Jarvis (rocket): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Proposed US medium-lift launch vehicle}} |
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{{Infobox rocket |
{{Infobox rocket |
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|image = |
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|caption = Revised Jarvis configuration (1986), using SSME instead of 2 x F-1 engines. |
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|name = Jarvis |
|name = Jarvis |
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|manufacturer = [[Hughes Aircraft]] / [[Boeing]] |
|manufacturer = [[Hughes Aircraft]] / [[Boeing]] |
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|country-origin = |
|country-origin = United States |
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|height = {{convert|58|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|height = {{convert|58|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
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|diameter = {{convert|8.38|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
|diameter = {{convert|8.38|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
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|SI = 304 seconds (vacuum) |
|SI = 304 seconds (vacuum) |
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|burntime = 170 seconds |
|burntime = 170 seconds |
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|fuel = [[ |
|fuel = [[RP-1]] / [[LOX]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox rocket/Stage |
{{Infobox rocket/Stage |
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|SI = 425 seconds (vacuum) |
|SI = 425 seconds (vacuum) |
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|burntime = 525 seconds |
|burntime = 525 seconds |
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|fuel = [[ |
|fuel = [[LH2|LH<sub>2</sub>]] / [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox rocket/Stage |
{{Infobox rocket/Stage |
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|stageno = Third |
|stageno = Third |
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|name = |
|name = |
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|engines = 8x R-4D |
|engines = 8x [[R-4D]] |
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|thrust = {{convert|3.92|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} |
|thrust = {{convert|3.92|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} |
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|SI = 312 seconds |
|SI = 312 seconds |
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|burntime = |
|burntime = |
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|fuel = |
|fuel = [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] / [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] |
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}} |
}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Jarvis''' was a proposed |
'''Jarvis''' was a proposed American medium-lift [[launch vehicle]] for [[space launch]], designed by [[Hughes Aircraft]] and [[Boeing]] during the mid-1980s as part of the joint [[United States Air Force]] (USAF)/[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) [[Advanced Launch System]] (ALS) study. Intended to utilize engines and tooling in storage from the [[Saturn V]] rocket program along with [[Space Shuttle]] components, and projected to be capable of carrying up to six satellites into multiple orbits using a single launch (e.g. GPS constellation), the proposal failed to meet the ALS requirements, and the Jarvis rocket was never built. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a [[Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle|heavy-lift rocket]], using propulsion systems and equipment built for the [[Saturn V]] rocket and placed in storage at the end of the [[Apollo program]],<ref name="Smith"/> as well as [[Space Shuttle]] components,<ref>Logsdon 1988, p. 138</ref> Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching major components of the planned [[Space Station Freedom]] and commercial satellites.<ref name="Smith"/> The rocket was named after Hughes employee and [[NASA]] mission specialist [[Gregory Jarvis]], who died in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]] in January 1986.<ref name="Smith">Smith 1989, p.280</ref> |
Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a [[Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle|heavy-lift rocket]], using propulsion systems and equipment built for the [[Saturn V]] rocket and placed in storage at the end of the [[Apollo program]],<ref name="Smith"/> as well as [[Space Shuttle]] components,<ref>Logsdon 1988, p. 138</ref> Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching multiple GPS satellites,<ref name="Kyle"/> major components of the planned [[Space Station Freedom]] and commercial satellites.<ref name="Smith"/> The rocket was named after Hughes employee and [[NASA]] mission specialist [[Gregory Jarvis]], who died in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]] in January 1986.<ref name="Smith">Smith 1989, p.280</ref> |
