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|related = Other [[Polynesians]] and
|related = Other [[Polynesians]] and
[[Samoan Americans]].
[[Samoan Americans]].
|image = Tongan USC2000 PHS.svg
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}}


'''Tongan Americans''' are [[Americans]] who can trace their ancestry to [[Tonga]], officially known as the [[Tonga|Kingdom of Tonga]]. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012.<ref name=smdj>{{cite news|title=Tongans mourn passing of king|url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/tongans-mourn-passing-of-king/article_5ff539af-c3eb-53a2-8967-cf2d474e89b7.html |work=[[San Mateo Daily Journal]]|date=March 20, 2012|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> Tongans are considered to be [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islanders]] in the [[United States Census]], and are the country's fourth largest Pacific Islander American group in terms of population, after [[Native Hawaiians]], [[Samoan American]]s, and [[Chamorro people|Guamanian/Chamorro Americans]].
'''Tongan Americans''' are [[Americans]] who can trace their ancestry to [[Tonga]], officially known as the [[Tonga|Kingdom of Tonga]]. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012.<ref name=smdj>{{cite news|title=Tongans mourn passing of king|url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/tongans-mourn-passing-of-king/article_5ff539af-c3eb-53a2-8967-cf2d474e89b7.html |work=[[San Mateo Daily Journal]]|date=March 20, 2012|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> Tongans are considered to be [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islanders]] in the [[United States Census]], and are the country's fourth largest Pacific Islander American group in terms of population, after [[Native Hawaiians]], [[Samoan American]]s, and [[Chamorro people|Guamanian/Chamorro Americans]].


If the Tongan American population includes people living in [[America Samoa]], there would be up to an additional 16,000 (some America Samoan residents are U.S. residents), there would be about 85,000 Tongan Americans, as of 2019. There are 67,221 people of Tongan descent living in the U.S., including those of partial ancestry, as per the 2019 [[U.S. Census]] estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=pacific&g=0100000US_0500000US06001,06045,06075,06081,06097,29095,41051,48439,49035&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02019&hidePreview=false|title=NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE BY SELECTED GROUPS}}</ref>
If the Tongan American population includes people living in [[American Samoa]], there would be up to an additional 16,000 (some American Samoan residents are U.S. residents), there would be about 85,000 Tongan Americans, as of 2019. There are 67,221 people of Tongan descent living in the U.S., including those of partial ancestry, as per the 2019 [[U.S. Census]] estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=pacific&g=0100000US_0500000US06001,06045,06075,06081,06097,29095,41051,48439,49035&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02019&hidePreview=false|title=NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE BY SELECTED GROUPS}}</ref>

People of Tongan descent are often found in clusters in the metropolitan areas of [[Dallas, Texas]], [[California]]'s [[San Francisco Bay Area]], [[Hawaii]], and the [[Salt Lake Valley]] of Utah.


