Joe Engle: Difference between revisions

Joe Engle
Joe Engle
	Engle in 1971
Born	Joe Henry Engle; August 26, 1932; Abilene, Kansas, U.S.
Died	July 10, 2024 (aged 91); Houston, Texas, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
Education	University of Kansas (BS)
Awards	Distinguished Flying Cross; NASA Distinguished Service Medal
	Space career
NASA astronaut
Rank	Major General, USAF/ANG
Time in space	9d 8h 30m
Selection	NASA Group 5 (1966)
Missions	X-15 Flight 138; X-15 Flight 143; X-15 Flight 153; ALT, Crew 2; STS-2; STS-51-I;
Mission insignia
Retirement	November 28, 1986

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Joe Henry Engle (August 26, 1932 – July 10, 2024) was an American pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He was the commander of two Space Shuttle missions including STS-2 in 1981, the program's second orbital flight. He also flew two flights in the Shuttle program's 1977 Approach and Landing Tests. Engle was one of twelve pilots who flew the North American X-15, an experimental spaceplane jointly operated by the Air Force and NASA.

As an X-15 pilot, Engle made three flights above 50 miles, thus qualifying for astronaut wings under the American convention for the boundary of space. In 1966 he was selected for NASA's 5th Astronaut Group, joining the Apollo program. He was backup Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for Apollo 14 and was originally scheduled to walk on the Moon as LMP for Apollo 17. However, cancellation of later flights prompted NASA to select geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt as the Lunar Module Pilot, displacing Engle.

Biography

Personal life and education

Engle was born on August 26, 1932, in Abilene, Kansas.^[1] He was raised in Chapman, Kansas, where he attended primary and secondary school.^[2] Engle graduated from Dickinson County High School in 1950.^[3] He was active as a Boy Scout and earned the rank of First Class.^[4] Engle received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Kansas in 1955, where he was a member of the Theta Tau Professional Engineering Fraternity.^[5]^[6]

He was married to Mary Catherine Lawrence (1934–2004)^[7] of Mission Hills, Kansas, and had two children and one stepchild.^[1] After her death, he married Jeanie Carter of Houston, Texas.^[1] Engle's recreational interests included flying (including World War II fighter aircraft), big game hunting, backpacking, and athletics.^[8] He was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and became a Fellow in 2009.^[9]

Engle died at his home in Houston, Texas on July 10, 2024, at the age of 91.^[10]^[11] With Engle's death, all 12 pilots to fly the X-15 are now deceased.^[12]

Flight experience

Engle received his commission in the U.S. Air Force through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps at the University of Kansas. While in school he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau, and decided to become a test pilot. While working at Cessna Aircraft during the summer, he learned how to fly from a fellow draftsman, Henry Dittmer.^[13]^[14]

Engle entered flying school in 1957, and received his pilot wings in 1958. He flew the F-100 Super Sabre with the 474th Fighter Day Squadron and the 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron at George Air Force Base, California. Chuck Yeager recommended Engle for Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School, from which he graduated in 1961, and he was later assigned to the third class of the Aerospace Research Pilot School, despite his reluctance to leave "stick and rudder" flying for a space capsule.^[14]

After serving as a test pilot in the Fighter Test Group at Edwards Air Force Base, California, Engle was a test pilot in the X-15 research program at Edwards from June 1963 until his assignment to the Manned Spacecraft Center (now the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center). Engle had applied with fellow ARPS student Charles Bassett and Michael Collins to the third NASA astronaut group, but the Air Force withdrew Engle's NASA application and instead chose him to replace Robert M. White in the X-15 program, which pleased Engle.^[14]

Engle's parents witnessed his X-15 flight of June 29, 1965, which exceeded an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) and qualified him for astronaut wings; he again exceeded 50 miles twice during his career of 16 flights.^[14] On his final X-15 mission, free flight 153 (1-61-101), which took place on October 14, 1965, he became the first of only two pilots to accomplish a sub-orbital space flight in an X-15 without the benefit of the assistance provided by the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.^[15] Despite what he later called "the best flying job in the world", Engle decided to apply again to NASA as he expected to be rotated to another Air Force assignment within a year and hoped to go to the Moon.^[14]

Engle flew over 185 different types of aircraft (25 different fighters) during his career, logging more than 15,400 hours flight time of which 9,000 were in jet aircraft.^[1]

NASA career

Engle was one of 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966.^[16] He served on the support crew for Apollo 10. He then served as backup Lunar Module Pilot for the Apollo 14 mission. He was due to land on the Moon as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17, but was replaced by geologist Harrison Schmitt. This was a result of pressure from the scientific community to have a professional geologist explore the Moon, and not just test pilot engineers who had been given rudimentary geology training. In response to getting bumped from the mission, he said "When you think about it, the lunar missions were geology-oriented."^[8]

According to Engle, Deke Slayton asked him whether he would prefer to fly on Skylab, Apollo–Soyuz, or the Space Shuttle; Engle responded that he would prefer the Shuttle as it was an airplane.^[14]

Engle was commander of one of the two crews that flew the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test Flights from June through October 1977. The Space Shuttle Enterprise was carried to 25,000 feet on top of the Boeing 747 carrier aircraft, and then released for its two-minute glide flight to landing. In this series of flight tests, Engle evaluated the Orbiter handling qualities and landing characteristics, and obtained the stability and control, and performance data in the subsonic flight envelope for the Space Shuttle. He was the backup commander for STS-1, the first orbital test flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. Together with pilot Richard Truly he flew as commander on the second flight of the Space Shuttle, STS-2, becoming the last NASA rookie to command a spaceflight until Raja Chari in 2021 on SpaceX Crew-3. He was also mission commander on STS-51-I and logged over 225 hours in space.^[14]

