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{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = ONGO BONGO KUTAS<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 172|id=12100667}}</ref>
| name = Maroon leaf monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 172|id=12100667}}</ref>
| image = Red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda).jpg
| image = Red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda).jpg
| image_caption = [[Gomantong]], [[Borneo]]
| image_caption = [[Gomantong]], [[Borneo]]
| status = LC
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite journal | author = Nijman, V. | author2 = Meijaard, E. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Presbytis rubicunda'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | page = e.T18131A7667504 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18131A7667504.en }}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Cheyne, S. |author2=Ehlers-Smith, D.A. |author3=Nijman, V. |author4=Traeholt, C. |date=2020 |title=''Presbytis rubicunda'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T18131A17953935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Presbytis
| genus = Presbytis
| species = rubicunda
| species = rubicunda
| authority = ([[Salomon Müller|Müller]], 1838)
| authority = ([[Salomon Müller|S. Müller]], 1838)
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
| range_map = Maroon Leaf Monkey area.png
| range_map = Maroon Leaf Monkey area.png
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}}
}}


The '''maroon langur''', '''maroon leaf monkey''', or '''red leaf monkey''' (''Presbytis rubicunda'') belongs within the order [[Primate]] and the family [[Cercopithecidae]]. It is found on the [[southeast Asian]] island of [[Borneo]] and the nearby smaller [[Karimata]]. ''P. rubicunda'' mostly live in forests at altitudes below 2,000 m. They feed on leaves (36%), .<ref name=iucn/>
The '''maroon langur''', '''maroon leaf monkey''', or '''red leaf monkey''' ('''''Presbytis rubicunda''''') is a member of the family [[Cercopithecidae]]. It is found on the [[southeast Asian]] island of [[Borneo]] and the nearby smaller [[Karimata]]. ''P. rubicunda'' mostly live in forests at altitudes below 2,000 m. They feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" />


==Ecology==
==Ecology==


===Distribution and Habitat===
===Distribution and Habitat===
Red Leaf monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'') are found in Southeast Asia. Red Leaf monkeys are endemic to the island of Borneo. Their habitat is dense and has dipterocarp evergreens.<ref name="South-east Asian">{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=Elizabeth L.|last2=Davies|first2=A. Glyn|last3=Waterman|first3=Peter G.|title=Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos'') in relation to plant chemistry|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=1987|volume=34|pages=33–56|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/34/1/33/2646859|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01947.x}}</ref>
Maroon leaf monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'') are endemic to the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Their habitat is dense [[dipterocarp]] evergreen forest.<ref name="South-east Asian">{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=Elizabeth L.|last2=Davies|first2=A. Glyn|last3=Waterman|first3=Peter G.|title=Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'' and ''Presbytis melalophos'') in relation to plant chemistry|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=1987|volume=34|pages=33–56|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/34/1/33/2646859|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01947.x}}</ref>


⚫
Borneo has a healthy tropical rainforest. It also contains shallow swampy areas made up of acidic, decomposed plant matter. These swampy areas have seasonal bouts of dry weather; during the wet season the rivers rise around two meters.<ref name="South-east Asian" /> Maroon leaf monkeys are arboreal primates and spend most of their time in the canopy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Supriatna|first1=Jatna|last2=Soekara|first2=Endang|last3=Manullang|first3=Barita O.|title=Group composition, home range, and diet of the Maroon leaf monkey (''Presbytis rubicunda'') at Tanjung Puting reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Primates|date=1986|volume=27 |issue=2|pages=185–190|doi=10.1007/BF02382597|s2cid=12549086}}</ref> They have a large home ranges and low population densities compared to other primates. This is believed to be because they rely on specific trees which are rare and widely dispersed.<ref name="South-east Asian" />
Borneo has a healthy tropical rainforest. This island is not only made up of the tropical rainforest, but it also contains shallow swampy areas that is made up of sod containing acidic, decomposed plant matter. The swamp amalgamated along with the rivers nearby. These swampy areas have their seasonal bouts of dry weather but when the wet season comes about, the rivers rises around 2 meters.<ref name="South-east Asian" />