== History ==
== History ==
The Tongans have emigrated to the United States or its territories since 1916, when some people of this island immigrated to [[Laie, Hawaii|Laie]], a census-designated place in [[Hawaii]], which was then an American territory but not yet a state. Later, in 1924<ref name="Danver">{{cite book|first= Steven L.|last= Danver| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCRzAwAAQBAJ&q=samoan+mormons+in+the+United+States&pg=PA515 |title=Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West|publisher=Sage Reference, Walden University |date=2013|isbn= 9781452276069}} Page 515.</ref> and 1936 two more Tongans emigrated to the United States, specifically to Utah, with an American Mormon who served as a missionary in Tonga (although the first of them only accompanied to mentioned Mormon, since he only migrated to the USA to study there), while in 1956 the first Tongan family living in the United States was settled in [[Salt Lake City]]. However, it was not until the end of [[World War II]] when many more Tongans immigrated to the United States. Most of them were missionaries, who emigrated to the United States to work in several religious and cultural centers. Many other Tongans emigrated to the United States in the 50s. Since then, the number of Tongans to emigrate to the USA increased each decade: In the 60s emigrated more of 110 Tongans to the USA and in the 1970s emigrated more of 940 Tongans. The number was especially notable in the 80's and 90's. In this last decade emigrated over 1,900 Tongans to the USA. This is because the number of lands are limited on their country and not everyone has been able to get one, and jobs were scarce.<ref>Cathy A. Small (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8U9SjvznVa0C&dq=Tongan+migration+to+the+united+states&pg=PA52 Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs]. Second edition (2011), Cornell University Press. Page 51.</ref> By 1980, 6,200 people of this origin were living in the US, and by in 1990 that number had increased to 17,600.<ref name='everycultonganam'>Cooper, Amy. [http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Sr-Z/Tongan-Americans.html#ixzz3eyAFD0VV Everyculture: Tongan Americans]</ref> By 2000, there were 31,891 people of Tongan origin living in the United States.<ref name=ancestry2000>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|work=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>
The Tongans have emigrated to the United States or its territories since 1916, when some people of this island immigrated to [[Laie, Hawaii|Laie]], a census-designated place in [[Hawaii]], which was then an American territory but not yet a state. Later, in 1924<ref name="Danver">{{cite book|first= Steven L.|last= Danver| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCRzAwAAQBAJ&q=samoan+mormons+in+the+United+States&pg=PA515 |title=Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West|publisher=Sage Reference, Walden University |date=2013|isbn= 9781452276069}} Page 515.</ref> and 1936 two more Tongans emigrated to the United States, specifically to Utah, with an American Mormon who served as a missionary in Tonga (although the first of them only accompanied to mentioned Mormon, since he only migrated to the US to study there), while in 1956 the first Tongan family living in the United States was settled in [[Salt Lake City]]. However, it was not until the end of [[World War II]] when many more Tongans immigrated to the United States. Most of them were missionaries, who emigrated to the United States to work in several religious and cultural centers. Many other Tongans emigrated to the United States in the 50s. Since then, the number of Tongans to emigrate to the USA increased each decade: In the 60s emigrated more of 110 Tongans to the US and in the 1970s emigrated more of 940 Tongans. The number was especially notable in the 80's and 90's. In the last decade, over 1,900 Tongans have emigrated to the United States due to limited land availability and a scarcity of jobs in their home country.<ref>Cathy A. Small (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8U9SjvznVa0C&dq=Tongan+migration+to+the+united+states&pg=PA52 Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs]. Second edition (2011), Cornell University Press. Page 51.</ref> By 1980, 6,200 people of this origin were living in the US, and by in 1990 that number had increased to 17,600.<ref name='everycultonganam'>Cooper, Amy. [http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Sr-Z/Tongan-Americans.html#ixzz3eyAFD0VV Everyculture: Tongan Americans]</ref> By 2000, there were 31,891 people of Tongan origin living in the United States.<ref name=ancestry2000>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|work=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Tongan immigration has been favored primarily by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), who help them obtain visas (both studies and work) and employment and even they help them to get couples, when they are in marriageable age.<ref name='everycultonganam'/>
Tongan immigration has been favored primarily by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), who help them obtain visas (both studies and work) and employment and even provide opportunities to find a marriage partner when they are old enough.<ref name='everycultonganam'/>


===California===
===California===
California has 26,000 Tongan Americans including those of mixed ethnicity, comprising 0.06% of the state's population. About 19,000 were Tongan alone: 0.05%.<ref name="FactFinder"/> The [[San Francisco Bay Area]] has the largest Tongan population in California and amongst the largest nationwide along with the [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] area, with an estimated population of 5,000 in [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] alone (0.6%), concentrated especially in the city of [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]] (8.3%).<ref name=smdj/> Within San Mateo County, the city of [[San Mateo, CA|San Mateo]] (1.2%), [[San Bruno, CA|San Bruno]], and [[South San Francisco]] have sizable Tongan populations. Other Bay Area cities with significant Tongan populations include the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] cities of [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] (0.3% Tongan), especially in the [[San Antonio, Oakland, California|San Antonio]] area. [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], [[Concord, CA|Concord]], and [[Pittsburg, CA|Pittsburg]]. Smaller communities can be found in [[Santa Clara County]], mainly in [[Mountain View, CA|Mountain View]].<ref name='sfexaminer'>{{cite news | first = Niko | last = Kyriakou | title = San Mateo County Tongan population looks for strength | date = September 3, 2011 | url = http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/peninsula/2011/09/san-mateo-county-tongan-population-looks-strength | work = San Francisco Examiner | access-date = February 4, 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216184749/http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/peninsula/2011/09/san-mateo-county-tongan-population-looks-strength# | archive-date = 2013-02-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref> There are around 1,000 Tongans in [[Sacramento]] and more throughout the [[Sacramento Valley]].
California has 26,000 Tongan Americans including those of mixed ethnicity, comprising 0.06% of the state's population. About 19,000 were Tongan alone: 0.05%.<ref name="FactFinder"/> The [[San Francisco Bay Area]] has the largest Tongan population in California and amongst the largest nationwide along with the [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] area, with an estimated population of 5,000 in [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] alone (0.6%), concentrated especially in the city of [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]] (8.3%).<ref name=smdj/> Within San Mateo County, the city of [[San Mateo, CA|San Mateo]] (1.2%), [[San Bruno, CA|San Bruno]], and [[South San Francisco]] have sizable Tongan populations. Other Bay Area cities with significant Tongan populations include the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] cities of [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] (0.3% Tongan), especially in the [[San Antonio, Oakland, California|San Antonio]] area. [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], [[Concord, CA|Concord]], and [[Pittsburg, CA|Pittsburg]]. Smaller communities can be found in [[Santa Clara County]], mainly in [[Mountain View, CA|Mountain View]].<ref name='sfexaminer'>{{cite news | first = Niko | last = Kyriakou | title = San Mateo County Tongan population looks for strength | date = September 3, 2011 | url = http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/peninsula/2011/09/san-mateo-county-tongan-population-looks-strength | work = San Francisco Examiner | access-date = February 4, 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216184749/http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/peninsula/2011/09/san-mateo-county-tongan-population-looks-strength# | archive-date = 2013-02-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref> There are around 1,000 Tongans in [[Sacramento]] and more throughout the [[Sacramento Valley]].


