Operation Mural: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1961 transfer of Moroccan Jews to Israel}} |
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{{Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}} |
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'''Operation Mural''' was a clandestine effort headed by [[Mossad]], Israel's intelligence agency, to facilitate the emigration of [[Moroccan Jews|Jewish Moroccan]] children to [[Israel]]. |
'''Operation Mural''' was a clandestine effort headed by [[Mossad]], Israel's intelligence agency, to facilitate the emigration of [[Moroccan Jews|Jewish Moroccan]] children to [[Israel]]. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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{{main|Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel}} |
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After gaining independence from France in 1956, the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] government restricted Jewish emigration out of the country. In response, the Israeli government tasked Mossad with facilitating such emigration, using [[Clandestine operation|clandestine]] means. The Mossad initially organized illegal departures by boats, but that effort came to a halt in 1961 after the ''Egoz'' disaster, in which a ship carrying 44 immigrants capsized, drowning all passengers. |
After gaining independence from France in 1956, the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] government restricted Jewish emigration out of the country. In response, the Israeli government tasked Mossad with facilitating such emigration, using [[Clandestine operation|clandestine]] means. The Mossad initially organized illegal departures by boats, but that effort came to a halt in 1961 after the ''[[Egoz (ship)|Egoz]]'' disaster, in which a ship carrying 44 immigrants capsized, drowning all passengers. |
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== Operation Mural == |
== Operation Mural == |
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A new approach was then implemented: Working with the Swiss-based [[NGO]] ''Œuvre de secours aux enfants'' – the Organization for the Rescue of Children – an offer was made to the Moroccan government to take Moroccan children on a vacation in [[Switzerland]]. Mossad agents then worked in the Jewish community to find families interested in emigration. Once there, the Jewish children would be flown to Israel instead of returning to Morocco. |
A new approach was then implemented: Working with the Swiss-based [[NGO]] ''Œuvre de secours aux enfants'' – the Organization for the Rescue of Children – an offer was made to the Moroccan government to take Moroccan children on a vacation in [[Switzerland]]. Mossad agents then worked in the Jewish community to find families interested in emigration. Once there, the Jewish children would be flown to Israel instead of returning to Morocco. |
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[[David Littman (historian)|David Littman]] volunteered for |
In 1961, [[David Littman (historian)|David Littman]] volunteered for the mission.<ref name=trouw /> Littman thought he was working for the [[Jewish Agency]] – years later it was revealed it was arranged with the assistance of the [[Mossad]].<ref name=trouw>{{cite news|url= http://www.nederlandsgesprekcentrum.nl/user/file/aphilosopheratthehumanrightscouncilartikelaustindacey-trouw.doc|last= Dacey|first= Austin|date= 3 December 2008|title= Sensitive Words|work= [[Trouw]] / article stored at the Nederlands Gesprek Centrum|accessdate= 21 November 2011|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235150/http://www.nederlandsgesprekcentrum.nl/user/file/aphilosopheratthehumanrightscouncilartikelaustindacey-trouw.doc|archivedate= 25 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=conn /> From March–July 1961, posing with his wife and baby daughter as Christians, Littman ran the [[Casablanca]] office of the Geneva-based international NGO for children ''Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants de l'Afrique du Nord'' (OSSEAN).<ref name=conn /><ref name=ner /> His [[code name]] was "Mural",<ref name=conn /> and the code name for the mission was "Operation Mural". After months of negotiation by Littman, the children left Morocco in five convoys under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel.<ref name=trouw/><ref name=conn /><ref name=ner /> In all, he assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel.<ref name=trouw/><ref name=conn /> The children's families joined them several years later.<ref>[''Mideast file'', Volume 5, Issue 4, Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah, Learned Information, 1986, accessed 14 January 2010]</ref> |
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Meanwhile, Mossad agents Gad Shahar and Pinhas Katsir moved from house to house in Casablanca and persuaded the children's parents to allow their children to go to Israel without them with the risk that the Moroccan authorities might find out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.juif.org/le-mag/100,mossad-shimon-peres-recoit-david-littman.php|title=Mossad : Shimon Peres reçoit David Littman... (Drzz)|website=www.juif.org}}</ref> According to Shahar, "Throughout the entire length of the operation, he (Littman) himself did not know that he was working for the Mossad. He thought he was working for the Jewish Agency and that the masses of children and parents who were knocking at the door of his office in Casablanca had come to him in response to advertisements that had been published in the Moroccan press. In fact, hardly a single Jew had seen those notices. They were important only for the cover. The parents and children came to him as a result of our secret work, going from door to door and to reach the members of the community." These were the last of Moroccan immigrants in this country before the gates were closed to Jewish emigration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4967039|title=Codename: Operation Mural|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> |
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The story of Operation Mural was first made public by in a 1984 article in ''[[Maariv]]''.<ref name="ner" /> That in turn led to public recognition by President [[Chaim Herzog]] at an official presidential reception, followed in 1986 – on the 25th anniversary of the operation – when Littman and his wife were honored with the [[Mimouna Award]] by Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] in recognition of their mission in Morocco, and at a Tel Aviv gathering of 120 of the children.<ref name="conn">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=146367|title=The Moroccan connection|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=June 22, 2009|accessdate=June 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/935128.html|first=Yair|last= Sheleg|title=Codename: Operation Mural |work=[[Haaretz]]|date=December 17, 2007|accessdate=January 12, 2010}}</ref> On 2004 Littman was awarded a Diploma of Recognition by Defense Minister [[Shaul Mofaz]] at ‘Beit Lavron,’ Ashdod, held on the Day of Remembrance for the Clandestine Network of North Africa. A [[documentary film]] on the operation, filmed by Yehuda Kaveh, screened in 2007, and has since been screened three times on Israel's Government Channel 1, on French Canadian TV and in a dozen film festivals. |
