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A cultural icon is a person or an artifact that is identified by members of a culture as representative of that culture. The process of identification is subjective, and "icons" are judged by the extent to which they can be seen as an authentic symbol of that culture. When individuals perceive a cultural icon, they relate it to their general perceptions of the cultural identity represented.^[1] Cultural icons can also be identified as an authentic representation of the practices of one culture by another.^[2]

In popular culture and elsewhere, the term "iconic" is used to describe a wide range of people, places, and things. Some commentators believe that the word "iconic" is overused.^{[citation needed]}

Examples

According to the Canadian Journal of Communication, academic literature has described all of the following as "cultural icons": Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees."^[4] A web-based survey was set up in 2006 allowing the public to nominate their ideas for national icons of England,^[5] and the results show the range of different types of icons associated with an English view of English culture. One example is the red AEC Routemaster London double-decker bus.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Matryoshka dolls are seen internationally as cultural icons of Russia.^[9] In the former Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle symbol and statues of Vladimir Lenin instead represented the country's most prominent cultural icons.

The values, norms, and ideals represented by a cultural icon vary among people who subscribe to it and more widely among others who may interpret cultural icons as symbolizing quite different values. Thus an apple pie is a cultural icon of the United States, but its significance varies among Americans.

National icons can become targets for those opposing or criticising a regime, for example, crowds destroying statues of Lenin in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism^[10] or burning the American flag to protest US actions abroad.^[11]

Religious icons can also become cultural icons in societies where religion and culture are deeply entwined, such as representations of the Madonna in societies with a strong Catholic tradition.^[12]

Criticism

Describing something as iconic or as an icon has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some.^[13] For example, a writer in Liverpool Daily Post calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."^[14] Mark Larson of the Christian Examiner labeled "iconic" as an overused word, finding over 18,000 uses of "iconic" in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon".^[15]

Types

References

^ Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301.
^ Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research. 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020.
^ Odone, Cristina (11 March 2013). "The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
^ Truman, Emily (2017). "Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture". Canadian Journal of Communication. 42 (5): 829–849. doi:10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. S2CID 148775748. What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees
^ "Our Collection". icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
^ Jenkins, Simon (October 2005). Godson, Dean (ed.). Replacing the Routemaster (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England Archived 2014-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
^ Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PDF). Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft (PhD thesis). University of Central Lancashire. pp. 123–167.
^ Bobo, Suzanna (25 December 2012). "Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry". Kodiak Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 April 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Jones, Jonathan (December 9, 2013). "Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge". Guardian.
^ Laessing, ulf (September 14, 2012). "Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film". Reuters.
^ Anthony B Pinn; Benjamin Valentin, eds. (2009). Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press.
^ "Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often". The Independent. London. January 27, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012.
^ Let's hear it for the Queen's English^{[permanent dead link]}, Liverpool Daily Post
^ Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Examiner

Bibliography

Biedermann, Hans (1994). Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them. Meridan.
Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked: Analysing a Cultural Icon. Continuum.
Edwards, Peter; Enenkel, Karl; Graham, Elspeth, eds. (2011). The Horse as Cultural Icon: The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World. Brill.
Foudy, Julie; Leslie Heywood; Shari L Dworkin (2003). Built to Win: The Female Athlete as Cultural Icon. University of Minnesota Press.
Gilbert, Erik (2008). The Dhow as Cultural Icon. Boston University.* Heyer, Paul (2012). Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger.
Heyer, Paul (2012). Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger.
Meyer, Denis C. (2010). Cles Pour la France en 80 Icones Culturelles. Hachette.
Nelkin, Dorothy; M Susan Lindee (2004). The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. University of Michigan Press.
Reydams-Schils, Gretchen J (2003). Plato's Timaeus as Cultural Icon. University of Notre Dame Press.

External links

[1] Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research. 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301.

[2] Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research. 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020.

[3] Odone, Cristina (11 March 2013). "The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.

[2017CJC-4] Truman, Emily (2017). "Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture". Canadian Journal of Communication. 42 (5): 829–849. doi:10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. S2CID 148775748. What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees

[England-5] "Our Collection". icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

[PolicyExchange-6] Jenkins, Simon (October 2005). Godson, Dean (ed.). Replacing the Routemaster (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.

[PostalMuseum-7] British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England Archived 2014-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

[8] Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PDF). Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft (PhD thesis). University of Central Lancashire. pp. 123–167.

[9] Bobo, Suzanna (25 December 2012). "Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry". Kodiak Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 April 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}

[10] Jones, Jonathan (December 9, 2013). "Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge". Guardian.

[11] Laessing, ulf (September 14, 2012). "Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film". Reuters.

