Jump to content

Numbers 1-0: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
+
 
(24 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox artwork
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file = Numbers_0-9,_Indiana.jpg
| image_file = Numbers_0-9,_Indiana.jpg
Line 9: Line 10:
| other_language_2 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| artist = Robert Indiana
| artist = [[Robert Indiana]]
| year = {{Start date|1980}} - 1983
| year = {{Start date|1980}} – 1983
| type = Painted [[aluminum]]
| type = Painted [[aluminum]]
| height_metric =
| height_metric =
Line 24: Line 25:
| city = [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
| city = [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
| museum = [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
| museum = [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
| coordinates = {{coord|39|49|33.08|N|86|10|56.34|W|region:US}}
| coordinates = {{coord|39|49|33.83|N|86|11|10.76|W|region:US}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| owner = [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
| owner = [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
}}
}}


'''''Numbers 1-0''''' is a public artwork by [[United States|American]] artist [[Robert Indiana]], located at the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]] (IMA), which is near downtown [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]. This series of sculptures is composed of 10 brightly painted numerical digits, each made of aluminum and set on its own base. Their construction took place at the former Lippincott Foundry in North Haven, Connecticut from 1980 to 1983.<ref name="Numbers IMA">Indianapolis Museum of Art. [http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artwork/untitled-robert-indiana "Numbers"], Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Feb 2011.</ref>
'''''Numbers 1-0''''' is a public artwork by the [[United States|American]] artist [[Robert Indiana]], located at the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]] (IMA), which is near downtown [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]. This series of sculptures is composed of 10 brightly painted numerical digits, each made of [[aluminum]] and set on its own base. Their construction took place at the former Lippincott Foundry in [[North Haven, Connecticut]] from 1980 to 1983.<ref name="Numbers IMA">Indianapolis Museum of Art. [http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artwork/untitled-robert-indiana "Numbers"], Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Feb 2011.</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
These ten objects are fabricated from sheets of cut and rolled aluminum into the forms of Arabic numerals, or “numbers.” Each number is 8' tall, 8' wide, and 4' deep, and weighs between 600 and 1000 lbs.<ref name="Simons donate" /> Each number is painted with a two-color scheme: one color for the front and back sides, and then a separate color for the interior and exterior panels. The range of colors includes four shades of blue and red; three shades of green; two shades of orange, yellow, and white; and one shade of purple, grey, and black.<ref name="Numbers IMA" />
These ten objects are fabricated from sheets of cut and rolled aluminum into the forms of Arabic numerals, or “numbers.” Each number is 8' tall, 8' wide, and 4' deep, and weighs between 600 and 1000&nbsp;lbs.<ref name="Simons donate" /> Each number is painted with a two-color scheme: one color for the front and back sides, and then a separate color for the interior and exterior panels. The range of colors includes four shades of blue and red; three shades of green; two shades of orange, yellow, and white; and one shade of purple, grey, and black.<ref name="Numbers IMA" />


The numbers are not exhibited in numerical order; they have been arranged by the artist to represent dates of personal significance. Each number is mounted onto a custom-fit aluminum base (resting on a center post) that rests on a square concrete block. All numbers are approximately the same total height and width, but vary in linear design depending on the shape of the number.
The numerical sequence does not follow a conventional order; the artist has intentionally organized them to symbolize dates of personal importance. Each number is affixed to a customized aluminum base, supported by a central post, and placed on a square concrete block. While all the numbers share a similar overall height and width, their linear designs differ based on the individual shapes of the numbers.


The artist’s name, year of production (varies from 1980-1983), copyright symbol, and the foundry mark (Lippincott) have been stamped into either the right or left side of each number.
The artist's name, year of production (varies from 1980 to 1983), copyright symbol, and the foundry mark (Lippincott) have been stamped into either the right or left side of each number.
The sculpture’s appeal and accessibility spring from the artist’s use of everyday material—numbers, rich colors, and the typography of advertising. Though Indiana is best known as a [[Pop art]] artist, his color choices—vivid hues and contrasts between different surfaces—and the manner in which the numbers are arranged together—staggered, overlapping, nonlinear—reflect his interest in [[Op-Art]].
The sculpture's appeal and accessibility spring from the artist's use of everyday material—numbers, rich colors, and the typography of advertising. Though Indiana is best known as a [[Pop art]] artist, his color choices—vivid hues and contrasts between different surfaces—and how the numbers are arranged together—staggered, overlapping, nonlinear—reflect his interest in [[Op-Art]].