Other cities with significant but small Tongan American communities exist within Southern California. The [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] city of [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]] (0.4% or less), [[Hawthorne, CA|Hawthorne]] (0.4% or less), and the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] sub-region. [[Long Beach, California]] is home to 600 Tongans, 0.1% of the city's population.<ref name=FactFinder/> In the city of [[Los Angeles]] itself, there are about 1,000 Tongans or part-Tongan people, less than 0.05% of LA’s population. There are two Tongan churches in [[South Los Angeles]], within the [[Vermont Vista, Los Angeles|Vermont Vista]] area, where the schools are roughly 1-2% Pacific Islander, which may mainly consist of Samoans and Tongans. There is also a Tongan church in [[Pomona, California|Pomona]].
Other cities with significant but small Tongan American communities exist within Southern California. The [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] city of [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]] (0.4% or less), [[Hawthorne, CA|Hawthorne]] (0.4% or less), and the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] sub-region. [[Long Beach, California]] is home to 600 Tongans, 0.1% of the city's population.<ref name=FactFinder/> In the city of [[Los Angeles]] itself, there are about 1,000 Tongans or part-Tongan people, less than 0.05% of LA's population. There are two Tongan churches in [[South Los Angeles]], within the [[Vermont Vista, Los Angeles|Vermont Vista]] area, where the schools are roughly 1-2% Pacific Islander, which may mainly consist of Samoans and Tongans. There is also a Tongan church in [[Pomona, California|Pomona]].

[[San Diego County]] has several hundred Tongans.


===Utah===
===Utah===
Line 29: Line 34:


===Texas, other U.S. states===
===Texas, other U.S. states===
[[Euless, Texas]] has a sizable Tongan community. At least ten Tongan churches are present in Euless. [[Trinity High School (Euless, Texas)|Trinity High School]] is also well known in the local area for their tradition of beginning Friday night football games with the culture's traditional war cry, the [[Kailao]].<ref name='nytimes'>{{cite news | first = Jere | last = Longman | title =An island for Tongans in a Texas high school | date = October 9, 2008 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/sports/09iht-TONGANS.1.16810356.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work = [[New York Times]] | access-date = February 4, 2013}}</ref> As of 2020, Euless is about 2% Pacific Islander, and home to over 500 Tongans, almost 1% of the city.
[[Euless, Texas]], in the [[Dallas-Fort Worth]] metropolitan area, has a sizable Tongan community. At least ten Tongan churches are present in Euless. [[Trinity High School (Euless, Texas)|Trinity High School]] is also well known in the local area for their tradition of beginning Friday night football games with the culture's traditional war cry, the [[Kailao]].<ref name='nytimes'>{{cite news | first = Jere | last = Longman | title =An island for Tongans in a Texas high school | date = October 9, 2008 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/sports/09iht-TONGANS.1.16810356.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work = [[New York Times]] | access-date = February 4, 2013}}</ref> As of 2020, Euless is about 2% Pacific Islander, and home to over 500 Tongans, almost 1% of the city. [[Bedford, Texas]] also has several hundred Tongan residents.


There are 500 people of Tongan descent living in [[Portland, Oregon]] (0.1% of the city's population). There are over 1,000 Tongans in the [[Seattle metropolitan area]], mainly in the [[White Center]] area, which is at least 2% Tongan.
There are 500 people of Tongan descent living in [[Portland, Oregon]] (0.1% of the city's population). There are over 1,000 Tongans in the [[Seattle metropolitan area]], mainly in the [[White Center]] area, which is at least 2% Tongan.