Engle was one of two people to have flown into space on two different types of winged vehicles: the X-15 and the Space Shuttle, on STS-2 (the other person being Frederick W. Sturckow). Engle manually flew large numbers of flight-test maneuvers on the Shuttle during reentry and landing; periods of manually flown test maneuvers were interspersed with periods of computer control.^[14]^[17]

He served as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight at NASA Headquarters from March to December 1982.^[1] He retained his astronaut flight status and returned to Johnson Space Center in January 1983.^[1] He also participated in the Challenger disaster investigation in 1986, and did other consulting work on the Shuttle well into the 1990s.^[18]

Post-NASA career

Engle retired from the USAF with the rank of colonel on November 14, 1986, and from NASA on November 28, 1986.^[19]^[20] On December 1, 1986, he was appointed by the Governor of Kansas and the United States Secretary of the Air Force to a billet in the Kansas Air National Guard at the rank of brigadier general, initially serving as a special assistant to the adjutant general. Under this arrangement, Engle was permitted to retain Houston residency.^[19]^[21] The discrepancy between his Air Force and Air National Guard ranks was rectified by Senate confirmation of his promotion on February 2, 1988.^[22] He subsequently served as Air National Guard assistant to the commander in chief, United States Space Command and North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), with headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado. Engle ultimately retired from the Air National Guard around 1991 at the rank of major general, a promotion previously confirmed by the Senate on June 22, 1989.^[23]^[24]

In 1992, he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor.^[25] In 2001, Engle was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame.^[26]^[27]

Awards and honors

USAF Astronaut Badge (1964)^[28]
Defense Distinguished Service Medal – "for outstanding achievements"^[1]
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal (1985)^[1]^[29]
Distinguished Flying Cross, twice (1964 and 1978) – "for outstanding achievements"^[8]^[29]
NASA Distinguished Service Medal^[1]^[29]
Two NASA Space Flight Medals^[30]
NASA Exceptional Service Medal^[1]^[29]
NASA Special Achievement Award^[30]
USAF Outstanding Young Officer of the Year (1964)^[1]
Kansan of the Year (1964)^[1]
U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce's one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of America (1964)^[1]
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Pioneer of Flight Award (1965)^[30]
AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award for Flight Research (1966)^[31]
Iven C. Kincheloe Prize awarded by the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (1977) – for taking part in testing the Space Shuttle Enterprise^[29]
AIAA Haley Space Flight Award (1980)^[32]
Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy^[29]
Robert J. Collier Trophy^[1]^[29]
Harmon International Trophy (1981)^[1]
University of Kansas Distinguished Service Citation (1982)^[33]
University of Kansas School of Engineering Distinguished Engineering Service Award (1982)^[1]
General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy, 1981^[34]
Aerospace Walk of Honor, Lancaster, California (1992)^[35]^[36]
National Aviation Hall of Fame, Dayton, Ohio (2001)^[29]
U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, Florida (2001)^[27]
Award of Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers (2007)^[37]
International Air & Space Hall of Fame (2014)^[38]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Astronaut Bio: Joe Henry Engle" (PDF). NASA. June 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^ "Joe Engle Obituary - Houston, TX". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
^ "Dickinson County's historical high school". The Salina Journal. September 10, 1989. p. 33. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Scouting and Space Exploration". Boy Scouts of America. 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
^ "Alumni Hall of Fame Laureates" (PDF). Theta Tau. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Maj. Gen. Joe H. Engle". engr.ku.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
^ "Mary Lawrence Engle Obituary". The Kansas City Star. December 15, 2004. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c NYT Staff (November 13, 1981). "Engle: From Childhood He Planned to be a Pilot". The New York Times. p. A30. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Fellow Classes". The Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ Murphy, Brian (July 12, 2024). "Joe Engle, Last of the X-15 Test Pilots Who Touched Space, Dies at 91". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ Burnett, Cameron (July 11, 2024). "Trailblazing Kansas astronaut General Joe Engle dies at 91". KAKE-DT. Wichita, Kansas: ABC News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
^ Pearlman, Robert (July 11, 2024). "Joe Engle, X-15 rocket plane and space shuttle astronaut, dies at 91". collectSPACE. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024.
^ Nichols, Bruce (October 30, 1981). "Joe Engle: From Rocket Ships to the Space Shuttle". United Press International. Houston. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Joe H. Engle Oral History Interviews". Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Houston: National Aeronautical and Space Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
^ Evans, Michelle (2020). The X-15 Rocket Plane, Flight Log (PDF). Mach 25 Media. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
^ Thompson, Ronald (April 5, 1966). "19 New Spacemen Are Named". The High Point Enterprise. High Point, North Carolina. p. 2A. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jenkins, Dennis R. (2017). Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972–2013. Speciality Press. ISBN 978-1580072496.
^ "Engle, Joe Henry". The National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Astronaut promoted to general". The Olathe Daily News. UPI. December 2, 1986. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ Recer, Paul (December 2, 1986). "Senior NASA astronaut Joe H. Engle retires". AP. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ "Veteran Astronaut Resigns". Anderson Independent-Mail. Associated Press. December 3, 1986. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ "18 nominees for Air Force, 100th Congress (1987–1988)". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ "14 nominees for Air Force, 101st Congress (1989–1990)". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ "Astronaut to speak to Scouts". The Springville Herald. January 29, 1992. p. 7. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ "Former NASA astronaut Joe Engle Dies". SPACE & DEFENSE. July 12, 2024. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ "Joe Henry Engle". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Joe Engle inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame". Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023.
^ Pearlman, Robert (August 23, 2005). "Former NASA X-15 Pilots Awarded Astronaut Wings". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2017). The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties. Springer. p. 372. ISBN 978-3319510149.
^ ^a ^b ^c "NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Biographical History Data Sheet" (PDF). NASA JSC. February 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Lawrence Sperry Award Recipients". AIAA. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Haley Space Flight Award Recipients". AIAA. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Astronauts Joe Engle, Steven Hawley to serve as grand marshals for Homecoming parade". University of Kansas. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "The Gen. Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy" (PDF). AIR FORCE Magazine. USAF. May 1997. p. 156. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2022.
^ "Walk of Honor". City of Lancaster. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ Halley, Blaine (September 19, 1992). "Ceremony Will Honor 5 Test Pilots". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. B2. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rust, Kate (July 6, 2007). "Two Space & Missile Pioneers selected for 2007". USAF. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor (2006). These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.