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25th anniversary of Operation Mural in 1986 was held in Ashkelon Conference of the children who came. The conference brought together the couple with grown-up children Littman and Littman, won an award for his work. |
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| ⚫ | On June 1, 2008, Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] honored Littman at a Presidential residence special commemorative event with his wife and family and former key Mossad agents in attendance,<ref name="trouw"/><ref name="ner">{{cite news| url=http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/52539/sec_id/52539 |title=Conferring the "Hero of Silence" Order on David G. Littman; "Operation Mural": Casablanca 1961; Presentation by President Shimon Peres |
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After months of negotiation by Littman with the authorities – including holidays for Muslim groups in August – the Jewish children left Morocco in five convoys from 26 June to 24 July under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel.<ref name="trouw"/><ref name="conn" /><ref name="ner" /> In all, Littman assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel without the authorities realizing his goal.<ref name="trouw"/><ref name="conn" /> With the agreement of the Moroccan authorities he used special 'collective passports' and four months later this system was accepted by King [[Hassan II]] in an agreement for the exodus of 100,000 Jews from 1962 to 1964 in what became known as the Mossad's "[[Operation Yakhin]]". |
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An article about Operation Mural by Shmuel Segev was published in the magazine ''Maariv'' in 1984.<ref name=ner /> Littman's work was then recognized by President [[Chaim Herzog]] and later President [[Shimon Peres]], who presented him with the Mimouna award in 1986.<ref name=conn >{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=146367|title=The Moroccan connection|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=22 June 2009|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/935128.html|first=Yair|last= Sheleg|title=Codename: Operation Mural |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=17 December 2007|accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | <blockquote> |
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| ⚫ | On June 1, 2008, Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] honored Littman at a Presidential residence special commemorative event with his wife and family and former key Mossad agents in attendance,<ref name="trouw"/><ref name="ner">{{cite news | url=http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/52539/sec_id/52539 | title=Conferring the "Hero of Silence" Order on David G. Littman; "Operation Mural": Casablanca 1961; Presentation by President Shimon Peres | work=New English Review | date=July 1, 2009 | accessdate=January 13, 2010 | archive-date=July 21, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192351/http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/52539/sec_id/52539 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In his brief address, Peres said: |
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| ⚫ | A year later the Israel Intelligence and Commemoration Center (MLM) honored Littman in a ceremony on 1 July 2009, when the "Hero of Silence" Order was conferred on him, he being the 9th person to receive it since 1985 ("An order of highest esteem and appreciation, awarded to David Gerald Littman: A clandestine warrior, who risked his life and who served a sacred cause of the People and of the State of Israel").<ref name="conn" /> |
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| ⚫ | <blockquote>Well, it is a belated ceremony, but it doesn't lose its value, because what you did stands on its own legs and is not affected by time.... [T]he saving of 530 children is, I imagine, the most moving experience a man can have. You say in Hebrew: 'The one who saves one life, is like the one that saved the life of the whole world.' But when you save 530 children, it's really unforgettable. I want to express, on behalf of our people, our nation, our recognition of your courage, your wisdom, of your determination under extremely difficult conditions.<ref name="ner" /></blockquote> |
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| ⚫ | A year later the Israel Intelligence and Commemoration Center (MLM) honored Littman in a ceremony on 1 July 2009, when the "Hero of Silence" Order was conferred on him, he being the 9th person to receive it since 1985 ("An order of highest esteem and appreciation, awarded to David Gerald Littman: A clandestine warrior, who risked his life and who served a sacred cause of the People and of the State of Israel").<ref name="conn" /> |
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In March 2009, ''Le Soir Échos'', a Casablanca newspaper, interviewed Littman and published the Operation Mural story.<ref name="conn" /> It was the first time that Moroccans learned about the affair.<ref name="conn" /> |
In March 2009, ''Le Soir Échos'', a Casablanca newspaper, interviewed Littman and published the Operation Mural story.<ref name="conn" /> It was the first time that Moroccans learned about the affair.<ref name="conn" /> |
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<References/> |
<References/> |
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[[Category:Mossad]] |
[[Category:Mossad operations|Mural]] |
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[[Category:Aliyah operations]] |
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[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Morocco]] |
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[[Category:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world]] |
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[[Category:Clandestine operations]] |
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[[Category:1961 in Morocco]] |
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[[Category:1961 in Israel]] |
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[[Category:Israel–Morocco relations]] |
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[[Category:Antisemitism in Morocco]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:48, 16 March 2024
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Operation Mural was a clandestine effort headed by Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, to facilitate the emigration of Jewish Moroccan children to Israel.