[[Anchorage, Alaska]] (0.3%); [[Kona, Hawaii]]; [[Lahaina, Hawaii]], and [[Reno, Nevada]]. Hawaii has the largest percentage or second highest, after Utah, of Tongan Americans, with 8,496 people of Tongan descent, making up 0.6% of Hawaiian residents. There are 1,000 Tongans in Honolulu, 0.3% of the city.<ref name="FactFinder"/>
[[Anchorage, Alaska]] (0.3%); [[Kona, Hawaii]]; [[Lahaina, Hawaii]], and [[Reno, Nevada]]. Hawaii has the largest percentage or second highest, after Utah, of Tongan Americans, with 8,496 people of Tongan descent, making up 0.6% of Hawaiian residents. There are 1,000 Tongans in Honolulu, 0.3% of the city.<ref name="FactFinder"/>

The [[Phoenix, Arizona]] metropolitan area, especially within the cities of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] proper and [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]] are home to growing Tongan populations, as well as pan-Polynesian stores and churches. There are 1,500 Arizonan Tongans according to Zipatlas, in which this number was given during the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zipatlas.com/us/az/city-comparison/largest-tongan-community.htm|title=Cities with the Largest Tongan Community in Arizona|publisher=ZipAtlas}}</ref>

[[American Samoa]] also is 2% Tongan.


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 42: Line 51:
* Singer [[Dinah Jane]]
* Singer [[Dinah Jane]]
* NFL player [[Vita Vea]]
* NFL player [[Vita Vea]]
* [[The Jets (Minnesota band)|The Jets]] singer
* Musical group [[The Jets (Minnesota band)|The Jets]]
* NFL player, television news reporter [[Vai Sikahema]]
* NFL player, television news reporter [[Vai Sikahema]]


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[[Category:American people of Tongan descent]]
[[Category:American people of Tongan descent]]
[[Category:Oceanian American]]
[[Category:Oceanian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Pacific Islands American]]
[[Category:Tongan diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Tongan American]]

Latest revision as of 08:35, 9 June 2024

Tongan Americans
Total population
43,090 alone, 0.01% of US population
67,221 including partial ancestry, 0.02%
(2019 Census estimates)
Regions with significant populations
American Samoa, Alaska (Anchorage), California (Oakland, Sacramento County, San Mateo County, Los Angeles County, Seaside), Hawaii (O'ahu), Nevada (Reno), Texas (Euless), Utah (Salt Lake County, Utah County)
Languages
American English, Tongan
Religion
Christianity, Polytheism, Mormonism
Related ethnic groups
Other Polynesians and Samoan Americans.

Tongan Americans are Americans who can trace their ancestry to Tonga, officially known as the Kingdom of Tonga. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012.[1] Tongans are considered to be Pacific Islanders in the United States Census, and are the country's fourth largest Pacific Islander American group in terms of population, after Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and Guamanian/Chamorro Americans.

If the Tongan American population includes people living in American Samoa, there would be up to an additional 16,000 (some American Samoan residents are U.S. residents), there would be about 85,000 Tongan Americans, as of 2019. There are 67,221 people of Tongan descent living in the U.S., including those of partial ancestry, as per the 2019 U.S. Census estimates.[2]

People of Tongan descent are often found in clusters in the metropolitan areas of Dallas, Texas, California's San Francisco Bay Area, Hawaii, and the Salt Lake Valley of Utah.

History

[edit]

The Tongans have emigrated to the United States or its territories since 1916, when some people of this island immigrated to Laie, a census-designated place in Hawaii, which was then an American territory but not yet a state. Later, in 1924[3] and 1936 two more Tongans emigrated to the United States, specifically to Utah, with an American Mormon who served as a missionary in Tonga (although the first of them only accompanied to mentioned Mormon, since he only migrated to the US to study there), while in 1956 the first Tongan family living in the United States was settled in Salt Lake City. However, it was not until the end of World War II when many more Tongans immigrated to the United States. Most of them were missionaries, who emigrated to the United States to work in several religious and cultural centers. Many other Tongans emigrated to the United States in the 50s. Since then, the number of Tongans to emigrate to the USA increased each decade: In the 60s emigrated more of 110 Tongans to the US and in the 1970s emigrated more of 940 Tongans. The number was especially notable in the 80's and 90's. In the last decade, over 1,900 Tongans have emigrated to the United States due to limited land availability and a scarcity of jobs in their home country.[4] By 1980, 6,200 people of this origin were living in the US, and by in 1990 that number had increased to 17,600.[5] By 2000, there were 31,891 people of Tongan origin living in the United States.[6]

Demographics

[edit]

Tongan immigration has been favored primarily by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), who help them obtain visas (both studies and work) and employment and even provide opportunities to find a marriage partner when they are old enough.[5]

