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{{Short description|Chess patterns}}
{{Short description|Chess patterns}}
[[File:CheckmateProper.jpg|right|thumb|Checkmate]]
[[File:CheckmateProper.jpg|right|thumb|Checkmate]]
In [[chess]], several '''checkmate patterns''' occur frequently enough to have acquired specific names in chess commentary. The diagrams that follow show these [[checkmate]]s with [[White and Black in chess|White]] checkmating Black.
In [[chess]], '''checkmate pattern''' is a recognizable/particular/studied arrangements of pieces that delivers checkmate.<ref>{{cite web | title=36 Checkmate Patterns That All Chess Players Should Know| website=Chessfox.com| date=21 April 2023 | url=https://chessfox.com/checkmate-patterns/#:~:text=A%20checkmate%20pattern%20is%20a,commonly%20occur%20in%20chess%20games | access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Several checkmate patterns occur frequently enough to have acquired specific names in chess commentary. The diagrams that follow show these [[checkmate]]s with [[White and Black in chess|White]] checkmating Black.
{{AN chess}}
{{AN chess}}


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|An archetypal Anastasia's mate}}
|An archetypal Anastasia's mate}}
In '''Anastasia's mate''', a [[knight (chess)|knight]] and [[rook (chess)|rook]] team up to trap the opposing king between the side of the board on one side and a friendly piece on the other. Often, the queen is first sacrificed along the a-file or h-file to achieve the position. This checkmate gets its name from the novel ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel'' by [[Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse]],{{efn|The original "Anastasia's mate" appeared in: Wilhelm Heinse, ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel: Briefe aus Italien vom Verfasser des Ardinghello'' [Anastasia and Chess: Letters from Italy by the author of ''Ardinghello''] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Tarrentrapp und Wenner, 1803), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LrBAAAAAcAAJ&hl=en&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false volume 2, pages 211–213.]<br>
In '''Anastasia's mate''', a [[knight (chess)|knight]] and [[rook (chess)|rook]] team up to trap the opposing king between the side of the board on one side and a friendly piece on the other. Often, the queen is first sacrificed along the a-file or h-file to achieve the position. A [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] can be used instead of a knight to the same effect (see [[#Greco's mate|Greco's mate]]). This checkmate gets its name from the novel ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel'' by [[Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse]],<ref>The original "Anastasia's mate" appeared in: Wilhelm Heinse, ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel: Briefe aus Italien vom Verfasser des Ardinghello'' [Anastasia and Chess: Letters from Italy by the author of ''Ardinghello''] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Tarrentrapp und Wenner, 1803), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LrBAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA211 volume 2, pages 211–213.]<br>
The original "Anastasia's mate" is reproduced in modern notion with illustrations, in: Wilhelm Heinse, ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel … '' (Hamburg, Germany: Jens-Erik Rudolph Verlag, 2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3tvTGSgcjmkC&hl=en&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false page 162, example 2.]<br>
The original "Anastasia's mate" is reproduced in modern notion with illustrations, in: Wilhelm Heinse, ''Anastasia und das Schachspiel … '' (Hamburg, Germany: Jens-Erik Rudolph Verlag, 2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3tvTGSgcjmkC&pg=PA162 page 162, example 2.]<br>
Note: Nowadays, "Anastasia's mate" refers to a mate in which the checkmated king is on an edge of the board or in a corner of the board, whereas in the original mate, the king was near the center of the board.}}<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 83.</ref>
Note: Nowadays, "Anastasia's mate" refers to a mate in which the checkmated king is on an edge of the board or in a corner of the board, whereas in the original mate, the king was near the center of the board.</ref><ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 83.</ref>
but the novelist took the chess position from an essay by [[Giambattista Lolli]].
but the novelist took the chess position from an essay by [[Giambattista Lolli]].
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{{clear}}
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==Back-rank mate==
==Back-rank mate==
{{main|back-rank mate}}
{{main|Back-rank mate}}
{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
| tright
| tright
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|An archetypal balestra mate}}
|An archetypal balestra mate}}
The '''balestra mate''' involves a queen cutting off the king's escape both diagonally and vertically whilst having a bishop deliver checkmate.
The '''balestra mate''' involves a queen cutting off the king's escape both diagonally and vertically whilst having a bishop deliver checkmate.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


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|An archetypal bishop and knight mate}}
|An archetypal bishop and knight mate}}{{Main|Bishop and knight checkmate}}
The '''bishop and knight''' mate is one of the four [[Basic checkmate|basic checkmates]] and occurs when the king works together with a bishop and knight to force the opponent king to the corner of the board. The bishop and knight endgame can be difficult to master: some positions may require up to 34 moves of perfect play before checkmate can be delivered.
The '''bishop and knight''' mate is one of the four [[Basic checkmate|basic checkmates]] and occurs when the king works together with a bishop and knight to force the opponent king to the corner of the board. The bishop and knight endgame can be difficult to master: some positions may require up to 34 moves of perfect play before checkmate can be delivered.
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:'''3. Rbg7#'''
:'''3. Rbg7#'''