==Historical information==
==Historical information==
The numbers were conceived as a 1980 drawing made in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of Melvin Simon & Associates (now called [[Simon Property Group]]).<ref name="Numbers Drawing IMA">Indianapolis Museum of Art. [http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artwork/ten-stages-number-sculpture-reflected-robert-indiana "The 10 Stages of Man"], Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.</ref> Indiana accepted the commission to make the drawing specifically because it was attached to the creation of a series of corresponding, three-dimensional sculptures.<ref name="City Changed"> Fry, Donn. “City changed, numbers same for Robert Indiana.” The Indianapolis Star 13 Nov 1981: 48.</ref> At the time they were largest and most important commission of Indiana’s career.<ref name="by the Numbers"> Cavinder, Fred D. “Robert Indiana by the Numbers.” Star Magazine 17 Jan 1982: 8-10, 24-26.</ref> They were made with the artist’s stipulation that they eventually be donated to the IMA.<ref name="City Changed" />
The numbers were conceived as a 1980 drawing made in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of Melvin Simon & Associates (now called [[Simon Property Group]]).<ref name="Numbers Drawing IMA">Indianapolis Museum of Art. [http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artwork/ten-stages-number-sculpture-reflected-robert-indiana "The 10 Stages of Man"], Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.</ref> Indiana accepted the commission to make the drawing specifically because it was attached to the creation of a series of corresponding, three-dimensional sculptures.<ref name="City Changed">Fry, Donn. “City changed, numbers same for Robert Indiana.” The Indianapolis Star 13 Nov 1981: 48.</ref> At the time they were the largest and most important commission of Indiana's career.<ref name="by the Numbers">Cavinder, Fred D. “Robert Indiana by the Numbers.” Star Magazine 17 Jan 1982: 8-10, 24-26.</ref> They were made with the artist's stipulation that they eventually be donated to the IMA.<ref name="City Changed" />


Indiana’s original concept was inspired by a 19th-century print “The Life and age of man, stages of man's life from the cradle to the grave” which was given to Indiana in the 1970s.<ref name="Simons donate"> Garmel, Marion. “Simons donate numerical sculptures to art museum.” The Indianapolis News 1 Feb 1989.</ref> [[File:The Life and Age of Man-Stages of Man's Life, from the Cradle to the Grave (B&W) by James Baillie.jpg|thumb|"The Life and Age of Man-Stages of Man's Life, from the Cradle to the Grave," by James Baillie]]
Indiana's original concept was inspired by a 19th-century print “The Life and age of man, stages of man's life from the cradle to the grave” which was given to Indiana in the 1970s.<ref name="Simons donate">Garmel, Marion. “Simons donate numerical sculptures to art museum.” The Indianapolis News 1 Feb 1989.</ref> [[File:The Life and Age of Man-Stages of Man's Life, from the Cradle to the Grave (B&W) by James Baillie.jpg|thumb|"The Life and Age of Man-Stages of Man's Life, from the Cradle to the Grave," by James Baillie]]


In the 2002 [[New York Times]] preview of several Indiana exhibits that took place in 2003,<ref name="Running Numbers"> Vogel, Carol. “Running Numbers.” New York Times 12 Dec 2002.</ref> the numbers and their colors were identified to represent the stages of man in this way:
In the 2002 ''[[New York Times]]'' preview of several Indiana exhibits that took place in 2003,<ref name="Running Numbers">Vogel, Carol. “Running Numbers”, ''New York Times'', 12 December 2002.</ref> the numbers and their colors were identified to represent the stages of man in this way:
::1, red and green: birth;
::1, red and green: birth;
::2, blue and green: infancy
::2, blue and green: infancy
Line 56: Line 59:
::0, shades of gray: death.
::0, shades of gray: death.