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Submitted as part of the [[Advanced Launch System]] studies jointly conducted by the [[United States Air Force]] and NASA for a new heavy-lift rocket system capable of substituting for the Space Shuttle and expanding upon its capabilities,<ref>Thompson and Guerrier 1989, p.30</ref> Jarvis was planned as a three-stage rocket capable of launching a payload of up to {{convert|83000|lb}} to low |
Submitted as part of the [[Advanced Launch System]] studies jointly conducted by the [[United States Air Force]] and NASA for a new heavy-lift rocket system capable of substituting for the Space Shuttle and expanding upon its capabilities,<ref>Thompson and Guerrier 1989, p.30</ref> Jarvis was planned as a three-stage rocket capable of launching a payload of up to {{convert|83000|lb}} to low Earth orbit, or {{convert|28000|lb}} to [[geosynchronous orbit]]; the rocket was projected to cost under $300 million [[USD]] per launch;<ref name="Astro">{{cite journal|date=August 4, 1986|title=Air Force Studies MLV|journal=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|volume=125|issue=5|page=34|bibcode=1986AvWST.125...34S|last1=Smith|first1=B. A.}}</ref> some estimates had a per-launch cost of the Jarvis vehicle at a cost as low as $150 million each, with $1 billion being cited as the projected development cost of the rocket system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GT5TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F4QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3544,5788638&dq=jarvis+rocket&hl=en|title=Shuttles: Hughes Aircraft proposes rocket to help fill the void left by disaster|date=August 14, 1986|work=[[The Deseret News]]|accessdate=2012-06-01|location=Salt Lake City, UT}}</ref> |
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The first stage of the Jarvis vehicle was designed to use two [[F-1 (rocket engine)|Rocketdyne F-1]] engines, powered by [[RP-1]] rocket fuel and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX); these were the same engines used by the Saturn V's first stage. The second stage would use a single [[J-2 (rocket engine)|Rocketdyne J-2]] LOX/[[liquid hydrogen]] (LH2) engine, while the third stage was intended to utilise eight [[R-4D|Marquardt R-4D]] [[reaction control system]] thrusters, fueled by a [[hypergolic]] mix of [[nitrogen tetroxide]] and [[monomethylhydrazine]] ( |
The first stage of the Jarvis vehicle was designed to use two [[F-1 (rocket engine)|Rocketdyne F-1]] engines, powered by [[RP-1]] rocket fuel and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX); these were the same engines used by the Saturn V's first stage. The second stage would use a single [[J-2 (rocket engine)|Rocketdyne J-2]] LOX/[[liquid hydrogen]] (LH2) engine, while the third stage was intended to utilise eight [[R-4D|Marquardt R-4D]] [[reaction control system]] thrusters, fueled by a [[hypergolic]] mix of [[nitrogen tetroxide]] and [[monomethylhydrazine]] (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MMH), to provide final boost, and to allow for the deployment of multiple payloads into different orbits.<ref name="Astro"/><ref name="PopMech">{{cite journal|date=December 1986|title=Future Rocket Will Make 'Local' Stops|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|volume=163|issue=12|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-MDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref> Jarvis was designed to be capable of carrying payloads of up to {{convert|26|ft}} in diameter; as many as six satellites could be carried on a single rocket,<ref>Curtis 1990, p. 376</ref> and it was suggested that the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) constellation be deployed in this manner.<ref>''Air Force Magazine'', February 1986, p.32</ref> |