For this type of mate, the rooks on White's 7th rank can start on any two files from ''a'' to ''e'', and although black pawns are commonly present as shown, they are not necessary to deliver the mate. The second diagram shows the final position after checkmate. (In the book ''My System'', Nimzowitsch refers to this type of mate as: "The seventh rank, absolute.")
For this type of mate, the rooks on White's 7th rank can start on any two files from {{em|a}} to {{em|e}}, and although black pawns are commonly present as shown, they are not necessary to deliver the mate. The second diagram shows the final position after checkmate. (In the book ''[[My System]]'', Nimzowitsch refers to this type of mate as: "The seventh rank, absolute.")
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==Damiano's bishop mate==
==Damiano's bishop mate==
⚫
{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
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|-valign="top"
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{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
| tright
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| White mates in 4 moves
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| | | | | | |kd|
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| | | | | |pd| |pd
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| | | | | | | |ql
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| | | | | |bl| |
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| 1.Bxh7+ Kh8 2.Bg6+ Kg8 3.Qh7+ Kf8 4.Qxf7#
⚫
}}
|
|
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{{Chess diagram small
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| tright
| Final position after 4 moves
| | | | | |kd| |
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|An archetypal Damiano's bishop mate}}
| An archetypal Damiano's bishop mate
}}
⚫
|}
'''Damiano's bishop mate''' is a classic method of checkmating. The checkmate utilizes a queen and bishop, where the bishop is used to support the queen and the queen is used to engage the checkmate. The checkmate is named after [[Pedro Damiano]].
'''Damiano's bishop mate''' is a classic method of checkmating. The checkmate utilizes a queen and bishop, where the bishop is used to support the queen and the queen is used to engage the checkmate. The checkmate is named after [[Pedro Damiano]].


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==Epaulette mate==
==Epaulette mate==
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{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
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{{Chess diagram small
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| | | |rd|kd|rd| |
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|Polgár, No. 127: mate in one, White to move. The solution, 1. Qe7#, is an epaulette mate}}
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{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
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| |ql| | | | |kl|
| |ql| | | | |kl|
|Polgár, No. 193: mate in one, White to move. The solution, 1. Qg6#, is another epaulette mate}}
|Polgár, No. 193: mate in one, White to move. The solution, 1. Qg6#, is an epaulette mate}}
⚫
|}


The '''epaulette mate''' is, in its broadest definition, a [[checkmate]] where two parallel retreat squares for a [[Check (Chess)|checked]] king are occupied by its own pieces, preventing its escape.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 46.</ref> The most common epaulette mate involves the king on its [[glossary of chess#Back ranks|back rank]], trapped between two rooks.<ref name="about">[http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/aa03e24.htm " Checkmates with Names"], Mark Weeks, About.com: Chess</ref> The perceived visual similarity between the rooks and ''[[epaulette]]s'', ornamental shoulder pieces worn on [[military uniform]]s, gives the checkmate its name.<ref name="about"/> In a compendium of problems by [[László Polgár]], two elementary mate-in-one problems were given, with the solutions being epaulette mates.<ref name="Polgár">{{cite book |last=Polgár |first=László |title=Chess: 5334 Problems, Combinations, and Games |year=1994 |publisher=Tess Press |pages=76, 87, 1042 |isbn=9781579121303}} Problem numbers 127 and 193.</ref>
The '''epaulette mate''' is, in its broadest definition, a [[checkmate]] where two parallel retreat squares for a [[Check (Chess)|checked]] king are occupied by its own pieces, preventing its escape.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 46.</ref> The most common epaulette mate involves the king on its [[glossary of chess#Back ranks|back rank]], trapped between two rooks.<ref name="about">[http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/aa03e24.htm " Checkmates with Names"], Mark Weeks, About.com: Chess</ref> The perceived visual similarity between the rooks and ''[[epaulette]]s'', ornamental shoulder pieces worn on [[military uniform]]s, gives the checkmate its name.<ref name="about"/> In a compendium of problems by [[László Polgár]], two elementary mate-in-one problems were given, with the solutions being epaulette mates.<ref name="Polgár">{{cite book |last=Polgár |first=László |title=Chess: 5334 Problems, Combinations, and Games |year=1994 |publisher=Tess Press |pages=76, 87, 1042 |isbn=9781579121303}} Problem numbers 127 and 193.</ref>


;Example game
;Example game
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272702 Carlsen–Ernst, Wijk aan Zee 2004]; a thirteen-year-old [[Magnus Carlsen]] achieves an unusual "sideways" Epaulette mate against [[Sipke Ernst]] on his way to winning the C Group at the [[Corus chess tournament]] in 2004.<ref name="carlsen">[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1447 "The Mozart of Chess"], Mathias Berntsen, Chessbase.com, January 27, 2004</ref>
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272702 Carlsen–Ernst, Wijk aan Zee 2004]; [[Magnus Carlsen]], aged thirteen at the time, achieved an unusual "sideways" Epaulette mate against [[Sipke Ernst]] on his way to winning the C Group at the [[Corus chess tournament]] in 2004.<ref name="carlsen">[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1447 "The Mozart of Chess"], Mathias Berntsen, Chessbase.com, January 27, 2004</ref>
{{clear}}
{{Clear}}