Bibliography

Thompson, Milton O. (1992). At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program. Washington, D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-107-5. OCLC 24010699. Retrieved July 13, 2024.

External links

Iven C. Kincheloe Awards
Joe Engle (Archived August 12, 2014, at archive.today) at the National Aviation Hall of Fame
Joe Engle at the Kansas Historical Society
Joe Engle at IMDb

[nasajsc-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Astronaut Bio: Joe Henry Engle" (PDF). NASA. June 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2021.

[2] "Joe Engle Obituary - Houston, TX". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved July 17, 2024.

[salina-3] "Dickinson County's historical high school". The Salina Journal. September 10, 1989. p. 33. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.

[Boy_Scouts-4] "Scouting and Space Exploration". Boy Scouts of America. 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.

[5] "Alumni Hall of Fame Laureates" (PDF). Theta Tau. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[6] "Maj. Gen. Joe H. Engle". engr.ku.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2024.

[7] "Mary Lawrence Engle Obituary". The Kansas City Star. December 15, 2004. Retrieved July 13, 2024.

[nyt-8] NYT Staff (November 13, 1981). "Engle: From Childhood He Planned to be a Pilot". The New York Times. p. A30. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[9] "Fellow Classes". The Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[10] Murphy, Brian (July 12, 2024). "Joe Engle, Last of the X-15 Test Pilots Who Touched Space, Dies at 91". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[KAKE-TV-11] Burnett, Cameron (July 11, 2024). "Trailblazing Kansas astronaut General Joe Engle dies at 91". KAKE-DT. Wichita, Kansas: ABC News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.

[Obit_by_Pearlman-12] Pearlman, Robert (July 11, 2024). "Joe Engle, X-15 rocket plane and space shuttle astronaut, dies at 91". collectSPACE. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024.

[13] Nichols, Bruce (October 30, 1981). "Joe Engle: From Rocket Ships to the Space Shuttle". United Press International. Houston. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2024.

[engleoh-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Joe H. Engle Oral History Interviews". Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Houston: National Aeronautical and Space Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.

[15] Evans, Michelle (2020). The X-15 Rocket Plane, Flight Log (PDF). Mach 25 Media. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.

[16] Thompson, Ronald (April 5, 1966). "19 New Spacemen Are Named". The High Point Enterprise. High Point, North Carolina. p. 2A. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[17] Jenkins, Dennis R. (2017). Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972–2013. Speciality Press. ISBN 978-1580072496.

[18] "Engle, Joe Henry". The National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[olathe-19] "Astronaut promoted to general". The Olathe Daily News. UPI. December 2, 1986. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[20] Recer, Paul (December 2, 1986). "Senior NASA astronaut Joe H. Engle retires". AP. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2013.

[n509-21] "Veteran Astronaut Resigns". Anderson Independent-Mail. Associated Press. December 3, 1986. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[q053-22] "18 nominees for Air Force, 100th Congress (1987–1988)". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[y596-23] "14 nominees for Air Force, 101st Congress (1989–1990)". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[springville-24] "Astronaut to speak to Scouts". The Springville Herald. January 29, 1992. p. 7. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[b984-25] "Former NASA astronaut Joe Engle Dies". SPACE & DEFENSE. July 12, 2024. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[nationalhalloffame-26] "Joe Henry Engle". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.

[ushalloffame-27] "Joe Engle inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame". Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023.

[28] Pearlman, Robert (August 23, 2005). "Former NASA X-15 Pilots Awarded Astronaut Wings". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[burgess-29] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2017). The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties. Springer. p. 372. ISBN 978-3319510149.

[oral-30] "NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Biographical History Data Sheet" (PDF). NASA JSC. February 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[31] "Lawrence Sperry Award Recipients". AIAA. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[32] "Haley Space Flight Award Recipients". AIAA. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[33] "Astronauts Joe Engle, Steven Hawley to serve as grand marshals for Homecoming parade". University of Kansas. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[34] "The Gen. Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy" (PDF). AIR FORCE Magazine. USAF. May 1997. p. 156. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2022.

