and norbaeocystin.[5]
Description
[edit]- Pileas: The cap is 15–55 mm (0.6–2.2 in) in diameter and conic to obtusely conic to convex. The cap margin is turned inwards when young, rarely becoming plane in age, often distinctly rippled, translucent-striate and bruising and aging greenish-bluish about the margin. It is dark olive brown to buff brown in color, occasionally steel blue; when dried it tends toward copper brown in the center. It is hygrophanous, fading to milk white, and viscid when moist from a gelatinous pellicle, usually separable. The flesh is thin and bruises blue easily
- Gills: The gills are close with adnate to sinuate attachment and are grayish to cinnamon brown, with the edges remaining pallid.
- Spore Print: dark purplish brown
- Stipe: The stipe is 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) long, 2–3 mm (0.1–0.1 in) thick, and equal to subequal. The color is pallid to brownish with white filaments, while often more yellowish towards the apex. Distinct rhizomorphs are found at the base. The stipe is brittle, stuffed with loose fibers, and the partial veil is evanescent and rapidly becomes indistinguishable.
- Taste: farinaceous
- Odor: farinaceous
- Stain: It stains blue easily where damaged.
Microscopic features
[edit]Psilocybe baeocystis spores are dark purplish brown in deposit, oblong in face view or asymmetric ellipsoid (mango form) in side view, and are (8.5) 9.5–13.7(17) x (5) 5.5–6.6(7.1) μm.[6] The basidia are 4-spored, and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 20–30(40) x 4.5–6(9) μm and fusiod with a narrow neck.[7]
This species closely resembles subtropical Psilocybe aztecorum and Psilocybe quebecensis, which also have caps that bleach in color to white when dry.[6]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Psilocybe baeocystis is solitary to cespitose, and scattered to numerous on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss, decaying conifer mulch, occasionally on lawns, pastures, and rarely in coniferous forests. Often found growing under plants like rhododendrons and rose bushes in mulched garden beds, sometimes growing amongst other Psilocybe species such as Psilocybe stuntzii and Psilocybe cyanescens. Psilocybe baeocystis grows from August through December, and rarely as early as the end of June. Psilocybe baeocystis is a hemiboreal mushroom, common throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Biochemistry
[edit]Psilocin was first reported in this species in Benedict et al., 1962,[2] and a few years later, Leung and Paul would report the related compound baeocystin, isolated from saprophytic culture,[3] as well as the desmethyl metabolite norbaeocystin.[4] Beug and Bigwood (1981) also reported on the concentrations of these compounds in Psilocybe baeocystis using reverse-phase HPLC and thin-layer chromatography.[5] Concentration ranges for psychoactive compounds from these studies were reported to be 0.15–0.85% psilocybin, up to 0.59% psilocin, and up to 0.10% baeocystin.
Classification
[edit]This mushroom has been placed in the section Aztecorum by Gaston Guzman; other members of the section include Psilocybe aztecorum var. aztecorum, Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii, Psilocybe pseudoaztecorum, and Psilocybe quebecensis.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Singer, R.; Smith, A.H. (1958). "New species of Psilocybe". Mycologia. 50 (1): 141–142. doi:10.2307/3756045. JSTOR 3756045.
- ^ a b Benedict RG, Brady LR, Tyler VE (April 1962). "Occurrence of psilocin inPsilocybe baeocystis". J Pharm Sci. 51 (4): 393–4. doi:10.1002/jps.2600510428. PMID 13867140.
- ^ a b Leung AY, Paul AG (January 1967). "Baeocystin, a mono-methyl analog of psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis saprophytic culture". J Pharm Sci. 56 (1): 146. doi:10.1002/jps.2600560132. PMID 6067681.
- ^ a b Leung AY, Paul AG (October 1968). "Baeocystin and norbaeocystin: new analogs of psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis". J Pharm Sci. 57 (10): 1667–71. doi:10.1002/jps.2600571007. PMID 5684732.
- ^ a b Beug MW, Bigwood J (March 1981). "Quantitative analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe baeocystis (Singer and Smith) by high-performance liquid chromatography and by thin-layer chromatography". J. Chromatogr. 207 (3): 379–85. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88741-5. PMID 7194879.
- ^ a b Guzmán, Gastón (Mar–Apr 1978). "Variation, distribution, ethnomycological data and relationships of Psilocybe aztecorum, a Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom". Mycologia. 70 (2): 385–396. doi:10.2307/3759037. JSTOR 3759037. PMID 566852.
- ^ Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin mushrooms of the world: an identification guide. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-839-7.
External links
[edit]