==Greco's mate==
==Greco's mate==
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|Checkmate with a king and two knights, but it cannot be forced}}
|Checkmate with a king and two knights, but it cannot be forced}}
In a [[two knights endgame]], the side with the king and two knights ''cannot'' checkmate a bare king by force. This endgame should be a [[draw (chess)|draw]] if the bare king plays correctly. A mate only occurs if the player with the bare king [[blunder (chess)|blunders]]. In some circumstances, if the side with the bare king instead has a pawn, it is possible to set up this type of checkmate.
In a [[two knights endgame]], the side with the king and two knights {{em|cannot}} checkmate a bare king by force. This endgame should be a [[draw (chess)|draw]] if the bare king plays correctly. A mate only occurs if the player with the bare king [[blunder (chess)|blunders]]. In some circumstances, if the side with the bare king instead has a pawn, it is possible to set up this type of checkmate.
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|An archetypal Mayet's mate}}
|An archetypal Mayet's mate}}
'''Mayet's mate''' involves the use of a rook attacking the black king supported by a bishop. It often comes about after the black king [[castles]] on its [[kingside]] in a [[fianchetto]] position. White usually arrives at this position after a series of sacrifices on the a-file h-file. It is a type of [[Checkmate pattern#Anderssen's mate|Anderssen's mate]] and closely resembles the [[Checkmate pattern#Opera mate|Opera mate]]. The "h-file" mate is an apt description, but the pattern is properly called "Mayet's mate" after the German player C/Karl Mayet (born Aug-11-1810, died May-18-1868, 57 years old). See variation description in Anderssen's mate given above. Reference Chapter 10, p. 107 of "The Art of the Checkmate" by Georges Renaud and Victor Kahn (Champions of France, 1923 and 1934). {{ISBN|0-486-20106-6}}.
'''Mayet's mate''' involves the use of a rook attacking the black king supported by a bishop. It often comes about after the black king [[castling|castles]] on its [[kingside]] in a [[fianchetto]] position. White usually arrives at this position after a series of sacrifices on the a-file or h-file. It is a type of [[Checkmate pattern#Anderssen's mate|Anderssen's mate]] and closely resembles the [[Checkmate pattern#Opera mate|Opera mate]]. The "h-file" mate is an apt description, but the pattern is properly called "Mayet's mate" after the German player [[Carl Mayet]]. See variation description in Anderssen's mate given above.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Renaud |first1=Georges |last2=Kahn |first2=Victor |title=The Art of the Checkmate |date=1962 |isbn=0486201066 |pages=107 |chapter=Chapter 10}}</ref>
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}}
}}
|}
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'''Morphy's mate''' is a common method of checkmating. It was named after [[Paul Morphy]]. It works by using the bishop to attack the black king and a rook and Black's own pawn to confine it.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 142.</ref>{{efn|This mate derives from the game [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1242884 Louis Paulsen vs. Paul Morphy] (November 8, 1857 in New York City, New York (First American Chess Congress)). Morphy did not use this mating pattern to defeat Paulsen; instead, Morphy sacrificed his queen to remove the pawn in front of White's castled king, exposing the king to series of checks by Black's rook and bishop. (Morphy then added more pieces to the attack against White's king, rendering White's position hopeless; so White resigned.)}} In many respects, it is very similar to the [[#Corner mate|Corner mate]].
'''Morphy's mate''' is a common method of checkmating. It was named after [[Paul Morphy]]. It works by using the bishop to attack the black king and a rook and Black's own pawn to confine it.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 142.</ref><ref>This mate derives from the game [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1242884 Louis Paulsen vs. Paul Morphy] (November 8, 1857 in New York City, New York (First American Chess Congress)). Morphy did not use this mating pattern to defeat Paulsen; instead, Morphy sacrificed his queen to remove the pawn in front of White's castled king, exposing the king to series of checks by Black's rook and bishop. (Morphy then added more pieces to the attack against White's king, rendering White's position hopeless; so White resigned.)</ref> In many respects it is very similar to the [[#Corner mate|Corner mate]].
{{clear}} Note that for a bishop on f6, capturing on f7 is incorrect since upon giving the rook retreat, the black rook would simply capture the bishop.
{{clear}}


==Opera mate==
==Opera mate==
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}}
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'''Pillsbury's mate'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dqg7p3oB9P0C&lpg=PA205&dq=Pillsbury's%20mate%20chess&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q=Pillsbury's%20mate%20chess&f=false] Teach Yourself Visually Chess By Jon Edwards</ref> is a common method of checkmating and is named for [[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]]. It works by attacking the king with the rook while the bishop is cutting off the king.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 128.</ref>
'''Pillsbury's mate'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dqg7p3oB9P0C&dq=Pillsbury%27s+mate+chess&pg=PA205] Teach Yourself Visually Chess By Jon Edwards</ref> is a common method of checkmating and is named for [[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]]. It works by attacking the king with the rook while the bishop is cutting off the king.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 128.</ref> It is very similar to Morphy's Mate, in fact in some ways they are interchangeable, the main difference is that in Pillsbury's mate, the bishop could be on h6.
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The '''queen mate''' is one of the four [[Checkmate#Basic checkmates|basic checkmates]]. It occurs when the side with the king and queen force the bare king to the edge or corner of the board. The queen checkmates the bare king with the support of the allied king.
The '''queen mate''' is one of the four [[Checkmate#Basic checkmates|basic checkmates]]. It occurs when the side with the king and queen force the bare king to the edge or corner of the board. The queen checkmates the bare king with the support of the allied king.