[35] "Walk of Honor". City of Lancaster. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

[ind92-36] Halley, Blaine (September 19, 1992). "Ceremony Will Honor 5 Test Pilots". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. B2. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[37] Rust, Kate (July 6, 2007). "Two Space & Missile Pioneers selected for 2007". USAF. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[38] Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor (2006). These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
-{{about|the astronaut|the baseball player|Joe Engel}}
 {{Short description|American astronaut (1932–2024)}}
+{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
+{{About|the astronaut|the baseball player|Joe Engel}}
 {{Infobox astronaut
-|name = Joe Engle
+| name = Joe Engle
-|image = S71-52272 orig.jpg
+| image = S71-52272 orig.jpg
-|caption = Engle in 1971
+| caption = Engle in 1971
-|birth_name = Joe Henry Engle
+| birth_name = Joe Henry Engle
-|birth_date = {{birth date|1932|8|26}}
+| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|8|26}}
-|birth_place = [[Chapman, Kansas]], U.S.
+| birth_place = [[Abilene, Kansas]], U.S.
-|death_date    = {{death date and age|2024|7|10|1932|8|26}}
+| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|7|10|1932|8|26}}
-|death_place =
+| death_place = [[Houston, Texas]], U.S.
+| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Arlington, Virginia]], U.S.
-|education = [[University of Kansas]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
-|awards = [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]<br>[[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
+| education = [[University of Kansas]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
+| awards = [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]<br />[[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
-|type = [[NASA astronaut]]
+| type = [[NASA astronaut]]
-|rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major General]], [[United States Air Force|USAF]]/[[Air National Guard|ANG]]
+| rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major General]], [[United States Air Force|USAF]]/[[Air National Guard|ANG]]
-|time = 9d 8h 30m
+| time = 9d 8h 30m
-|selection = [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|NASA Group 5 (1966)]]
+| selection = [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|NASA Group 5 (1966)]]
-|mission = {{ubl|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 138]]|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 143]]|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 153]]|[[Approach and Landing Tests|ALT, Crew 2]]|[[STS-2]]|[[STS-51-I]]}}
+| mission = {{ubl|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 138]]|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 143]]|[[X-15#Highest flights|X-15 Flight 153]]|[[Approach and Landing Tests|ALT, Crew 2]]|[[STS-2]]|[[STS-51-I]]}}
-|insignia = [[File:Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch.png|44px]] [[File:Sts-2-patch.png|46px]] [[File:Sts-51-i-patch.png|41px]]
+| insignia = [[File:Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch.png|44px]] [[File:Sts-2-patch.png|46px]] [[File:Sts-51-i-patch.png|41px]]
-|retirement = November 28, 1986
+| retirement = November 28, 1986
 }}
-'''Joe Henry Engle''' (August 26, 1932 – July 10, 2024) was an American [[Aviator|pilot]], [[aeronautical engineer]], and [[NASA]] [[astronaut]]. He was the commander of two [[Space Shuttle]] missions including [[STS-2]] in 1981, the program's second orbital flight. He also flew two flights in the Shuttle program's 1977 [[Approach and Landing Tests]]. Engle was one of twelve pilots who flew the [[North American X-15]], an experimental [[spaceplane]] jointly operated by the Air Force and NASA.
+'''Joe Henry Engle''' (August 26, 1932 – July 10, 2024) was an American pilot, [[aeronautical engineer]], and [[NASA]] [[astronaut]]. He was the commander of two [[Space Shuttle]] missions including [[STS-2]] in 1981, the program's second orbital flight. He also flew two flights in the Shuttle program's 1977 [[Approach and Landing Tests]]. Engle was one of twelve pilots who flew the [[North American X-15]], an experimental [[spaceplane]] jointly operated by the Air Force and NASA.
 As an X-15 pilot, Engle made three flights above 50 miles, thus qualifying for [[astronaut wings]] under the American convention for the boundary of space. In 1966 he was selected for NASA's [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|5th Astronaut Group]], joining the [[Apollo program]]. He was backup [[Lunar Module]] Pilot (LMP) for [[Apollo 14]] and was originally scheduled to walk on the Moon as LMP for [[Apollo 17]]. However, cancellation of later flights prompted NASA to select geologist-astronaut [[Harrison Schmitt]] as the Lunar Module Pilot, displacing Engle.
 ==Biography==
 ===Personal life and education===
-Engle was born on August 26, 1932, in [[Chapman, Kansas|Chapman]], [[Kansas]].<ref name="nasajsc" /> He attended primary and secondary schools in Chapman, Kansas, and he graduated from [[Chapman High School (Chapman, Kansas)|Dickinson County High School]] in 1950.<ref name="salina">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1121622/|title=Dickinson County's historical high school|newspaper=The Salina Journal|date=September 10, 1989|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|page=33|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> Engle was active as a [[Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)|Boy Scout]] and earned the rank of [[First Class Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|First Class]].<ref name = "Boy Scouts">{{cite web | title= Scouting and Space Exploration |work = [[Boy Scouts of America]] | url = http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/scouting_space.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213130/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx | archive-date = March 3, 2016 | url-status = dead|year = 2016 }}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Aeronautical Engineering]] from the [[University of Kansas]] in 1955, where he was a member of the [[Theta Tau]] Professional Engineering Fraternity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetatau.org/Websites/thetatauhq/images/Alumni_Hall_Of_Fame_Laureates.pdf|title=Alumni Hall of Fame Laureates|publisher=Theta Tau|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=September 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909004111/http://thetatau.org/Websites/thetatauhq/images/Alumni_Hall_Of_Fame_Laureates.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nyt" />