[12] Anthony B Pinn; Benjamin Valentin, eds. (2009). Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press.

[13] "Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often". The Independent. London. January 27, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012.

[LDP-14] Let's hear it for the Queen's English^{[permanent dead link]}, Liverpool Daily Post

[CE-15] Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Examiner

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Artifact  that represents some aspect of cultural identity}}
+{{Short description|Person or artifact connected to cultural identity}}
-[[File:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Fuji]] is commonly used as a cultural icon of [[Japan]]]]
+[[File:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Fuji]] is commonly used as a cultural icon of [[Japan]].]]
 A '''cultural icon''' is a person or an [[cultural artifact|artifact]] that is identified by members of a [[culture]] as representative of that culture. The process of identification is subjective, and "icons" are judged by the extent to which they can be seen as an authentic symbol of that culture. When individuals perceive a cultural icon, they relate it to their general perceptions of the cultural identity represented.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grayson|first1=Kent|last2=Martinec|first2=Radan|date=2004-09-01|title=Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/31/2/296/1824949/Consumer-Perceptions-of-Iconicity-and-Indexicality|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=31|issue=2|pages=296–312|doi=10.1086/422109|issn=0093-5301}}</ref> Cultural icons can also be identified as an authentic representation of the practices of one culture by another.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Motley|first1=Carol M.|last2=Henderson|first2=Geraldine Rosa|date=2008-03-01|title=The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture|journal=Journal of Business Research|series=Cross-Cultural Business Research|volume=61|issue=3|pages=243–253|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020}}</ref>
-In popular culture and elsewhere, the term "iconic" is used to describe a wide range of people, places, and things. Some commentators believe that the word "iconic" is overused.
+In popular culture and elsewhere, the term "iconic" is used to describe a wide range of people, places, and things. Some commentators believe that the word "iconic" is overused.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
 ==Examples==
-[[File:Red telephone box, St Paul's Cathedral, London, England, GB, IMG 5182 edit.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[red telephone box]] is a [[List of cultural icons of the United Kingdom|British cultural icon]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Odone|first=Cristina|title=The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9921689/The-trashing-of-the-iconic-red-phone-box-is-one-bad-call.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9921689/The-trashing-of-the-iconic-red-phone-box-is-one-bad-call.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 March 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Red telephone box, St Paul's Cathedral, London, England, GB, IMG 5182 edit.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[red telephone box]] is a British cultural icon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Odone|first=Cristina|title=The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9921689/The-trashing-of-the-iconic-red-phone-box-is-one-bad-call.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9921689/The-trashing-of-the-iconic-red-phone-box-is-one-bad-call.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 March 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]]
-According to the ''Canadian Journal of Communication'', [[academic literature]] has described all of the following as "cultural icons": "Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees."<ref name="2017CJC">{{cite journal |last=Truman |first= Emily |date=2017 |title= Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture|journal=Canadian Journal of Communication |volume= 42|issue= 5|pages=829–849 |doi= 10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223 |url=http://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223|quote=What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees|access-date=}}</ref>
+According to the ''[[Canadian Journal of Communication]]'', [[academic literature]] has described all of the following as "cultural icons": Shakespeare, [[Oprah Winfrey|Oprah]], [[Batman]], [[Anne of Green Gables]], the [[Cowboy]], the [[1960s_in_music#Pop|1960s female pop singer]], the horse, [[Las Vegas]], the library, the [[Barbie]] doll, DNA, and the [[New York Yankees]]."<ref name="2017CJC">{{cite journal |last=Truman |first= Emily |date=2017 |title= Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture|journal=Canadian Journal of Communication |volume= 42|issue= 5|pages=829–849 |doi= 10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223 |s2cid= 148775748 |url=http://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223|quote=What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees|access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+A web-based survey was set up in 2006 allowing the public to nominate their ideas for national icons of England,<ref name=England>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html |title= Our Collection|website=icons.org.uk|access-date=August 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082219/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html|archive-date= August 19, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the results show the range of different types of icons associated with an English view of English culture. One example is the red [[AEC Routemaster]] London double-decker bus.<ref name=PolicyExchange>{{citation | mode=cs1 | url=http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/replacing%20the%20routemaster%20-%20oct%2005.pdf | title= Replacing the Routemaster | date=October 2005 | access-date=December 15, 2012 | author-last=Jenkins|author-first= Simon | editor-last=Godson|editor-first= Dean | pages=7 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227024441/http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/replacing%20the%20routemaster%20-%20oct%2005.pdf | archive-date=February 27, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=PostalMuseum>[http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205185950/http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons |date=2014-12-05 }}. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | title=Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception |degree=PhD | url = https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/5312/2/Parker%2520Michael%2520Final%2520e-Thesis%2520%2528Master%2520Copy%2529.pdf | publisher=University of Central Lancashire | author-last=Parker|author-first= Mike | work=Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft | year=2012 | pages=123–167}}</ref>