In line with Damiano's bishop mate earlier, this could be seen as 'Damiano's king mate mate'.
In line with Damiano's bishop mate earlier, this could be seen as 'Damiano's king mate'.


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|A typical smothered mate}}
|A typical smothered mate}}
[[Smothered mate]] is a common method of checkmating. It occurs when a knight checkmates a king that is smothered (surrounded) by his friendly pieces and he has nowhere to move nor is there any way to capture the knight.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 35.</ref> It is also known as ''Philidor's Legacy'' after [[François-André Danican Philidor]], though its documentation predates Philidor by several hundred years.<ref name="Golladay2007">{{cite book|author=Sonja Musser Golladay|title=Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's "Book of Games".|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aImR3uIw0kwC&pg=PA278|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-27434-6|pages=278–}}</ref>
[[Smothered mate]] is a common method of checkmating. It occurs when a knight checkmates a king that is smothered (surrounded) by his friendly pieces and he has nowhere to move nor is there any way to capture the knight.<ref>Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 35.</ref> One common checkmating pattern finishing with a smothered mate is known as ''Philidor's Legacy'' after [[François-André Danican Philidor]], though its documentation predates Philidor by several hundred years.<ref name="Golladay2007">{{cite book|author=Sonja Musser Golladay|title=Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's "Book of Games".|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aImR3uIw0kwC&pg=PA278|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-27434-6|pages=278–}}</ref>
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|An archetypal suffocation mate}}
|An archetypal suffocation mate}}
The '''suffocation mate''' is a common method of checkmating. It works by using the knight to attack the enemy king and the bishop to confine the king's escape routes.
The '''suffocation mate''' is a common method of checkmating. It works by using the knight to attack the enemy king and the bishop or queen to confine the king's escape routes.
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|An archetypal triangle mate}}
|An archetypal triangle mate}}
The triangle mate involves a queen, supported by a rook on the same file two squares away, delivering checkmate to a king that is either at the edge of the board or whose escape is blocked by a piece; the queen, rook, and king together form a triangular shape, hence the name of the mating pattern.
The '''triangle mate''' involves a queen, supported by a rook on the same file two squares away, delivering checkmate to a king that is either at the edge of the board or whose escape is blocked by a piece; the queen, rook, and king together form a triangular shape, hence the name of the mating pattern.
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|An archetypal Vuković's mate}}
|An archetypal Vuković's mate}}
'''Vuković’s mate''' is a mate involving a protected rook which delivers checkmate to the king at the edge of the board, while a knight covers the remaining escape squares of the king. The rook is usually protected with either the king or a pawn.<ref name="Vuković ">[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1030348] Chess Games, Vuković Mate Examples</ref>
'''Vuković’s mate''' is a mate involving a protected rook which delivers checkmate to the king at the edge of the board, while a knight covers the remaining escape squares of the king. The rook is usually protected with either the king or a pawn.<ref name="Vuković">[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1030348] Chess Games, Vuković Mate Examples</ref>
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Outline of chess#Checkmate patterns]]
*{{seclink|Outline of chess|Checkmate patterns}}
*[[Fool's mate]]
*[[Fool's mate]]
*[[Scholar's mate]]
*[[Scholar's mate]]
*[[Stamma's mate]]
*[[Stamma's mate]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
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| isbn=1-85744-142-7 }}
| isbn=1-85744-142-7 }}


==External Links==
==External links==
[https://lichess.org/practice Checkmate patterns practice]
[https://lichess.org/practice Checkmate patterns practice]


Latest revision as of 19:10, 7 October 2024

Checkmate

In chess, checkmate pattern is a recognizable/particular/studied arrangements of pieces that delivers checkmate.[1] Several checkmate patterns occur frequently enough to have acquired specific names in chess commentary. The diagrams that follow show these checkmates with White checkmating Black.

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

Anastasia's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
e7 white knight
g7 black pawn
h7 black king
h5 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Anastasia's mate

In Anastasia's mate, a knight and rook team up to trap the opposing king between the side of the board on one side and a friendly piece on the other. Often, the queen is first sacrificed along the a-file or h-file to achieve the position. A bishop can be used instead of a knight to the same effect (see Greco's mate). This checkmate gets its name from the novel Anastasia und das Schachspiel by Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse,[2][3] but the novelist took the chess position from an essay by Giambattista Lolli.