Indiana had been working with the 10 numbers two-dimensionally since the late 1950s, but ''Numbers 1-0'' was his first opportunity to realize them in sculptural form.<ref name="City Changed" /> He sees each number as being both an abstract idea and a representation of the physical presence of numbers in life; he associates many significant memories from his own life with numbers.<ref name="by the Numbers" />
Indiana had been working with the 10 numbers two-dimensionally since the late 1950s, but ''Numbers 1-0'' was his first opportunity to realize them in sculptural form.<ref name="City Changed" /> He sees each number as being both an abstract idea and a representation of the physical presence of numbers in life; he associates many significant memories from his own life with numbers.<ref name="by the Numbers" />


===Other versions===
===Other versions===
[[File:3 sculpture.jpg|thumb|Cor-Ten version of 3 & 4 in Madrid, 2006]]
[[File:3 sculpture.jpg|thumb|Cor-Ten version of ''3'' and ''4'' in Madrid, 2006]]
Indiana has fabricated at least one other version of the ''Numbers 1-0'' that is similar in both size and color to the IMA set; however, they are slightly smaller than the originals and the colors are slightly different.<ref name="Robert Indiana"> Pincus-Witten, Robert, et al. ''Robert Indiana''. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 2006. 170-179.</ref> A set that was fabricated in 1996, were on view in New York City (on Park Avenue between 60th Street and 70th Street) in early 2003.<ref name="Running Numbers" />
Indiana has fabricated at least one other version of the ''Numbers 1-0'' that is similar in both size and color to the IMA set; however, they are slightly smaller than the originals and the colors are slightly different.<ref name="Robert Indiana">Pincus-Witten, Robert, et al. ''Robert Indiana''. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 2006. 170-179.</ref> A set that was fabricated in 1996, were on view in New York City (on Park Avenue between 60th Street and 70th Street) in early 2003.<ref name="Running Numbers" />


⅓ scale versions of ''Numbers 1-0'' were on view at the Paul Kasmin gallery as part of his 2008 “Hard Edge” gallery show, which was planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday ([Planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday reference]). The colors used for these numbers were similar to, but not exactly like the IMA’s or the 1996 versions.<ref name="Hard Edge"> Dannatt, Adrian. ''Robert Indiana: Hard Edge''. New York: Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2008. 33-35.</ref>
⅓ scale versions of ''Numbers 1-0'' were on view at the Paul Kasmin gallery as part of his 2008 “Hard Edge” gallery show, which was planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday ([Planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday reference]). The colors used for these numbers were similar to, but not exactly like the IMA's or the 1996 versions.<ref name="Hard Edge">Dannatt, Adrian. ''Robert Indiana: Hard Edge''. New York: Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2008. 33-35.</ref>


Indiana also fabricated another 8' tall set of the numbers with un-coated [[Cor-ten]] steel for his 2006 exhibition in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Robert Indiana" />
Indiana also fabricated another 8' tall set of the numbers with un-coated [[Cor-ten]] steel for his 2006 exhibition in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Robert Indiana" />