⚫
Red Leaf monkeys are arboreal primates and spend most of their time in the canopy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Supriatna|first1=Jatna|last2=Soekara|first2=Endang|last3=Manullang|first3=Barita O.|title=Group composition, home range, and diet of the Maroon leaf monkey (''Presbytis rubicunda'') at Tanjung Puting reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Primates|date=1986|volume=27 |issue=2|pages=185–190|doi=10.1007/BF02382597}}</ref> They also have a large home ranges and low population densities compared to other primates. This is believed to be because they rely on specific trees which are rare and widely dispersed.<ref name="South-east Asian" />


===Diet===
===Diet===
Red leaf monkeys are herbivores. Their main diet is fruits, seeds, young leaves, and flowers. They are selective feeders, as food becomes limited they will feed on certain types of plant matter or seeds during their time of abundance. To maintain a balance in their diet, Red Leaf monkeys will consume top soil from termite mounds.<ref name="Soil">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=A. G.|last2=Baillie|first2=I. C.|title=Soil-eating by red leaf monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'')in Sabah, Northern Borneo|journal=Biotropica|date=1988|volume=20|issue=Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation|pages=252–258|jstor=2388241|doi=10.2307/2388241}}</ref>
Maroon leaf monkeys are herbivores. Their main diet is fruits, seeds, young leaves, and flowers. They are selective feeders, as food becomes limited they will feed on certain types of plant matter or seeds during their time of abundance. To maintain a balance in their diet, they will consume topsoil from termite mounds.<ref name="Soil">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=A. G.|last2=Baillie|first2=I. C.|title=Soil-eating by red leaf monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'')in Sabah, Northern Borneo|journal=Biotropica|date=1988|volume=20|issue=Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation|pages=252–258|jstor=2388241|doi=10.2307/2388241|bibcode=1988Biotr..20..252D }}</ref>


Their primary food is the young parts of leaves, feeding less frequently on seeds and whole fruits, and occasioanlly on flowers. Feeding patterns vary seasonally. As the fruit season peaks during June to September, there is an increase of fruit being produced. During this time of abundance, Red Leaf monkeys feed on large amounts of seeds and fruits. Consumption of young leaves happens primarily from October to June; especially in June. During this dry time of the year, Red Leaf monkeys consume more succulent foliage and are decrease their intake of seeds. Flowers are mostly consumed between March and May. There is only one type of flower that becomes a high demand of resource during the month of December. Food becomes scarce during the rainy season, and at this time of year Red Leaf monkeys will feed on mature leaves.<ref name="Soil" />
Their primary food is the young parts of leaves, feeding less frequently on seeds and whole fruits, and occasionally on flowers. Feeding patterns vary seasonally. As the fruit season peaks during June to September, there is an increase of fruit being produced. During this time of abundance, Maroon leaf monkeys feed on large amounts of seeds and fruits. Consumption of young leaves happens primarily from October to June; especially in June. During this dry time of the year, they consume more succulent foliage and are decrease their intake of seeds. Flowers are mostly consumed between March and May. There is only one type of flower that becomes a high-demand resource during December. Food becomes scarce during the rainy season, and at this time of year maroon leaf monkeys feed on mature leaves.<ref name="Soil" />


During April, June, and August, are the months when the Red Leaf monkeys consumed top soil of termite mounds. As they ate the termite mounds, they left the termites alone and only ate that of the dirt. This is the way for Red Leaf monkeys to obtain the minerals needed for a balance diet. The termite mound soil has high levels of calcium and magnesium. This soil is very acidic and has a dominant exchanging of cations, due to the aluminium that has been highly leached. Eating of the soil, they are maintaining the balance of minerals by also having a source of potassium and phosphorus. The reason they may be eating termite mounds rather than the soil around the bed of the forest, is because of the construction of the soil due to the termite's saliva. Termite soil has higher nutrient content than that of the bed soil. This foraging mechanism helps them obtain the scarce nutrients and have a balance diet of plant matter and minerals.<ref name="Soil" />
During April, June, and August, maroon leaf monkeys consume the topsoil of termite mounds to obtain the minerals needed for a balanced diet. The termite mound soil has high levels of calcium and magnesium and is also a source of potassium and phosphorus. This soil is very acidic and has a dominant exchange of [[cation]]s, due to the leaching of aluminium. This may be due to the termite's saliva, since termite soil has a higher nutrient content than the surrounding bed soil.<ref name="Soil" />