Anderssen's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
g8 black king
h8 white rook
g7 white pawn
f6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Anderssen's mate

In Anderssen's mate (named for Adolf Anderssen), the rook or queen is supported by a diagonally attacking piece such as a pawn or bishop as it checkmates the opposing king along the eighth rank.

Sometimes a distinction is drawn between Anderssen's mate, where the rook is supported by a pawn (which itself is supported by another piece, as in the diagram), and Mayet's mate, where the rook is supported by a distant bishop.[4]

Arabian mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
h7 white rook
f6 white knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Arabian mate

In the Arabian mate, the knight and the rook team up to trap the opposing king on a corner of the board. The rook sits on a square adjacent to the king both to prevent escape along the diagonal and to deliver checkmate while the knight sits two squares away diagonally from the king to prevent escape on the square next to the king and to protect the rook.[5]

In addition to being among the most common mating patterns, the Arabian mate is also an important topic in the context of history of chess for being mentioned in an ancient Arabic manuscript dating from the 8th century CE.[6] The pattern is also derived from an older form of chess in which the knight and the rook were the two most powerful pieces in the game, before chess had migrated to Europe and the queen given its current powers of movement.

Back-rank mate

[edit]
Main article: Back-rank mate
abcdefgh
8
d8 white rook
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal back-rank mate

The back-rank mate occurs when a rook or queen checkmates a king that is blocked in by its own pieces (usually pawns) on the first or eighth rank.

Balestra mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
g8 black king
e6 white bishop
h6 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal balestra mate

The balestra mate involves a queen cutting off the king's escape both diagonally and vertically whilst having a bishop deliver checkmate.[citation needed]

Bishop and knight mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
f6 white bishop
g6 white king
h6 white knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal bishop and knight mate
Main article: Bishop and knight checkmate

The bishop and knight mate is one of the four basic checkmates and occurs when the king works together with a bishop and knight to force the opponent king to the corner of the board. The bishop and knight endgame can be difficult to master: some positions may require up to 34 moves of perfect play before checkmate can be delivered.

Blackburne's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
h7 white bishop
g5 white knight
b2 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Blackburne's mate
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
f7 white bishop
g5 white knight
b2 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An alternative version of Blackburne's mate

Blackburne's mate is named for Joseph Henry Blackburne and is a rare method of checkmating. The checkmate utilizes enemy pieces (typically a rook) and/or the edge of the board, together with a friendly knight, to confine the enemy king's sideways escape, while a friendly bishop pair takes the remaining two diagonals off from the enemy king.[7] Threatening Blackburne's mate, which sometimes goes in conjunction with a queen sacrifice, can be used to weaken Black's position.

Blind swine mate

[edit]
White mates in 3 moves
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
b7 white rook
e7 white rook
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position prior to a blind swine mate
An archetypal blind swine mate
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
g7 white rook
h7 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Final position after 3 moves

The blind swine mate pattern's name is attributed to Polish master Dawid Janowski who referred to doubled rooks on a player's 7th rank as "swine".[8] In the first diagram with White to play, White can force checkmate as follows:

1. Rxg7+ Kh8
2. Rxh7+ Kg8
3. Rbg7#

For this type of mate, the rooks on White's 7th rank can start on any two files from a to e, and although black pawns are commonly present as shown, they are not necessary to deliver the mate. The second diagram shows the final position after checkmate. (In the book My System, Nimzowitsch refers to this type of mate as: "The seventh rank, absolute.")

Boden's mate

[edit]
Main article: Boden's mate
abcdefgh
8
c8 black king
d8 black rook
d7 black pawn
a6 white bishop
f4 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Boden's mate

Boden's mate involves two attacking bishops on criss-crossing diagonals delivering checkmate to a king obstructed by friendly pieces, usually a rook and a pawn.[9][10]

Corner mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
f7 white knight
h7 black pawn
g1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal corner mate

The corner mate is a common method of checkmating. It works by confining the king to the corner using a rook or queen with a pawn blocking the final escape square and using a minor piece to engage the checkmate.

Damiano's bishop mate

[edit]
White mates in 4 moves
abcdefgh
8
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
h6 white queen
f5 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
1.Bxh7+ Kh8 2.Bg6+ Kg8 3.Qh7+ Kf8 4.Qxf7#
Final position after 4 moves
abcdefgh
8
f8 black king
f7 white queen
g6 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Damiano's bishop mate

Damiano's bishop mate is a classic method of checkmating. The checkmate utilizes a queen and bishop, where the bishop is used to support the queen and the queen is used to engage the checkmate. The checkmate is named after Pedro Damiano.

One can also think of similar mates like 'Damiano's knight' and 'Damiano's rook' or even 'Damiano's king' (See Queen mate below), 'Damiano's pawn' or 'Damiano's (second) queen'.