California

[edit]

California has 26,000 Tongan Americans including those of mixed ethnicity, comprising 0.06% of the state's population. About 19,000 were Tongan alone: 0.05%.[7] The San Francisco Bay Area has the largest Tongan population in California and amongst the largest nationwide along with the Salt Lake City, Utah area, with an estimated population of 5,000 in San Mateo County alone (0.6%), concentrated especially in the city of East Palo Alto (8.3%).[1] Within San Mateo County, the city of San Mateo (1.2%), San Bruno, and South San Francisco have sizable Tongan populations. Other Bay Area cities with significant Tongan populations include the East Bay cities of Oakland (0.3% Tongan), especially in the San Antonio area. San Leandro, Concord, and Pittsburg. Smaller communities can be found in Santa Clara County, mainly in Mountain View.[8] There are around 1,000 Tongans in Sacramento and more throughout the Sacramento Valley.

Other cities with significant but small Tongan American communities exist within Southern California. The Greater Los Angeles Area city of Inglewood (0.4% or less), Hawthorne (0.4% or less), and the Inland Empire sub-region. Long Beach, California is home to 600 Tongans, 0.1% of the city's population.[7] In the city of Los Angeles itself, there are about 1,000 Tongans or part-Tongan people, less than 0.05% of LA's population. There are two Tongan churches in South Los Angeles, within the Vermont Vista area, where the schools are roughly 1-2% Pacific Islander, which may mainly consist of Samoans and Tongans. There is also a Tongan church in Pomona.

San Diego County has several hundred Tongans.

Utah

[edit]

The state of Utah has a large presence of Tongan Americans, and a significant Pacific Islander population in general. Utah has the highest population of Tongan Americans in the United States. There are over 18,330 Tongan Americans in Utah, including those of mixed ethnicity, making up 0.6% of the state population.[7] Tongans first started immigrating to Utah because of their attraction to the abundant amount of LDS congregations in the state. As of 2011, Utah has around 30 branches of Tongan Latter-day Saint churches. About one of four people of Tongan descent living in the U.S. live in Utah. Salt Lake County has more than 9,000 Tongan Americans in residence. At least 2,000 people of Tongan descent live in Salt Lake City alone, making up one percent of the city's population.[9] West Valley City has 3,200 Tongans, making 2.4% of the city's population.

Texas, other U.S. states

[edit]

Euless, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, has a sizable Tongan community. At least ten Tongan churches are present in Euless. Trinity High School is also well known in the local area for their tradition of beginning Friday night football games with the culture's traditional war cry, the Kailao.[10] As of 2020, Euless is about 2% Pacific Islander, and home to over 500 Tongans, almost 1% of the city. Bedford, Texas also has several hundred Tongan residents.

There are 500 people of Tongan descent living in Portland, Oregon (0.1% of the city's population). There are over 1,000 Tongans in the Seattle metropolitan area, mainly in the White Center area, which is at least 2% Tongan.

Anchorage, Alaska (0.3%); Kona, Hawaii; Lahaina, Hawaii, and Reno, Nevada. Hawaii has the largest percentage or second highest, after Utah, of Tongan Americans, with 8,496 people of Tongan descent, making up 0.6% of Hawaiian residents. There are 1,000 Tongans in Honolulu, 0.3% of the city.[7]

The Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, especially within the cities of Phoenix proper and Mesa are home to growing Tongan populations, as well as pan-Polynesian stores and churches. There are 1,500 Arizonan Tongans according to Zipatlas, in which this number was given during the 2010s.[11]

American Samoa also is 2% Tongan.

Notable people

[edit]
Further information: Category:American people of Tongan descent

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Tongans mourn passing of king". San Mateo Daily Journal. March 20, 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  2. ^ "NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE BY SELECTED GROUPS".
  3. ^ Danver, Steven L. (2013). Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West. Sage Reference, Walden University. ISBN 9781452276069. Page 515.
  4. ^ Cathy A. Small (1997). Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs. Second edition (2011), Cornell University Press. Page 51.
  5. ^ a b Cooper, Amy. Everyculture: Tongan Americans
  6. ^ "Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d "NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS VIEW TABLE INFORMATION". U.S. Census.
  8. ^ Kyriakou, Niko (September 3, 2011). "San Mateo County Tongan population looks for strength". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  9. ^ Davidson, Lee (September 12, 2011). "One of every four Tongans in U.S. calls Utah home". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  10. ^ Longman, Jere (October 9, 2008). "An island for Tongans in a Texas high school". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  11. ^ "Cities with the Largest Tongan Community in Arizona". ZipAtlas.
[edit]
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