==Physiology==
==Physiology==
Since Red Leaf monkeys are from Southeast Asia, this means they must endure the scarcity of fruit due to the unpredictable time period of the releasing fruits.<ref name="fallback">{{cite journal|last1=Hanya|first1=Goro|last2=Bernard|first2=Henry|title=Fallback Foods of Red Leaf Monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'') in Danum Valley, Borneo|journal=Int J Primatol|date=2012|volume=33|issue=2|pages=322–337|doi=10.1007/s10764-012-9580-9}}</ref> Red Leaf monkeys spends around half their time eating that of leafy greens and the other half in eating seeds and fruits. They favor the digestibility that is high within leaves, which has a fiber level that is relatively low. They combine young leaves with flowers to incorporate protein in high levels. Fruits and seeds allows them to have a concentration that contains high levels of fats or carbohydrates, that is to be stored. The Red Leaf monkeys only eat from rare trees as well as lianas.<ref name="South-east Asian" /> They must rely on fallback resources during the time that involves the lack of food intake. A 25-month (May to October) observation was conducted, G. Hanya and H. Bernard observed their behavior and surveyed their phenology and vegetation, as well as conducting a chemical analysis which compared leaves that were eaten with the nonfood leaves. During this time, they observed the Red Leaf Monkeys "spending 46 percent of their feeding time on young leaves, 38 percent on seeds, 12 percent on whole fruits, 2.0 percent on flowers, 1.0 percent on bark, and 1.2 percent on pith." <ref name="fallback" />
Because maroon leaf monkeys are from Southeast Asia, they must endure scarcity of fruit due to the unpredictable fruiting season.<ref name="fallback">{{cite journal|last1=Hanya|first1=Goro|last2=Bernard|first2=Henry|title=Fallback Foods of Red Leaf Monkeys (''Presbytis rubicunda'') in Danum Valley, Borneo|journal=Int J Primatol|date=2012|volume=33|issue=2|pages=322–337|doi=10.1007/s10764-012-9580-9|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/5705/1/Fallback_Foods_of_Red_Leaf_Monkeys_.pdf|hdl=2433/154842|s2cid=13904987|hdl-access=free}}</ref> They spend around half their time eating leafy greens and the other half eating seeds and fruits. They favor the highly digestible leaves, which have a relatively low level of fiber. They combine young leaves with flowers that have high levels of protein. Fruits and seeds have a high concentration of fats and carbohydrates. Maroon leaf monkeys only eat from rare trees{{clarify|date=September 2022}} and lianas.<ref name="South-east Asian" /> They must rely on fallback resources when their usual food is not abundant. During 25-month (May to October) observation study maroon leaf monkeys spent "46 percent of their feeding time on young leaves, 38 percent on seeds, 12 percent on whole fruits, 2 percent on flowers, 1.0 percent on bark, and 1.2 percent on pith."<ref name="fallback" />