Damiano's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
g7 black pawn
h7 white queen
g6 white pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Damiano's mate

Damiano's mate is a classic method of checkmating and one of the oldest. It works by confining the king with a pawn and using a queen to execute the checkmate. Damiano's mate is often arrived at by first sacrificing a rook on the h-file, then checking the king with the queen on the a-file or h-file, and then moving in for the mate. The checkmate was first published by Pedro Damiano in 1512.[11] In Damiano's publication he failed to place the white king on the board which resulted in it not being entered into many chess databases due to their rejection of illegal positions.

Double bishop mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
h7 black pawn
d5 white bishop
c3 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal double bishop mate
abcdefgh
8
c7 white bishop
f6 black pawn
e5 black king
f5 white pawn
e4 white bishop
d3 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An alternate pattern for the double bishop mate

The double bishop mate is a classic method of checkmating. It is similar to Boden's mate, but the two bishops are placed on parallel diagonals. The escape squares are occupied or controlled by enemy pieces.

Double knight mate

[edit]
White mates in 2 moves
abcdefgh
8
b8 black king
c8 black knight
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
e6 white knight
f6 white knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position prior to being mated
Final position
abcdefgh
8
a8 black king
c8 black knight
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 white knight
d7 white knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A possible double knight mate

The double knight mate usually involves a king being trapped behind a pawn or a group of pawns in front of it and blocked by a piece to the side. The king is then checked by a knight and forced into a position in which it can be checkmated by the other knight.

Dovetail mate (Cozio's mate)

[edit]
An archetypal dovetail mate
abcdefgh
8
b6 white queen
g4 black pawn
h4 black king
f3 black queen
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
After 1.Qh6+, Black is forced to play 1...Kg3.
abcdefgh
8
g4 black pawn
f3 black queen
g3 black king
h2 white queen
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White then checkmates with 2.Qh2#.

The dovetail mate is a common method of checkmating, and is also known as Cozio's mate, named after a study by Carlo Cozio, published in 1766. It involves trapping the black king in the pattern shown. It does not matter how the queen is supported and it does not matter which type Black's other two pieces are so long as neither is an unpinned knight. See also Swallow's tail mate.

Epaulette mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
h8 black rook
b1 white queen
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Polgár, No. 193: mate in one, White to move. The solution, 1. Qg6#, is an epaulette mate

The epaulette mate is, in its broadest definition, a checkmate where two parallel retreat squares for a checked king are occupied by its own pieces, preventing its escape.[12] The most common epaulette mate involves the king on its back rank, trapped between two rooks.[13] The perceived visual similarity between the rooks and epaulettes, ornamental shoulder pieces worn on military uniforms, gives the checkmate its name.[13] In a compendium of problems by László Polgár, two elementary mate-in-one problems were given, with the solutions being epaulette mates.[14]

Example game

Greco's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
g7 black pawn
h5 white queen
c4 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Greco's mate

Greco's mate is a common method of checkmating. The checkmate is named after the famous Italian checkmate cataloguer Gioachino Greco. It works by using the bishop to contain the black king by use of the black g-pawn and subsequently using the queen or a rook to checkmate the king by moving it to the edge of the board.[16]


Hook mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
e8 white rook
e7 black king
f7 black pawn
f6 white knight
e5 white pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal hook mate

The hook mate involves the use of a rook, knight, and pawn along with one enemy pawn to limit the enemy king's escape. The rook is protected by the knight, and the knight is protected by the pawn, while the pawn also attacks one of the enemy king's escape squares.

Kill box mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
a6 white rook
a5 black king
c4 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
The kill box checkmate

The kill box mate is a box-shaped checkmate. The checkmate is delivered by a rook with the queen's assistance. The rook is adjacent to the king, while the queen supports the rook, being separated from it by one empty square on the same diagonal as the rook. This forms a 3 by 3 box shape, inside which the enemy king is trapped. The king could be anywhere on the board, but must have no escape squares available to him due either to being on the edge of the board or to being blocked off by friendly or enemy pieces.

King and two bishops mate

[edit]
Main article: Checkmate § King and two bishops
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
e6 white bishop
f6 white bishop
h6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A typical king and two bishops checkmate

The king and two bishops mate is one of the four basic checkmates. It occurs when the king with two bishops force the bare king to the corner of the board to force a possible mate.

King and two knights mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
f6 white knight
g6 white knight
h6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Checkmate with a king and two knights, but it cannot be forced

In a two knights endgame, the side with the king and two knights cannot checkmate a bare king by force. This endgame should be a draw if the bare king plays correctly. A mate only occurs if the player with the bare king blunders. In some circumstances, if the side with the bare king instead has a pawn, it is possible to set up this type of checkmate.

Ladder mate (lawnmower mate)

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
a8 white rook
g8 black king
b7 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A typical ladder mate
abcdefgh
8
a8 white queen
g8 black king
b7 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An alternate pattern with a queen and rook

In the ladder mate,[17][18] also known as a lawnmower mate, two major pieces (which can be two queens, two rooks or one rook and one queen) work together to push the enemy king to one side of the board.