+Engle was born on August 26, 1932, in [[Abilene, Kansas]].<ref name="nasajsc" /> He was raised in Chapman, Kansas, where he attended primary and secondary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Engle Obituary - Houston, TX |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/houston-tx/joe-engle-11892588 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Dignity Memorial}}</ref> Engle graduated from [[Chapman High School (Chapman, Kansas)|Dickinson County High School]] in 1950.<ref name="salina">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1121622/ |title=Dickinson County's historical high school |newspaper=The Salina Journal |date=September 10, 1989 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=33 |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153035/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1121622/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was active as a [[Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)|Boy Scout]] and earned the rank of [[First Class Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|First Class]].<ref name="Boy Scouts">{{cite web |title=Scouting and Space Exploration |work=[[Boy Scouts of America]] |url=http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/scouting_space.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213130/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |date=2016 }}</ref> Engle received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace Engineering]] from the [[University of Kansas]] in 1955, where he was a member of the [[Theta Tau]] Professional Engineering Fraternity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetatau.org/Websites/thetatauhq/images/Alumni_Hall_Of_Fame_Laureates.pdf |title=Alumni Hall of Fame Laureates |publisher=Theta Tau |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909004111/http://thetatau.org/Websites/thetatauhq/images/Alumni_Hall_Of_Fame_Laureates.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maj. Gen. Joe H. Engle |url=https://engr.ku.edu/people/maj-gen-joe-h-engle |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=engr.ku.edu |language=en}}</ref>
-He was married to Mary Catherine Lawrence of [[Mission Hills, Kansas]], and had two children and one stepchild.<ref name="nasajsc" /> He later married Jeanie Carter Engle of Houston, Texas.<ref name="nasajsc" /> Engle's recreational interests included [[Aviation|flying]] (including [[World War II]] fighter aircraft), [[big game hunting]], [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], and athletics.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|author = NYT Staff | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/13/us/engle-from-childhood-he-planned-to-be-a-pilot.html|title=Engle: From Childhood He Planned to be a Pilot|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 1, 2017|date=November 13, 1981 | page = A30}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]] and became a Fellow in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.setp.org/setp-personnel/fellow-classes.html|title=Fellow Classes|publisher=The Society of Experimental Test Pilots|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>
+He was married to Mary Catherine Lawrence (1934–2004)<ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Lawrence Engle Obituary |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/688178541/?match=1&terms=mary%20engle |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=The Kansas City Star |date=December 15, 2004 }}</ref> of [[Mission Hills, Kansas]], and had two children and one stepchild.<ref name="nasajsc" /> After her death, he married Jeanie Carter of [[Houston, Texas]].<ref name="nasajsc" /> Engle's recreational interests included [[Aviation|flying]] (including [[World War II]] fighter aircraft), [[big game hunting]], [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], and athletics.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |author=NYT Staff |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/13/us/engle-from-childhood-he-planned-to-be-a-pilot.html |title=Engle: From Childhood He Planned to be a Pilot|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 1, 2017 |date=November 13, 1981 |page=A30 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022200538/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/13/us/engle-from-childhood-he-planned-to-be-a-pilot.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a member of the [[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]] and became a Fellow in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.setp.org/setp-personnel/fellow-classes.html |title=Fellow Classes |publisher=The Society of Experimental Test Pilots|access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306055156/http://www.setp.org/setp-personnel/fellow-classes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Engle died on July 10, 2024.<ref name="KAKE-TV">{{cite news |last1=Burnett |first1=Cameron |title=Trailblazing Kansas astronaut General Joe Engle dies at 91 |url=https://www.kake.com/story/51029811/trailblazing-kansas-astronaut-general-joe-engle-dies-at-91 |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[KAKE-DT]] |publisher=[[ABC News (United States) | ABC News]] |date=July 11, 2024 |location=Wichita, Kansas}}</ref> With Engle's death, all 12 pilots to fly the X-15 are now deceased.<ref name = "Obit by Pearlman">{{Cite news | first1 = Robert|last1= Pearlman |title= Joe Engle, X-15 rocket plane and space shuttle astronaut, dies at 91 | work = [[collectSPACE]] |date = July 11, 2024 | url = http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071124a-joe-engle-x15-space-shuttle-nasa-astronaut-obituary.html | archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20240711114556/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071124a-joe-engle-x15-space-shuttle-nasa-astronaut-obituary.html | archive-date = July 11, 2024 | url-status = live}}</ref>
+Engle died at his home in Houston, Texas on July 10, 2024, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Engle, Last of the X-15 Test Pilots Who Touched Space, Dies at 91 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/07/12/joe-engle-astronaut-nasa-dies/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 12, 2024|last=Murphy|first=Brian|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref><ref name="KAKE-TV">{{cite news |last=Burnett |first=Cameron |title=Trailblazing Kansas astronaut General Joe Engle dies at 91 |url=https://www.kake.com/story/51029811/trailblazing-kansas-astronaut-general-joe-engle-dies-at-91 |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[KAKE-DT]] |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=July 11, 2024 |location=Wichita, Kansas |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711203339/https://www.kake.com/story/51029811/trailblazing-kansas-astronaut-general-joe-engle-dies-at-91 |url-status=live }}</ref> With Engle's death, all 12 pilots to fly the X-15 are now deceased.<ref name="Obit by Pearlman">{{Cite news | first=Robert |last=Pearlman |title= Joe Engle, X-15 rocket plane and space shuttle astronaut, dies at 91 | work=[[collectSPACE]] |date=July 11, 2024 | url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071124a-joe-engle-x15-space-shuttle-nasa-astronaut-obituary.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240711114556/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071124a-joe-engle-x15-space-shuttle-nasa-astronaut-obituary.html | archive-date=July 11, 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Flight experience===