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While the Hughes proposal for the "Jarvis" would have been powered by a pair of Saturn V F-1 engines, when Boeing joined the proposal they quickly shifted the proposal toward a Shuttle-derived in-line design consisting of an External Tank powered by a single aft-mounted Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) augmented by a pair of Solid Rocket Boosters. This Revised Jarvis would be able to lift {{convert|80000|lb}} to LEO.<ref name="Kyle">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/thorh12.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411203040/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/thorh12.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |publisher=SpaceLaunchReport |author=Kyle, Ed |title=Medium Launch Vehicle (MLV) |date=November 19, 2009}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Although Hughes received an Air Force contract to study the Jarvis vehicle,<ref name="PopMech"/> the Jarvis failed to meet the Air Force's requirements for the ALS, being too large in size compared to the specification.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gavaghan|first=Helen|date=29 January 1987|title=Military satellites return to rockets|journal=[[New Scientist]] |
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⚫ | Although Hughes received an Air Force contract to study the Jarvis vehicle,<ref name="PopMech"/> the Jarvis failed to meet the Air Force's requirements for the ALS, being too large in size compared to the specification.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gavaghan|first=Helen|date=29 January 1987|title=Military satellites return to rockets|journal=[[New Scientist]]|volume=113|issue=1545|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAF2K_xc8CIC&pg=PA37}}</ref> In 1986, Hughes stated that the rocket could be operational by the 1990s,<ref name="PopMech"/> with launches beginning two years after project go-ahead;<ref>{{cite news|title=Rocket builders are revamping technology|last=Harwood|first=William|date=September 22, 1986|work=[[The Bryan Times]]|location=Bryan, Ohio}}</ref> however the U.S. Air Force rejected the Hughes-Boeing proposal.<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-11-25-fi-13050-story.html|title=The Air Force dropped the Jarvis rocket bid|date=November 26, 1986|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2012-06-01|location=Los Angeles, CA}}</ref> Consideration was given to continuing the Jarvis project as a private venture,<ref name="LAT"/> and the Jarvis was mentioned as meeting the requirements for a launch vehicle to be used in the establishment of a [[lunar base]] in a 1992 conference on the subject,<ref>Dowling et al. ''in'' Mendell 1992, p. 180</ref> however nothing further came of the proposal, while the entire Advanced Launch System development effort was scaled back into the [[National Launch System]] before being cancelled in 1992.<ref>Henry 2003, p. 10</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[New Glenn]] |
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* [[Saturn C-3]] |
* [[Saturn C-3]] |
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* [[Saturn INT-20]] |
* [[Saturn INT-20]] |
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* [[Saturn II]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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;Bibliography |
;Bibliography |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Anthony R.|title=Space Almanac|year=1990|publisher=ARCsoft Publishers|location=Woodsboro, Maryland|isbn=978-0866680653}} |
* {{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Anthony R.|title=Space Almanac|year=1990|publisher=ARCsoft Publishers|location=Woodsboro, Maryland|isbn=978-0866680653|url=https://archive.org/details/spacealmanacfact0000curt}} |
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* Dowling, Richard; Robert L. Staehle, and Tomas Svitek. [http://www.nss.org/settlement/moon/library/LB2-203-LunarPolarExpedition.pdf "A Lunar Polar Expedition"]. ''in'' {{cite book|editor=Mendell, Wendell W.|title=The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century , Volume 1|series=NASA Conference Publication 3166|volume=1|year=1992|publisher=NASA|location=Houston, Texas|id=NASA-CP-3166-Vol-l}} |
* Dowling, Richard; Robert L. Staehle, and Tomas Svitek. [http://www.nss.org/settlement/moon/library/LB2-203-LunarPolarExpedition.pdf "A Lunar Polar Expedition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210144418/http://nss.org/settlement/moon/library/LB2-203-LunarPolarExpedition.pdf |date=2016-12-10 }}. ''in'' {{cite book|editor=Mendell, Wendell W.|title=The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century , Volume 1|series=NASA Conference Publication 3166|volume=1|year=1992|publisher=NASA|location=Houston, Texas|id=NASA-CP-3166-Vol-l}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Henry|first=Gary N.|title=The Decision Maker's Guide to Robust, Reliable, and Inexpensive Access to Space|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qHwZLeIH_I4J:www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/henry.pdf+%22Advanced+Launch+System%22+cancellation&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj8YIc0XXOQA8BefEj2T4p65T1-emYTC_YZQoTIpNirbKSc6naq3FJ1fvtY-S0lesT6XXXwLykZnrPFrgNlmWeQ1F_EOjytNg79UR9tBVnlgHVH9OJ93m44AFlL2j0XMHxlmTrr&sig=AHIEtbR-yIiwjzD-WjiW8eHqWb1_jUv6-w|date=February 2003|publisher=Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, Air University|location=Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama|isbn=978-1234087159}} |