Légal's mate

[edit]
Main article: Légal Trap
abcdefgh
8
d8 black queen
f8 black bishop
e7 black king
f7 white bishop
d6 black pawn
d5 white knight
e5 white knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Légal's mate
abcdefgh
8
d8 black queen
f8 black bishop
e7 black king
f7 white bishop
d6 black pawn
e5 white knight
g5 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An alternative pattern, with the mate delivered by a bishop

In Légal's mate, two knights and a bishop coordinate to administer checkmate. Alternatively, the mate may be delivered by a bishop on g5.

Lolli's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
g7 white queen
f6 white pawn
g6 black pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Lolli's mate

Lolli's mate is a common method of checkmating. The checkmate involves infiltrating Black's fianchetto position using both a pawn and queen. The queen often gets to the h6-square by means of sacrifices on the h-file. It is named after Giambattista Lolli.

Max Lange's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
g8 white queen
f7 white bishop
g7 black pawn
h7 black king
h6 black pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Max Lange's mate

Max Lange's mate is a less common method of checkmating. The checkmate is named after Max Lange. It works by using the bishop and queen to checkmate the king.

Mayet's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
g8 black king
h8 white rook
f7 black pawn
b2 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Mayet's mate

Mayet's mate involves the use of a rook attacking the black king supported by a bishop. It often comes about after the black king castles on its kingside in a fianchetto position. White usually arrives at this position after a series of sacrifices on the a-file or h-file. It is a type of Anderssen's mate and closely resembles the Opera mate. The "h-file" mate is an apt description, but the pattern is properly called "Mayet's mate" after the German player Carl Mayet. See variation description in Anderssen's mate given above.[19]

Morphy's mate

[edit]
White mates in 5 moves
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
b2 white bishop
g1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
1.Rxg7+ Kh8 2.Rxf7+ Kg8 3.Rg7+ Kh8 4.Rg1+ Rf6 5.Bxf6#
An archetypal Morphy's mate
abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
h7 black pawn
f6 white bishop
g1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Final position after 5 moves

Morphy's mate is a common method of checkmating. It was named after Paul Morphy. It works by using the bishop to attack the black king and a rook and Black's own pawn to confine it.[20][21] In many respects it is very similar to the Corner mate.

Note that for a bishop on f6, capturing on f7 is incorrect since upon giving the rook retreat, the black rook would simply capture the bishop.

Opera mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
d8 white rook
e8 black king
f7 black pawn
g5 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal opera mate

The opera mate is a common method of checkmating. It works by attacking an uncastled king on the back rank with a rook using a bishop to protect it. An enemy pawn or a piece other than a knight is used to restrict the enemy king's movement. It is a type of Anderssen's mate and closely resembles Mayet's mate. The checkmate was named after its implementation by Paul Morphy in 1858 at a game at the Paris opera against Duke Karl of Brunswick and Count Isouard; see Opera game.

Pawn mate (David and Goliath mate)

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
h5 white rook
a4 black pawn
b4 black king
c4 black pawn
a3 white pawn
b3 black knight
b2 white pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal pawn mate

The pawn mate, also known as the David and Goliath mate, is a common method of checkmating. Although the pawn mate can take many forms, it is characterized generally as a mate in which a pawn is the final attacking piece and where enemy pawns are nearby. Its alternate name is taken from the biblical account of David and Goliath.

Pillsbury's mate

[edit]
White mates in 3 moves
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
f6 black pawn
h6 white bishop
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
1.Rg1+ Kh8 2.Bg7+ Kg8 3.Bxf6#
An archetypal Pillsbury's mate
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
f7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
f6 white bishop
g1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Final position after 3 moves

Pillsbury's mate[22] is a common method of checkmating and is named for Harry Nelson Pillsbury. It works by attacking the king with the rook while the bishop is cutting off the king.[23] It is very similar to Morphy's Mate, in fact in some ways they are interchangeable, the main difference is that in Pillsbury's mate, the bishop could be on h6.

Queen mate

[edit]
Main article: Checkmate § King and queen
abcdefgh
8
d8 black king
d7 white queen
d6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A typical queen mate

The queen mate is one of the four basic checkmates. It occurs when the side with the king and queen force the bare king to the edge or corner of the board. The queen checkmates the bare king with the support of the allied king.

In line with Damiano's bishop mate earlier, this could be seen as 'Damiano's king mate'.

Réti's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
d8 white bishop
b7 black pawn
c7 black king
c6 black pawn
d1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Réti's mate

Réti's mate is a famous method of checkmating. The checkmate is named after Richard Réti, who delivered it in an 11-move game[24] against Savielly Tartakower in 1910 in Vienna. It works by trapping the enemy king with four of its own pieces that are situated on flight squares and then attacking it with a bishop that is protected by a rook or queen.

Rook mate (box mate)

[edit]
Main article: Checkmate § King and rook
abcdefgh
8
a8 white rook
d8 black king
d6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A typical rook mate

The rook mate is one of the four basic checkmates. It occurs when the side with the king and rook box in the bare king to the corner or edge of the board. The mate is delivered by the rook along the edge rank or file, and escape towards the centre of the board is blocked by the king.