-A web-based survey was set up in 2006 allowing the public to nominate their ideas for national icons of England,<ref name=England>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html|title=Our Collection|website=icons.org.uk|access-date=August 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082219/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html|archive-date=August 19, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the results show the range of different types of icons associated with an English view of English culture. One example is the red [[AEC Routemaster]] London double decker bus.<ref name=PolicyExchange>{{cite web | url=http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/replacing%20the%20routemaster%20-%20oct%2005.pdf | title=Replacing the Routemaster | date=October 2005 | access-date=December 15, 2012 | author=Jenkins, Simon | editor=Godson, Dean | pages=7 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227024441/http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/replacing%20the%20routemaster%20-%20oct%2005.pdf | archive-date=February 27, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=PostalMuseum>[http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205185950/http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons |date=2014-12-05 }}. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref><ref name=Culture24>[http://www.culture24.org.uk/art362437 Culture24: Icons of England]. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PhD Thesis) | publisher=University of Central Lancashire | author=Parker, Mike | work=Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft | year=2012 | pages=123–167}}</ref>
 [[Matryoshka doll]]s are seen internationally as cultural icons of Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kodiakdailymirror.com/view/full_story/16723558/article-Scuttlebutt--Wooden-toy-tells-a-story-of-love-and-industry-? | title=Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry | publisher=Kodiak Daily Mirror | date=25 December 2012 | access-date=9 April 2013 | author=Bobo, Suzanna }}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the former [[Soviet Union]], the [[hammer and sickle]] symbol and statues of [[Vladimir Lenin]] instead represented the country's most prominent cultural icons.
@@ Line 21: / Line 19: @@
 ==Criticism==
-Describing something as ''iconic'' or as an ''icon'' has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3713610.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026104454/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3713610.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=October 26, 2012|title= Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often|work=The Independent|location=London|date= January 27, 2007}}</ref> For example, a writer in ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."<ref name="LDP">[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-191891103 Let's hear it for the Queen's English], ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]''</ref> Mark Larson of the ''[[Christian Examiner (California)|Christian Examiner]]'' labeled "iconic" as an overused word, finding over 18,000 uses of "iconic" in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon".<ref name="CE">[http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225101358/http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html |date=2010-12-25 }}, ''[[Christian Examiner (California)|Christian Examiner]]''</ref>
+Describing something as ''iconic'' or as an ''icon'' has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3713610.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026104454/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3713610.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=October 26, 2012|title= Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often|work=The Independent|location=London|date= January 27, 2007}}</ref> For example, a writer in ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything."<ref name="LDP">[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-191891103 Let's hear it for the Queen's English]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]''</ref> Mark Larson of the ''[[Christian Examiner (California)|Christian Examiner]]'' labeled "iconic" as an overused word, finding over 18,000 uses of "iconic" in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon".<ref name="CE">[http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225101358/http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Aug09/Art_Aug09_oped2.html |date=2010-12-25 }}, ''[[Christian Examiner (California)|Christian Examiner]]''</ref>
 ==Types==
-* [[:Category:Lists of cultural icons]]
-===National===
-;Asia
-* [[List of cultural icons of Japan|Japan]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of South Korea|South Korea]]
-;Europe
-* [[List of cultural icons of France|France]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Germany|Germany]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Poland|Poland]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Portugal|Portugal]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Russia|Russia]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Spain|Spain]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
-* [[List of cultural icons of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
-** [[List of cultural icons of England|England]]
-** [[List of cultural icons of Wales|Wales]]
-;Oceania
-** [[List of Queensland's Q150 Icons|Queensland]]
-===Others===
 * [[Architectural icon]]
 * [[Gay icon]]
-* [[Horror icon]]
 * [[Pop icon]]
@@ Line 67: / Line 41: @@
 ==External links==
-* [https://archive.today/2013.04.22-083528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/photography/6210040/Our-new-icons---by-photographer-Alison-Jackson.html Our New Icons] by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''
+* [https://archive.today/20130422083528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/photography/6210040/Our-new-icons---by-photographer-Alison-Jackson.html Our New Icons] by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''
 * [http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/nothing-and-no-one-are-off-limits-in-an-age-of-iconomania-20090914-fntq.html Nothing and no one are Off Limits in an Age of Iconomania] by ''[[The Age]]''
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141205185950/http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England]

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