===Location history===
===Location history===
Each of the original 10 sculptures was intended to first be displayed at a different Simon Property Group property; in fall 1981, the 1 was on view at the Simon headquarters in Merchants Place, and the 2 was soon to be on view at Two West Washington.<ref name="City Changed" /> It is also known that the 1 and 2 appeared at the Children’s Museum in 1982, in honor of director Mildred Compton’s 21 years of service.<ref name="Keep an Eye on that Mummy"> Kriplen, Nancy. Keep an Eye on that Mummy: a History of the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis. Indianapolis, IN: The Children’s Museum, 1982.</ref> Also in that year the 1, 2, and 3 were used at the awards podium for the 1982 National Sports Festival, which was held in Indianapolis.<ref name="Simons donate" />
Each of the original 10 sculptures was intended to first be displayed at a different Simon Property Group property; in fall 1981, the ''1'' was on view at the Simon headquarters in Merchants Place, and the ''2'' was soon to be on view at Two West Washington.<ref name="City Changed" /> It is also known that the ''1'' and ''2'' appeared at the Children's Museum in 1982, in honor of director Mildred Compton's 21 years of service.<ref name="Keep an Eye on that Mummy">Kriplen, Nancy. Keep an Eye on that Mummy: a History of the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis. Indianapolis, IN: The Children’s Museum, 1982.</ref> Also in that year the ''1'', ''2'', and ''3'' were used at the awards podium for the 1982 National Sports Festival, which was held in Indianapolis.<ref name="Simons donate" />


Although the entire series was accessioned into the IMA's collection in 1988, only the 6 was put on display at the museum at the time, because of an expansion project taking place. The rest of the numbers were added to the outdoor display in 1992.<ref name="Simons donate" />
Although the entire series was accessioned into the IMA's collection in 1988, only the ''6'' was put on display at the museum at the time, because of an expansion project taking place. The rest of the numbers were added to the outdoor display in 1992.<ref name="Simons donate" />


In 2005, the IMA building and grounds underwent an extensive renovation, which included rearrangement of the outdoor sculpture collection. The numbers were moved to their second and current location during this time. Indiana designed the presentation of the sculptures, arranging them in pairs of personal significance which he detailed in a 2003 drawing.<ref name="2003 drawing"> Indianapolis Museum of Art. [https://project.imamuseum.org/mercury/art/61600 "Drawing"] Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.</ref> The series of sculptures is located just east of the IMA's main parking lot, near the intersection of Michigan Road and 38th Street in Indianapolis, Indiana.
In 2005, the IMA building and grounds underwent an extensive renovation, which included rearrangement of the outdoor sculpture collection. The numbers were moved to their second and current location during this time. Indiana designed the presentation of the sculptures, arranging them in pairs of personal significance which he detailed in a 2003 drawing.<ref name="2003 drawing">Indianapolis Museum of Art. [https://project.imamuseum.org/mercury/art/61600 "Drawing"] Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.</ref> The series of sculptures is located just east of the IMA's main parking lot, near the intersection of Michigan Road and 38th Street in Indianapolis, Indiana.


===Acquisition===
===Acquisition===
Line 81: Line 84:


==Condition==
==Condition==
The series of sculptures ''Numbers 1-0'' was surveyed in July of 1993 as part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture database, and it was considered to be well maintained.<ref name="Smithsonian">[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1299193VFQ309.12200&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100009~!1514280~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5&source=~!siartinventories&term=Numbers+0-9,&index=ALTIT Numbers 0-9, (sculpture)], Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), Jul 1993. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.</ref> According to the IMA's Blog, ''Numbers 1-0'' is washed annually by the IMA Conservation Department.<ref>[http://www.imamuseum.org/blog/2008/08/15/numbers-blog/], Indianapolis Museums of Art Blog, Aug 2008. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.</ref>
The series of sculptures ''Numbers 1-0'' was surveyed in July 1993 as part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture database, and it was considered to be well maintained.<ref name="Smithsonian">[http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1299193VFQ309.12200&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100009~!1514280~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5&source=~!siartinventories&term=Numbers+0-9,&index=ALTIT Numbers 0-9, (sculpture)], Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), Jul 1993. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.</ref> According to the IMA's Blog, ''Numbers 1-0'' is washed annually by the IMA Conservation Department.<ref>[http://www.imamuseum.org/blog/2008/08/15/numbers-blog/], Indianapolis Museums of Art Blog, Aug 2008. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Indianapolis Museum of Art artworks]]
*[[List of Indianapolis Museum of Art artworks]]
*[[Love (sculpture)]]
*[[Love (sculpture)|''LOVE'' sculpture]]
*[[LOVE (Indianapolis)]]
*[[LOVE (Indianapolis)|''LOVE'' (Indianapolis)]]
*[[Save Outdoor Sculpture!]]
*[[Save Outdoor Sculpture!]]


