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Immature fruiting bodies of two different mushrooms encased in a universal veil - deadly poisonous *Amanita phalloides* (left) and edible *Amanita caesarea* (right)

In mycology, a universal veil is a temporary membranous tissue that fully envelops immature fruiting bodies of certain gilled mushrooms.^[1] The developing Caesar's mushroom (Amanita caesarea), for example, which may resemble a small white sphere at this point, is protected by this structure. The veil will eventually rupture and disintegrate by the force of the expanding and maturing mushroom,^[2] but will usually leave evidence of its former shape with remnants. These remnants include the volva, or cup-like structure at the base of the stipe, and patches or "warts" on top of the cap. This macrofeature is useful in wild mushroom identification because it is an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature. It is a character present among species of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genera Amanita and Volvariella. This has particular importance due to the disproportionately high number of potentially lethal species contained within the former genus.

A membrane enveloping immature fruiting bodies of gasteroid fungi resembles a universal veil, but is called a peridium.

References

^ Allaby, Michael, ed. (2006). "universal veil". A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2. ed.). Oxford University Press.
^ Litten, Walter (1975). "The most poisonous mushrooms". Scientific American. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0375-90.

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+{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
-The '''Universal veil''' is a [[Mycology|mycological]] term to describe a structure that envelops all or most of some [[Gilled mushroom|gilled mushrooms]]. The young, developing [[Agaricus bisporus|button mushroom]], which may resemble a puffball at this point, is protected by this egg-like structure. The veil will eventually become ruptured and dispersed by the growing mushroom, but will usually leave evidence of its former shape with remnants including the [[volva (mycology)]], or cup-like structure at the bottom of the stalk [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] and patches or "warts" on the cap [[pileus]]. This [[Macroscopic|macro]]feature is ''very'' important in wild mushroom identification due to it being an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature which almost always signifies a member of [[Amanitaceae]]. This has particular importance due to the disproportionately high number of ''deadly'' poisonous species contained within that family.
+[[File:Phalloide-Caesarea.JPG|thumb|Immature fruiting bodies of two different mushrooms encased in a universal veil - deadly poisonous ''[[Amanita phalloides]]'' (left) and edible ''[[Amanita caesarea]]'' (right)]]
+[[File:Amanita muscaria 3 vliegenzwammen op rij.jpg|thumb|The white patches on the caps of these ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms are remnants of universal veils.]]
+In [[mycology]], a '''universal veil''' is a temporary membranous tissue that fully envelops immature fruiting bodies of certain [[gilled mushroom]]s.<ref name="oxford"/> The developing [[Amanita caesarea|Caesar's mushroom]] (''Amanita caesarea''), for example, which may resemble a small white sphere at this point, is protected by this structure. The veil will eventually rupture and disintegrate by the force of the expanding and maturing mushroom,<ref name="litten"/> but will usually leave evidence of its former shape with remnants. These remnants include the [[volva (mycology)|volva]], or cup-like structure at the base of the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]], and patches or "warts" on top of the [[pileus (mycology)|cap]]. This [[Macroscopic|macro]]feature is useful in wild mushroom identification because it is an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature. It is a character present among species of [[Basidiomycota|basidiomycete fungi]] belonging to the genera ''[[Amanita]]'' and ''[[Volvariella]]''. This has particular importance due to the disproportionately high number of potentially lethal species contained within the former genus.
+A membrane enveloping immature fruiting bodies of [[Gasteromycetes|gasteroid fungi]] resembles a universal veil, but is called a ''[[peridium]]''.
-{{fungus-stub}}
+==References==
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="oxford">{{cite encyclopedia |title= universal veil |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2. |year=2006 | editor-last=Allaby |editor-first =Michael |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
+<ref name="litten">{{cite journal |last1=Litten |first1=Walter |title=The most poisonous mushrooms |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=1975 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0375-90}}</ref>
+}}
+==See also==
+* [[Partial veil]]
+* [[Veil (mycology)]]
 [[Category:Fungal morphology and anatomy]]
-[[nl:Velum universale]]
+{{Agaricomycetes-stub}}