 [[File:Joe Engle X-15 pilot.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Engle with the X-15A-2 aircraft in 1965]]
-[[File:ARPS Class III.jpg|thumb|ARPS Class III graduates. Front row: [[Edward Givens|Ed Givens]], [[Tommie D. Benefield|Tommie Benefield]], [[Charles Bassett|Charlie Bassett]], [[Francis G. Neubeck|Greg Neubeck]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Mike Collins]]. Back row: Al Atwell, Neil Garland, Jim Roman, Al Uhalt and Engle.]]
+[[File:ARPS Class III.jpg|thumb|ARPS Class III graduates. Front row: [[Edward Givens|Ed Givens]], [[Tommie D. Benefield|Tommie Benefield]], [[Charles Bassett|Charlie Bassett]], [[Francis G. Neubeck|Greg Neubeck]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Mike Collins]]. Back row: Al Atwell, Neil Garland, Jim Roman, Al Uhalt and Engle]]
-Engle received his commission in the U.S. Air Force through the [[Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps]] at the [[University of Kansas]]. While in school he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity [[Theta Tau]], and decided to become a [[test pilot]]. While working at [[Cessna Aircraft]] during the summer, he learned how to fly from a fellow [[draftsman]], Henry Dittmer.<ref>{{Cite web | last1 = Nichols | first = Bruce |title = Joe Engle: From rocket ships to the Space Shuttle | work = [[United Press International]] | location = Houston | date = October 30, 1981| url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/31/Joe-Engle-From-rocket-ships-to-the-Space-Shuttle/4367373352400/ | access-date = July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="engleoh">{{cite web | title = Joe H. Engle Oral History Interviews | work = Johnson Space Center Oral History Project | publisher = National Aeronautical and Space Administration | location = Houston | url = https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/englejh.htm | year = 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240619121107/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/englejh.htm | archive-date = June 19, 2024 | url-status = live | access-date = July 11, 2024}}</ref>
+Engle received his commission in the U.S. Air Force through the [[Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps]] at the [[University of Kansas]]. While in school he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity [[Theta Tau]], and decided to become a [[test pilot]]. While working at [[Cessna Aircraft]] during the summer, he learned how to fly from a fellow [[draftsman]], Henry Dittmer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nichols |first=Bruce |title=Joe Engle: From Rocket Ships to the Space Shuttle |work=[[United Press International]] |location=Houston |date=October 30, 1981 |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/31/Joe-Engle-From-rocket-ships-to-the-Space-Shuttle/4367373352400/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428050233/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/31/Joe-Engle-From-rocket-ships-to-the-Space-Shuttle/4367373352400/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="engleoh">{{cite web |title=Joe H. Engle Oral History Interviews |work=Johnson Space Center Oral History Project |publisher=National Aeronautical and Space Administration |location=Houston |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/englejh.htm |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619121107/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/englejh.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=July 11, 2024 }}</ref>
-Engle entered flying school in 1957, and received his [[U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating|pilot wings]] in 1958. He flew the [[F-100 Super Sabre]] with the [[474th Tactical Fighter Squadron|474th Fighter Day Squadron]] and the [[309th Tactical Fighter Squadron]] at [[George Air Force Base]], [[California]]. [[Chuck Yeager]] recommended Engle for [[USAF Test Pilot School]], from which he graduated in 1961, and he was later assigned to the third class of the [[U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School|Aerospace Research Pilot School]], despite his reluctance to leave "stick and rudder" flying for a [[space capsule]].<ref name="engleoh" />
+Engle entered flying school in 1957, and received his [[U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating|pilot wings]] in 1958. He flew the [[F-100 Super Sabre]] with the [[474th Tactical Fighter Squadron|474th Fighter Day Squadron]] and the [[309th Tactical Fighter Squadron]] at [[George Air Force Base]], California. [[Chuck Yeager]] recommended Engle for [[U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School|Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School]], from which he graduated in 1961, and he was later assigned to the third class of the [[U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School|Aerospace Research Pilot School]], despite his reluctance to leave "stick and rudder" flying for a [[space capsule]].<ref name="engleoh" />
-After serving as a test pilot in the Fighter Test Group at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California, Engle was a test pilot in the [[North American X-15|X-15 research program]] at Edwards from June 1963 until his assignment to the Manned Spacecraft Center (now the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]). Engle had applied with fellow ARPS student [[Charles Bassett]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] to the [[NASA Astronaut Group 3|third NASA astronaut group]], but the Air Force withdrew Engle's NASA application and instead chose him to replace [[Robert M. White]] in the X-15 program, which pleased Engle.<ref name="engleoh"/>
+After serving as a test pilot in the Fighter Test Group at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California, Engle was a test pilot in the [[North American X-15|X-15 research program]] at Edwards from June 1963 until his assignment to the Manned Spacecraft Center (now the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]). Engle had applied with fellow ARPS student [[Charles Bassett]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] to the [[NASA Astronaut Group 3|third NASA astronaut group]], but the Air Force withdrew Engle's NASA application and instead chose him to replace [[Robert M. White]] in the X-15 program, which pleased Engle.<ref name="engleoh" />