Line 93: Line 96:


==External links==
==External links==
[http://www.coskunfineart.com/details.asp?workID=521 Coksun Fine Art]
* [http://www.coskunfineart.com/details.asp?workID=521 Coksun Fine Art]


{{IMAart}}
{{IMAart}}
{{Indianapolis}}


[[Category:Pop art|pop culture]]
[[Category:Pop art|pop culture]]
[[Category:Contemporary works of art]]
[[Category:Contemporary works of art]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis, Indiana]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Indianapolis Museum of Art artworks]]
[[Category:Sculptures in the Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Aluminum sculptures in Indiana]]
[[Category:1983 sculptures]]

Latest revision as of 12:52, 10 October 2024

Numbers 1-0
Map
ArtistRobert Indiana
Year1980 (1980) – 1983
TypePainted aluminum
Dimensions2.4 m × 2.4 m × 1.2 m (8 ft × 8 ft × 4 ft)
LocationIndianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana
Coordinates39°49′33.83″N 86°11′10.76″W / 39.8260639°N 86.1863222°W / 39.8260639; -86.1863222
OwnerIndianapolis Museum of Art

Numbers 1-0 is a public artwork by the American artist Robert Indiana, located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA), which is near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. This series of sculptures is composed of 10 brightly painted numerical digits, each made of aluminum and set on its own base. Their construction took place at the former Lippincott Foundry in North Haven, Connecticut from 1980 to 1983.[1]

Description

[edit]

These ten objects are fabricated from sheets of cut and rolled aluminum into the forms of Arabic numerals, or “numbers.” Each number is 8' tall, 8' wide, and 4' deep, and weighs between 600 and 1000 lbs.[2] Each number is painted with a two-color scheme: one color for the front and back sides, and then a separate color for the interior and exterior panels. The range of colors includes four shades of blue and red; three shades of green; two shades of orange, yellow, and white; and one shade of purple, grey, and black.[1]

The numerical sequence does not follow a conventional order; the artist has intentionally organized them to symbolize dates of personal importance. Each number is affixed to a customized aluminum base, supported by a central post, and placed on a square concrete block. While all the numbers share a similar overall height and width, their linear designs differ based on the individual shapes of the numbers.

The artist's name, year of production (varies from 1980 to 1983), copyright symbol, and the foundry mark (Lippincott) have been stamped into either the right or left side of each number.

The sculpture's appeal and accessibility spring from the artist's use of everyday material—numbers, rich colors, and the typography of advertising. Though Indiana is best known as a Pop art artist, his color choices—vivid hues and contrasts between different surfaces—and how the numbers are arranged together—staggered, overlapping, nonlinear—reflect his interest in Op-Art.

Historical information

[edit]

The numbers were conceived as a 1980 drawing made in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of Melvin Simon & Associates (now called Simon Property Group).[3] Indiana accepted the commission to make the drawing specifically because it was attached to the creation of a series of corresponding, three-dimensional sculptures.[4] At the time they were the largest and most important commission of Indiana's career.[5] They were made with the artist's stipulation that they eventually be donated to the IMA.[4]

Indiana's original concept was inspired by a 19th-century print “The Life and age of man, stages of man's life from the cradle to the grave” which was given to Indiana in the 1970s.[2]

"The Life and Age of Man-Stages of Man's Life, from the Cradle to the Grave," by James Baillie

In the 2002 New York Times preview of several Indiana exhibits that took place in 2003,[6] the numbers and their colors were identified to represent the stages of man in this way:

1, red and green: birth;
2, blue and green: infancy
3, orange and blue: youth
4, red and yellow: adolescence
5, blue and white: pre-prime of life
6, red and green: prime of life
7, blue and orange: early autumn
8, orange and purple: autumn
9, yellow and black: warning
0, shades of gray: death.