The forest they are located is within the Danum Valley of eastern Sabah, northern Borneo, had rainfall of 3115 millimeter between the year 2007 and 2008. The temperature of this year had a range of 31.4&nbsp;°C being the maximum, 22.5&nbsp;°C with the minimum, and the mean being that of almost 27&nbsp;°C. With their chemical analysis, they had sampled the leaves of having 20 different species being in abundance. But only seven of those species were actually being consumed, leaving the rest (16) not having been consumed. During the time between April and October 2007, there was an increase of the percentage in fruiting trees. Whereas, the year of 2008 had a significant drop of the percentage of fruiting trees due to the lack of water consumption. With this change of climate, the Red Leaf monkey had to rely on the fallback resources to sustain them.<ref name="fallback" />
The Danum Valley of eastern [[Sabah]], northern Borneo, had a rainfall of {{convert|3115|mm}} between the year 2007 and 2008, with temperature ranging from {{convert|31.4|°C}} to {{convert|22.5|°C}}, with a mean of almost {{convert|27|°C}}. Only seven of the twenty available species are consumed.<ref name="fallback" /> When seeds and fruits are abundant, the monkeys spent most of their feeding time eating. During the time that they must use fallback resources, they feed on young leaves of ''[[Spatholobus macropterus]]'' for 28 percent of their feeding time, concentrating on those with more protein. Maroon leaf monkeys feed on different types of leaves according to their abundance.<ref name="fallback" /> When there more fruits are available, they increase their time feeding on seeds around 28 percent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hanya|first1=Goro|last2=Bernard|first2=Henry|title=Functional response to fruiting seasonality by a primate seed predator, red leaf monkey (''Presbytis rubicunda'')|journal=Tropical Ecology|date=2013|volume=54|pages=383–395}}</ref>

When the time produced a high amount of seeds and fruits, they spent most of their feeding time eating that of what they desired. Due to the lack of water intake of the fruits, they are unable to produce those that the Red Leaf monkey enjoys to eat and they must fallback on what is available. During the time that they must fallback on the resources, they would feed on young leaves that are from a flowering plant known as ''Spatholobus macropterus''. This species of plants are very important to their diet. It has had the total feeding time of 27.6 percent. The leaves that had been consumed had more protein than those that were not consumed. Red Leaf monkeys would feed on different types of leaves due to their abundance. This selection of containing fallback foods of leaves, was in an appearance of the fact that they were trying to obtain both nutrition as well as abundance.<ref name="fallback" /> When there is an increase of availability of fruits, Red Leaf monkeys expands the time of feeding on seeds by 18 times. As the availability of fruit increases, Red Leaf monkeys' time of feeding raises around 28 percent. With this increase of availability, they eat more species and plants. The seeds within the fruits and plants then become consumed as they feed on these different species of plants and fruits.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hanya|first1=Goro|last2=Bernard|first2=Henry|title=Functional response to fruiting seasonality by a primate seed predator, red leaf monkey (''Presbytis rubicunda'')|journal=Tropical Ecology|date=2013|volume=54|pages=383–395}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons category|Presbytis rubicunda}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
⚫
{{Commons category|Presbytis rubicunda}}


{{C.Colobinae nav}}
{{C.Colobinae nav}}
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[[Category:Presbytis|maroon leaf monkey]]
[[Category:Presbytis|maroon leaf monkey]]
[[Category:Mammals of Brunei]]
[[Category:Mammals of Brunei]]
⚫
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Borneo]]
[[Category:Primates of Borneo]]
[[Category:Primates of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Primates of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1838|maroon leaf monkey]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1838|maroon leaf monkey]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Salomon Müller]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
⚫
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Borneo]]

Latest revision as of 12:06, 31 May 2024

Maroon leaf monkey[1]
Gomantong, Borneo
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Presbytis
Species:
P. rubicunda
Binomial name
Presbytis rubicunda
(S. Müller, 1838)
Maroon leaf monkey range

The maroon langur, maroon leaf monkey, or red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) is a member of the family Cercopithecidae. It is found on the southeast Asian island of Borneo and the nearby smaller Karimata. P. rubicunda mostly live in forests at altitudes below 2,000 m. They feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits.[2]

Ecology

[edit]

Distribution and Habitat

[edit]

Maroon leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) are endemic to the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Their habitat is dense dipterocarp evergreen forest.[3]

Borneo has a healthy tropical rainforest. It also contains shallow swampy areas made up of acidic, decomposed plant matter. These swampy areas have seasonal bouts of dry weather; during the wet season the rivers rise around two meters.[3] Maroon leaf monkeys are arboreal primates and spend most of their time in the canopy.[4] They have a large home ranges and low population densities compared to other primates. This is believed to be because they rely on specific trees which are rare and widely dispersed.[3]

Diet

[edit]