-Engle's parents witnessed his X-15 flight of June 29, 1965, which exceeded an altitude of 50 miles (80&nbsp;km) and qualified him for [[astronaut wings]]; he again exceeded 50 miles twice during his career of 16 flights.<ref name="engleoh"/> On his final X-15 mission, free flight 153 (1-61-101), which took place on October 14, 1965, he became the first of only two pilots to accomplish a sub-orbital space flight in an X-15 without the benefit of the assistance provided by the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Evans | first1 = Michelle |url=http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf|title= The X-15 Rocket Plane, Flight Log| publisher = Mach 25 Media | date=2020 | page = 44 | access-date = July 11, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240608165114/http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf | archive-date = June 8, 2024 | url-status = live}}</ref> Despite what he later called "the best flying job in the world", Engle decided to apply again to NASA as he expected to be rotated to another Air Force assignment within a year and hoped to go to the Moon.<ref name="engleoh"/>
+Engle's parents witnessed his X-15 flight of June 29, 1965, which exceeded an altitude of 50 miles (80&nbsp;km) and qualified him for [[astronaut wings]]; he again exceeded 50 miles twice during his career of 16 flights.<ref name="engleoh" /> On his final X-15 mission, free flight 153 (1-61-101), which took place on October 14, 1965, he became the first of only two pilots to accomplish a sub-orbital space flight in an X-15 without the benefit of the assistance provided by the MH-96 adaptive flight control system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Michelle |url=http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf|title= The X-15 Rocket Plane, Flight Log| publisher = Mach 25 Media | date=2020 | page = 44 | access-date = July 11, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240608165114/http://www.mach25media.com/Resources/X15FlightLog.pdf | archive-date = June 8, 2024 | url-status = live}}</ref> Despite what he later called "the best flying job in the world", Engle decided to apply again to NASA as he expected to be rotated to another Air Force assignment within a year and hoped to go to the Moon.<ref name="engleoh" />
-Engle flew over 185 different types of aircraft (25 different fighters) during his career, logging more than 15,400 hours flight time of which 9,000 were in [[jet aircraft]].<ref name="nasajsc">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/engle_joe.pdf|website=NASA|access-date=January 21, 2021|title=Astronaut Bio: Joe Henry Engle|date=June 2009}}</ref>
+Engle flew over 185 different types of aircraft (25 different fighters) during his career, logging more than 15,400 hours flight time of which 9,000 were in [[jet aircraft]].<ref name="nasajsc">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/engle_joe.pdf |website=NASA |access-date=January 21, 2021 |title=Astronaut Bio: Joe Henry Engle |date=June 2009 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331151644/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/engle_joe.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===NASA career===
 [[File:Sts-2 crew.jpg|thumb|left|Engle, commander of the STS-2 mission, with Truly, pilot]]
-Engle was one of [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|19 astronauts selected by NASA]] in April 1966.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/|title=19 New Spacemen Are Named|last1=Thompson|first1=Ronald|newspaper=The High Point Enterprise|location=High Point, North Carolina|date=April 5, 1966|page=2A|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> He served on the support crew for [[Apollo 10]]. He then served as backup [[Lunar Module]] Pilot for the [[Apollo 14]] mission. He was due to land on the [[Moon]] as Lunar Module Pilot for [[Apollo 17]], but was replaced by [[geologist]] [[Harrison Schmitt]].  This was a result of pressure from the scientific community to have a scientist (geologist) explore the Moon, and not just test pilot engineers who had been given geology training.  In response to getting bumped from the mission, he said "When you think about it, the lunar missions were geology-oriented."<ref name="nyt" />
+Engle was one of [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|19 astronauts selected by NASA]] in April 1966.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/|title=19 New Spacemen Are Named|last1=Thompson|first1=Ronald|newspaper=The High Point Enterprise|location=High Point, North Carolina|date=April 5, 1966|page=2A|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411105616/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/|url-status=live}}</ref> He served on the support crew for [[Apollo 10]]. He then served as backup [[Lunar Module]] Pilot for the [[Apollo 14]] mission. He was due to land on the [[Moon]] as Lunar Module Pilot for [[Apollo 17]], but was replaced by geologist [[Harrison Schmitt]].  This was a result of pressure from the scientific community to have a professional geologist explore the Moon, and not just test pilot engineers who had been given rudimentary geology training.  In response to getting bumped from the mission, he said "When you think about it, the lunar missions were geology-oriented."<ref name="nyt" />
 According to Engle, [[Deke Slayton]] asked him whether he would prefer to fly on [[Skylab]], [[Apollo–Soyuz]], or the Space Shuttle; Engle responded that he would prefer the Shuttle as it was an airplane.{{r|engleoh}}
-[[File:Engle.jpg|thumb|right|Joe Engle flew two missions as Space Shuttle commander]]
-[[File:STS-51-I crew.jpg|thumb|right|The crew of the [[STS-51-I]] mission.  Engle is at the lower left]]
+[[File:Engle.jpg|thumb|upright|Joe Engle flew two missions as Space Shuttle commander.]]
+[[File:STS-51-I crew.jpg|thumb|The crew of the [[STS-51-I]] mission. Engle is at the lower left.]]
-[[File:Joe Engle and Kevin P. Chilton at Space, Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Major General Joe Engle with fellow astronaut General [[Kevin P. Chilton]].]]
+[[File:Joe Engle and Kevin P. Chilton at Space, Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.jpg|thumb|Major General Joe Engle with fellow astronaut General [[Kevin P. Chilton]]]]