Indiana had been working with the 10 numbers two-dimensionally since the late 1950s, but Numbers 1-0 was his first opportunity to realize them in sculptural form.[4] He sees each number as being both an abstract idea and a representation of the physical presence of numbers in life; he associates many significant memories from his own life with numbers.[5]

Other versions

[edit]
Cor-Ten version of 3 and 4 in Madrid, 2006

Indiana has fabricated at least one other version of the Numbers 1-0 that is similar in both size and color to the IMA set; however, they are slightly smaller than the originals and the colors are slightly different.[7] A set that was fabricated in 1996, were on view in New York City (on Park Avenue between 60th Street and 70th Street) in early 2003.[6]

⅓ scale versions of Numbers 1-0 were on view at the Paul Kasmin gallery as part of his 2008 “Hard Edge” gallery show, which was planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday ([Planned in honor of the artist's 80th birthday reference]). The colors used for these numbers were similar to, but not exactly like the IMA's or the 1996 versions.[8]

Indiana also fabricated another 8' tall set of the numbers with un-coated Cor-ten steel for his 2006 exhibition in Madrid.[7]

Location history

[edit]

Each of the original 10 sculptures was intended to first be displayed at a different Simon Property Group property; in fall 1981, the 1 was on view at the Simon headquarters in Merchants Place, and the 2 was soon to be on view at Two West Washington.[4] It is also known that the 1 and 2 appeared at the Children's Museum in 1982, in honor of director Mildred Compton's 21 years of service.[9] Also in that year the 1, 2, and 3 were used at the awards podium for the 1982 National Sports Festival, which was held in Indianapolis.[2]

Although the entire series was accessioned into the IMA's collection in 1988, only the 6 was put on display at the museum at the time, because of an expansion project taking place. The rest of the numbers were added to the outdoor display in 1992.[2]

In 2005, the IMA building and grounds underwent an extensive renovation, which included rearrangement of the outdoor sculpture collection. The numbers were moved to their second and current location during this time. Indiana designed the presentation of the sculptures, arranging them in pairs of personal significance which he detailed in a 2003 drawing.[10] The series of sculptures is located just east of the IMA's main parking lot, near the intersection of Michigan Road and 38th Street in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Acquisition

[edit]

The numbers were acquired by the IMA in 1988 as a gift of Melvin Simon & Associates (now Simon Property Group).[1]

Artist

[edit]
Main article: Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark, September 13, 1928) is an American artist associated with the Pop Art movement.

Condition

[edit]

The series of sculptures Numbers 1-0 was surveyed in July 1993 as part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture database, and it was considered to be well maintained.[11] According to the IMA's Blog, Numbers 1-0 is washed annually by the IMA Conservation Department.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Indianapolis Museum of Art. "Numbers", Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Feb 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d Garmel, Marion. “Simons donate numerical sculptures to art museum.” The Indianapolis News 1 Feb 1989.
  3. ^ Indianapolis Museum of Art. "The 10 Stages of Man", Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d Fry, Donn. “City changed, numbers same for Robert Indiana.” The Indianapolis Star 13 Nov 1981: 48.
  5. ^ a b Cavinder, Fred D. “Robert Indiana by the Numbers.” Star Magazine 17 Jan 1982: 8-10, 24-26.
  6. ^ a b Vogel, Carol. “Running Numbers”, New York Times, 12 December 2002.
  7. ^ a b Pincus-Witten, Robert, et al. Robert Indiana. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 2006. 170-179.
  8. ^ Dannatt, Adrian. Robert Indiana: Hard Edge. New York: Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2008. 33-35.
  9. ^ Kriplen, Nancy. Keep an Eye on that Mummy: a History of the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis. Indianapolis, IN: The Children’s Museum, 1982.
  10. ^ Indianapolis Museum of Art. "Drawing" Explore Art: IMA Collections. Retrieved 4 Mar 2011.
  11. ^ Numbers 0-9, (sculpture), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), Jul 1993. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.
  12. ^ [1], Indianapolis Museums of Art Blog, Aug 2008. Retrieved 3 Mar 2011.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numbers_1-0&oldid=1250442019"