* {{cite book|last=Henry|first=Gary N.|title=The Decision Maker's Guide to Robust, Reliable, and Inexpensive Access to Space|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qHwZLeIH_I4J:www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/henry.pdf+%22Advanced+Launch+System%22+cancellation&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj8YIc0XXOQA8BefEj2T4p65T1-emYTC_YZQoTIpNirbKSc6naq3FJ1fvtY-S0lesT6XXXwLykZnrPFrgNlmWeQ1F_EOjytNg79UR9tBVnlgHVH9OJ93m44AFlL2j0XMHxlmTrr&sig=AHIEtbR-yIiwjzD-WjiW8eHqWb1_jUv6-w|date=February 2003|publisher=Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, Air University|location=Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama|isbn=978-1234087159}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Logsdon|first=Tom|title=Space, Inc: Your Guide to Investing in Space Exploration|year=1988|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0517568125}} |
* {{cite book|last=Logsdon|first=Tom|title=Space, Inc: Your Guide to Investing in Space Exploration|year=1988|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0517568125|url=https://archive.org/details/spaceincyourguid00logs}} |
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* {{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=B.A.|magazine=Aviation Week and Space Technology|title=Hughes Jarvis launcher would use technology from Saturn, Shuttle|issn=0005-2175|volume=125|date=4 August 1986|pages=34–36}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Melvyn|title=Illustrated History of the Space Shuttle|year=1989|publisher=Motorbooks International|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=978-0854296002}} |
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Melvyn|title=Illustrated History of the Space Shuttle|year=1989|publisher=Motorbooks International|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=978-0854296002}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Wayne| |
* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Wayne|author2=Steven W. Guerrier|title=Space: National Programs and International Cooperation|year=1989|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0813377759}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [ |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161227223157/http://astronautix.com/j/jarvislaunchvehicle.html Jarvis] at Encyclopedia Astronautica |
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{{Saturns}} |
{{Saturns}} |
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[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]] |
[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]] |
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[[Category:Cancelled space launch vehicles]] |
[[Category:Cancelled space launch vehicles]] |
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[[Category:Saturn |
[[Category:Saturn V]] |
Latest revision as of 04:46, 15 August 2024
Manufacturer | Hughes Aircraft / Boeing |
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Country of origin | United States |
Size | |
Height | 58 m (190 ft) |
Diameter | 8.38 m (27.5 ft) |
Mass | 1,154,000 kg (2,544,000 lb) |
Stages | 3 |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO | |
Mass | 38,000 kg (84,000 lb) |
Payload to GTO | |
Mass | 13,000 kg (29,000 lb) |
Launch history | |
Status | None built |
Total launches | 0 |
First stage | |
Powered by | 2x F-1 |
Maximum thrust | 15,481.26 kN (3,480,330 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 304 seconds (vacuum) |
Burn time | 170 seconds |
Propellant | RP-1 / LOX |
Second stage | |
Powered by | 1x J-2 |
Maximum thrust | 1,031.98 kN (232,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 425 seconds (vacuum) |
Burn time | 525 seconds |
Propellant | LH2 / LOX |
Third stage | |
Powered by | 8x R-4D |
Maximum thrust | 3.92 kN (880 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 312 seconds |
Propellant | MMH / N2O4 |
Jarvis was a proposed American medium-lift launch vehicle for space launch, designed by Hughes Aircraft and Boeing during the mid-1980s as part of the joint United States Air Force (USAF)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Launch System (ALS) study. Intended to utilize engines and tooling in storage from the Saturn V rocket program along with Space Shuttle components, and projected to be capable of carrying up to six satellites into multiple orbits using a single launch (e.g. GPS constellation), the proposal failed to meet the ALS requirements, and the Jarvis rocket was never built.