Background
[edit]After gaining independence from France in 1956, the Moroccan government restricted Jewish emigration out of the country. In response, the Israeli government tasked Mossad with facilitating such emigration, using clandestine means. The Mossad initially organized illegal departures by boats, but that effort came to a halt in 1961 after the Egoz disaster, in which a ship carrying 44 immigrants capsized, drowning all passengers.
Operation Mural
[edit]A new approach was then implemented: Working with the Swiss-based NGO Œuvre de secours aux enfants – the Organization for the Rescue of Children – an offer was made to the Moroccan government to take Moroccan children on a vacation in Switzerland. Mossad agents then worked in the Jewish community to find families interested in emigration. Once there, the Jewish children would be flown to Israel instead of returning to Morocco.
In 1961, David Littman volunteered for the mission.[1] Littman thought he was working for the Jewish Agency – years later it was revealed it was arranged with the assistance of the Mossad.[1][2] From March–July 1961, posing with his wife and baby daughter as Christians, Littman ran the Casablanca office of the Geneva-based international NGO for children Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants de l'Afrique du Nord (OSSEAN).[2][3] His code name was "Mural",[2] and the code name for the mission was "Operation Mural". After months of negotiation by Littman, the children left Morocco in five convoys under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel.[1][2][3] In all, he assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel.[1][2] The children's families joined them several years later.[4]
Meanwhile, Mossad agents Gad Shahar and Pinhas Katsir moved from house to house in Casablanca and persuaded the children's parents to allow their children to go to Israel without them with the risk that the Moroccan authorities might find out.[5] According to Shahar, "Throughout the entire length of the operation, he (Littman) himself did not know that he was working for the Mossad. He thought he was working for the Jewish Agency and that the masses of children and parents who were knocking at the door of his office in Casablanca had come to him in response to advertisements that had been published in the Moroccan press. In fact, hardly a single Jew had seen those notices. They were important only for the cover. The parents and children came to him as a result of our secret work, going from door to door and to reach the members of the community." These were the last of Moroccan immigrants in this country before the gates were closed to Jewish emigration.[6]
25th anniversary of Operation Mural in 1986 was held in Ashkelon Conference of the children who came. The conference brought together the couple with grown-up children Littman and Littman, won an award for his work. After months of negotiation by Littman with the authorities – including holidays for Muslim groups in August – the Jewish children left Morocco in five convoys from 26 June to 24 July under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel.[1][2][3] In all, Littman assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel without the authorities realizing his goal.[1][2] With the agreement of the Moroccan authorities he used special 'collective passports' and four months later this system was accepted by King Hassan II in an agreement for the exodus of 100,000 Jews from 1962 to 1964 in what became known as the Mossad's "Operation Yakhin".
An article about Operation Mural by Shmuel Segev was published in the magazine Maariv in 1984.[3] Littman's work was then recognized by President Chaim Herzog and later President Shimon Peres, who presented him with the Mimouna award in 1986.[2][7]
On June 1, 2008, Israeli President Shimon Peres honored Littman at a Presidential residence special commemorative event with his wife and family and former key Mossad agents in attendance,[1][3] In his brief address, Peres said:
Well, it is a belated ceremony, but it doesn't lose its value, because what you did stands on its own legs and is not affected by time.... [T]he saving of 530 children is, I imagine, the most moving experience a man can have. You say in Hebrew: 'The one who saves one life, is like the one that saved the life of the whole world.' But when you save 530 children, it's really unforgettable. I want to express, on behalf of our people, our nation, our recognition of your courage, your wisdom, of your determination under extremely difficult conditions.[3]
A year later the Israel Intelligence and Commemoration Center (MLM) honored Littman in a ceremony on 1 July 2009, when the "Hero of Silence" Order was conferred on him, he being the 9th person to receive it since 1985 ("An order of highest esteem and appreciation, awarded to David Gerald Littman: A clandestine warrior, who risked his life and who served a sacred cause of the People and of the State of Israel").[2]
In March 2009, Le Soir Échos, a Casablanca newspaper, interviewed Littman and published the Operation Mural story.[2] It was the first time that Moroccans learned about the affair.[2]
References
[edit]- Codename: Operation Mural, Haaretz, by Yair Sheleg, 17.12.07
- ^ a b c d e f g Dacey, Austin (3 December 2008). "Sensitive Words". Trouw / article stored at the Nederlands Gesprek Centrum. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Moroccan connection". The Jerusalem Post. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Conferring the "Hero of Silence" Order on David G. Littman; "Operation Mural": Casablanca 1961; Presentation by President Shimon Peres". New English Review. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ [Mideast file, Volume 5, Issue 4, Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah, Learned Information, 1986, accessed 14 January 2010]
- ^ "Mossad : Shimon Peres reçoit David Littman... (Drzz)". www.juif.org.
- ^ "Codename: Operation Mural". Haaretz.
- ^ Sheleg, Yair (17 December 2007). "Codename: Operation Mural". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