Smothered mate

[edit]
Main article: Smothered mate
abcdefgh
8
g8 black rook
h8 black king
f7 white knight
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
A typical smothered mate

Smothered mate is a common method of checkmating. It occurs when a knight checkmates a king that is smothered (surrounded) by his friendly pieces and he has nowhere to move nor is there any way to capture the knight.[25] One common checkmating pattern finishing with a smothered mate is known as Philidor's Legacy after François-André Danican Philidor, though its documentation predates Philidor by several hundred years.[26]

Suffocation mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
e7 white knight
f7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
c3 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal suffocation mate

The suffocation mate is a common method of checkmating. It works by using the knight to attack the enemy king and the bishop or queen to confine the king's escape routes.

Swallow's tail mate (guéridon mate)

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
d8 black rook
f8 black rook
e7 black king
a6 white rook
e6 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal swallow's tail mate
abcdefgh
8
b8 black bishop
d8 black queen
c7 black king
c6 white queen
f3 white bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Other archetypal swallow's tail mate

The swallow's tail mate, also known as the guéridon mate, is a common method of checkmating. It works by attacking the enemy king with a queen that is protected by a rook or other piece. The enemy king's own pieces (in this example, rooks) block its means of escape.[27] It resembles the epaulette mate.

Triangle mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
d8 white rook
e7 black king
f7 black pawn
d6 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal triangle mate

The triangle mate involves a queen, supported by a rook on the same file two squares away, delivering checkmate to a king that is either at the edge of the board or whose escape is blocked by a piece; the queen, rook, and king together form a triangular shape, hence the name of the mating pattern.

Vuković's mate

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
e8 black king
e7 white rook
e6 white knight
f6 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
An archetypal Vuković's mate

Vuković’s mate is a mate involving a protected rook which delivers checkmate to the king at the edge of the board, while a knight covers the remaining escape squares of the king. The rook is usually protected with either the king or a pawn.[28]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "36 Checkmate Patterns That All Chess Players Should Know". Chessfox.com. 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  2. ^ The original "Anastasia's mate" appeared in: Wilhelm Heinse, Anastasia und das Schachspiel: Briefe aus Italien vom Verfasser des Ardinghello [Anastasia and Chess: Letters from Italy by the author of Ardinghello] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Tarrentrapp und Wenner, 1803), volume 2, pages 211–213.
    The original "Anastasia's mate" is reproduced in modern notion with illustrations, in: Wilhelm Heinse, Anastasia und das Schachspiel … (Hamburg, Germany: Jens-Erik Rudolph Verlag, 2010), page 162, example 2.
    Note: Nowadays, "Anastasia's mate" refers to a mate in which the checkmated king is on an edge of the board or in a corner of the board, whereas in the original mate, the king was near the center of the board.
  3. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 83.
  4. ^ "Famous Checkmates". Chess Lessons For Beginners. chesslessons4beginners.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  5. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 182.
  6. ^ MacEnulty, David (2015). My First Book of Checkmate. Russell Enterprises, Inc. ISBN 9781936490479. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  7. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 94.
  8. ^ MacEnulty, David, The Chess Kid's Book of Checkmate, chap. 21 – The Blind Swine Checkmate, pp. 29–30, Random House Puzzles & Games, 2004, ISBN 0812935942, 9780812935943
  9. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 89.
  10. ^ R. Schulder vs. Samuel Boden (London, 1853).
  11. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 136.
  12. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 46.
  13. ^ a b " Checkmates with Names", Mark Weeks, About.com: Chess
  14. ^ Polgár, László (1994). Chess: 5334 Problems, Combinations, and Games. Tess Press. pp. 76, 87, 1042. ISBN 9781579121303. Problem numbers 127 and 193.
  15. ^ "The Mozart of Chess", Mathias Berntsen, Chessbase.com, January 27, 2004
  16. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 75.
  17. ^ Ago, Beauknowsin #chess • 3 Years (2017-10-26). "Chess Lessons for Beginners #1 - The Ladder Checkmate!". Steemit. Retrieved 2020-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "Checkmate 101". ChessKid.
  19. ^ Renaud, Georges; Kahn, Victor (1962). "Chapter 10". The Art of the Checkmate. p. 107. ISBN 0486201066.
  20. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 142.
  21. ^ This mate derives from the game Louis Paulsen vs. Paul Morphy (November 8, 1857 in New York City, New York (First American Chess Congress)). Morphy did not use this mating pattern to defeat Paulsen; instead, Morphy sacrificed his queen to remove the pawn in front of White's castled king, exposing the king to series of checks by Black's rook and bishop. (Morphy then added more pieces to the attack against White's king, rendering White's position hopeless; so White resigned.)
  22. ^ [1] Teach Yourself Visually Chess By Jon Edwards
  23. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 128.
  24. ^ "Chessgames.com". Chessgames.com.
  25. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 35.
  26. ^ Sonja Musser Golladay (2007). Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's "Book of Games". pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-549-27434-6.
  27. ^ Renaud and Kahn (1962), p. 44.
  28. ^ [2] Chess Games, Vuković Mate Examples

Bibliography

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

Checkmate patterns practice

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