History
[edit]Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a heavy-lift rocket, using propulsion systems and equipment built for the Saturn V rocket and placed in storage at the end of the Apollo program,[1] as well as Space Shuttle components,[2] Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching multiple GPS satellites,[3] major components of the planned Space Station Freedom and commercial satellites.[1] The rocket was named after Hughes employee and NASA mission specialist Gregory Jarvis, who died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in January 1986.[1]
Submitted as part of the Advanced Launch System studies jointly conducted by the United States Air Force and NASA for a new heavy-lift rocket system capable of substituting for the Space Shuttle and expanding upon its capabilities,[4] Jarvis was planned as a three-stage rocket capable of launching a payload of up to 83,000 pounds (38,000 kg) to low Earth orbit, or 28,000 pounds (13,000 kg) to geosynchronous orbit; the rocket was projected to cost under $300 million USD per launch;[5] some estimates had a per-launch cost of the Jarvis vehicle at a cost as low as $150 million each, with $1 billion being cited as the projected development cost of the rocket system.[6]
The first stage of the Jarvis vehicle was designed to use two Rocketdyne F-1 engines, powered by RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX); these were the same engines used by the Saturn V's first stage. The second stage would use a single Rocketdyne J-2 LOX/liquid hydrogen (LH2) engine, while the third stage was intended to utilise eight Marquardt R-4D reaction control system thrusters, fueled by a hypergolic mix of nitrogen tetroxide and monomethylhydrazine (N2O4/MMH), to provide final boost, and to allow for the deployment of multiple payloads into different orbits.[5][7] Jarvis was designed to be capable of carrying payloads of up to 26 feet (7.9 m) in diameter; as many as six satellites could be carried on a single rocket,[8] and it was suggested that the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation be deployed in this manner.[9]
While the Hughes proposal for the "Jarvis" would have been powered by a pair of Saturn V F-1 engines, when Boeing joined the proposal they quickly shifted the proposal toward a Shuttle-derived in-line design consisting of an External Tank powered by a single aft-mounted Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) augmented by a pair of Solid Rocket Boosters. This Revised Jarvis would be able to lift 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) to LEO.[3]
Although Hughes received an Air Force contract to study the Jarvis vehicle,[7] the Jarvis failed to meet the Air Force's requirements for the ALS, being too large in size compared to the specification.[10] In 1986, Hughes stated that the rocket could be operational by the 1990s,[7] with launches beginning two years after project go-ahead;[11] however the U.S. Air Force rejected the Hughes-Boeing proposal.[12] Consideration was given to continuing the Jarvis project as a private venture,[12] and the Jarvis was mentioned as meeting the requirements for a launch vehicle to be used in the establishment of a lunar base in a 1992 conference on the subject,[13] however nothing further came of the proposal, while the entire Advanced Launch System development effort was scaled back into the National Launch System before being cancelled in 1992.[14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Citations
- ^ a b c Smith 1989, p.280
- ^ Logsdon 1988, p. 138
- ^ a b Kyle, Ed (November 19, 2009). "Medium Launch Vehicle (MLV)". SpaceLaunchReport. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Thompson and Guerrier 1989, p.30
- ^ a b Smith, B. A. (August 4, 1986). "Air Force Studies MLV". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 125 (5): 34. Bibcode:1986AvWST.125...34S.
- ^ "Shuttles: Hughes Aircraft proposes rocket to help fill the void left by disaster". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, UT. August 14, 1986. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ a b c "Future Rocket Will Make 'Local' Stops". Popular Mechanics. 163 (12): 125. December 1986.
- ^ Curtis 1990, p. 376
- ^ Air Force Magazine, February 1986, p.32
- ^ Gavaghan, Helen (29 January 1987). "Military satellites return to rockets". New Scientist. 113 (1545): 37.
- ^ Harwood, William (September 22, 1986). "Rocket builders are revamping technology". The Bryan Times. Bryan, Ohio.
- ^ a b "The Air Force dropped the Jarvis rocket bid". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. November 26, 1986. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ Dowling et al. in Mendell 1992, p. 180
- ^ Henry 2003, p. 10
- Bibliography
- Curtis, Anthony R. (1990). Space Almanac. Woodsboro, Maryland: ARCsoft Publishers. ISBN 978-0866680653.
- Dowling, Richard; Robert L. Staehle, and Tomas Svitek. "A Lunar Polar Expedition" Archived 2016-12-10 at the Wayback Machine. in Mendell, Wendell W., ed. (1992). The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century , Volume 1. NASA Conference Publication 3166. Vol. 1. Houston, Texas: NASA. NASA-CP-3166-Vol-l.
- Henry, Gary N. (February 2003). The Decision Maker's Guide to Robust, Reliable, and Inexpensive Access to Space. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, Air University. ISBN 978-1234087159.
- Logsdon, Tom (1988). Space, Inc: Your Guide to Investing in Space Exploration. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0517568125.
- Smith, B.A. (4 August 1986). "Hughes Jarvis launcher would use technology from Saturn, Shuttle". Aviation Week and Space Technology. Vol. 125. pp. 34–36. ISSN 0005-2175.
- Smith, Melvyn (1989). Illustrated History of the Space Shuttle. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0854296002.
- Thompson, Wayne; Steven W. Guerrier (1989). Space: National Programs and International Cooperation. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813377759.
External links
[edit]- Jarvis at Encyclopedia Astronautica