Maroon leaf monkeys are herbivores. Their main diet is fruits, seeds, young leaves, and flowers. They are selective feeders, as food becomes limited they will feed on certain types of plant matter or seeds during their time of abundance. To maintain a balance in their diet, they will consume topsoil from termite mounds.[5]

Their primary food is the young parts of leaves, feeding less frequently on seeds and whole fruits, and occasionally on flowers. Feeding patterns vary seasonally. As the fruit season peaks during June to September, there is an increase of fruit being produced. During this time of abundance, Maroon leaf monkeys feed on large amounts of seeds and fruits. Consumption of young leaves happens primarily from October to June; especially in June. During this dry time of the year, they consume more succulent foliage and are decrease their intake of seeds. Flowers are mostly consumed between March and May. There is only one type of flower that becomes a high-demand resource during December. Food becomes scarce during the rainy season, and at this time of year maroon leaf monkeys feed on mature leaves.[5]

During April, June, and August, maroon leaf monkeys consume the topsoil of termite mounds to obtain the minerals needed for a balanced diet. The termite mound soil has high levels of calcium and magnesium and is also a source of potassium and phosphorus. This soil is very acidic and has a dominant exchange of cations, due to the leaching of aluminium. This may be due to the termite's saliva, since termite soil has a higher nutrient content than the surrounding bed soil.[5]

Physiology

[edit]

Because maroon leaf monkeys are from Southeast Asia, they must endure scarcity of fruit due to the unpredictable fruiting season.[6] They spend around half their time eating leafy greens and the other half eating seeds and fruits. They favor the highly digestible leaves, which have a relatively low level of fiber. They combine young leaves with flowers that have high levels of protein. Fruits and seeds have a high concentration of fats and carbohydrates. Maroon leaf monkeys only eat from rare trees[clarification needed] and lianas.[3] They must rely on fallback resources when their usual food is not abundant. During 25-month (May to October) observation study maroon leaf monkeys spent "46 percent of their feeding time on young leaves, 38 percent on seeds, 12 percent on whole fruits, 2 percent on flowers, 1.0 percent on bark, and 1.2 percent on pith."[6]

The Danum Valley of eastern Sabah, northern Borneo, had a rainfall of 3,115 millimetres (122.6 in) between the year 2007 and 2008, with temperature ranging from 31.4 °C (88.5 °F) to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), with a mean of almost 27 °C (81 °F). Only seven of the twenty available species are consumed.[6] When seeds and fruits are abundant, the monkeys spent most of their feeding time eating. During the time that they must use fallback resources, they feed on young leaves of Spatholobus macropterus for 28 percent of their feeding time, concentrating on those with more protein. Maroon leaf monkeys feed on different types of leaves according to their abundance.[6] When there more fruits are available, they increase their time feeding on seeds around 28 percent.[7]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presbytis rubicunda.
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D.A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18131A17953935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Bennett, Elizabeth L.; Davies, A. Glyn; Waterman, Peter G. (1987). "Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in relation to plant chemistry". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 34: 33–56. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01947.x.
  4. ^ Supriatna, Jatna; Soekara, Endang; Manullang, Barita O. (1986). "Group composition, home range, and diet of the Maroon leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) at Tanjung Puting reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia". Primates. 27 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1007/BF02382597. S2CID 12549086.
  5. ^ a b c Davies, A. G.; Baillie, I. C. (1988). "Soil-eating by red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda)in Sabah, Northern Borneo". Biotropica. 20 (Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation): 252–258. Bibcode:1988Biotr..20..252D. doi:10.2307/2388241. JSTOR 2388241.
  6. ^ a b c d Hanya, Goro; Bernard, Henry (2012). "Fallback Foods of Red Leaf Monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) in Danum Valley, Borneo" (PDF). Int J Primatol. 33 (2): 322–337. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9580-9. hdl:2433/154842. S2CID 13904987.
  7. ^ Hanya, Goro; Bernard, Henry (2013). "Functional response to fruiting seasonality by a primate seed predator, red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda)". Tropical Ecology. 54: 383–395.
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