 Engle was commander of one of the two crews that flew the [[Approach and Landing Tests|Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test Flights]] from June through October 1977. The [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']] was carried to 25,000 feet on top of the [[Boeing 747]] carrier aircraft, and then released for its two-minute glide flight to landing. In this series of flight tests, Engle evaluated the Orbiter handling qualities and landing characteristics, and obtained the stability and control, and performance data in the subsonic flight envelope for the Space Shuttle. He was the backup commander for [[STS-1]], the first orbital test flight of [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]. Together with pilot [[Richard Truly]] he flew as commander on the second flight of the Space Shuttle, [[STS-2]], becoming the last NASA rookie to command a spaceflight until [[Raja Chari]] in 2021 on [[SpaceX Crew-3]]. He was also mission commander on [[STS-51-I]] and logged over 225 hours in space.<ref name="engleoh" />
-Engle was one of two people to have flown into space on two different types of winged vehicles: the [[X-15]] and the Space Shuttle, on STS-2 (the other person being [[Frederick W. Sturckow]]). Engle manually flew large numbers of flight-test maneuvers on the Shuttle during reentry and landing; periods of manually flown test maneuvers were interspersed with periods of computer control.<ref name="engleoh" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972–2013|author=Dennis R. Jenkins|publisher=Speciality Press|isbn=978-1580072496|date=2017}}</ref>
+Engle was one of two people to have flown into space on two different types of winged vehicles: the [[X-15]] and the Space Shuttle, on STS-2 (the other person being [[Frederick W. Sturckow]]). Engle manually flew large numbers of flight-test maneuvers on the Shuttle during reentry and landing; periods of manually flown test maneuvers were interspersed with periods of computer control.<ref name="engleoh" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972–2013 |first=Dennis R. |last=Jenkins |publisher=Speciality Press |isbn=978-1580072496 |date=2017 }}</ref>
-He served as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight at NASA Headquarters from March 1982 to December 1982.<ref name="nasajsc" /> He retained his astronaut flight status and returned to the Johnson Space Center in January 1983.<ref name="nasajsc" /> He also participated in the [[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]] investigation in 1986, and did other consulting work on the Shuttle well into the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/engle-joe/|title=Engle, Joe Henry|publisher=The National Aviation Hall of Fame|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013758/http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/engle-joe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+He served as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight at NASA Headquarters from March to December 1982.<ref name="nasajsc" /> He retained his astronaut flight status and returned to [[Johnson Space Center]] in January 1983.<ref name="nasajsc" /> He also participated in the [[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]] investigation in 1986, and did other consulting work on the Shuttle well into the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/engle-joe/|title=Engle, Joe Henry|publisher=The National Aviation Hall of Fame|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013758/http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/engle-joe/ }}</ref>
 === Post-NASA career ===
-Engle retired from the USAF with the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] on November 14, 1986, and from NASA on November 28, 1986.<ref name="olathe">{{cite web |title=Astronaut promoted to general |work=The Olathe Daily News |date=1986-12-02 |agency=UPI |page=3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/817337002/ <!-- this should be replaced with a clipping when newspapers.com TWL access is working again -->|access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Recer|first=Paul|title=Senior NASA astronaut Joe H. Engle retires|url=https://apnews.com/7927dc4b8e1c02a508c4df973b1e2c23|publisher=AP|access-date=July 17, 2013|date=December 2, 1986}}</ref> On December 1, 1986, he was appointed by the [[Governor of Kansas]] and the [[United States Secretary of the Air Force]] to a billet in the [[Kansas Air National Guard]] at the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], initially serving as a special assistant to the [[adjutant general]]. Under this arrangement, Engle was permitted to retain Houston residency.<ref name="olathe"/><ref name="n509">{{cite web |title=Veteran Astronaut Resigns |page=11 |work=Anderson Independent-Mail |agency=Associated Press |date=1986-12-03 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/812246439/ <!-- this should be replaced with a clipping when newspapers.com TWL access is working again -->|access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> The discrepancy between his Air Force and Air National Guard ranks was rectified by Senate confirmation of his promotion on February 2, 1988.<ref name="q053">{{cite web |title=18 nominees for Air Force, 100th Congress (1987-1988) |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/100th-congress/780?r=2&s=3 |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> He subsequently served as [[Air National Guard]] assistant to the commander in chief, [[United States Space Command]] and [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|North American Air Defense Command]] (NORAD), with headquarters at [[Peterson Air Force Base]], [[Colorado]]. Engle ultimately retired from the Air National Guard around 1991 at the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]], a promotion previously confirmed by the Senate on June 22, 1989.<ref name="y596">{{cite web |title=14 nominees for Air Force, 101st Congress (1989-1990) |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/101st-congress/373?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22Joe+Engle%5C%22%22%7D&s=3&r=1 |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref><ref name="springville">{{cite web |title=Astronaut to speak to Scouts |page=7 |work=The Springville Herald |date=1992-01-29 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/282581641/ |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>
+Engle retired from the USAF with the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] on November 14, 1986, and from NASA on November 28, 1986.<ref name="olathe">{{cite web |title=Astronaut promoted to general |work=The Olathe Daily News |date=December 2, 1986 |agency=UPI |page=3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/817337002/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711171705/https://www.newspapers.com/image/817337002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Recer|first=Paul|title=Senior NASA astronaut Joe H. Engle retires|url=https://apnews.com/7927dc4b8e1c02a508c4df973b1e2c23|publisher=AP|access-date=July 17, 2013|date=December 2, 1986|archive-date=January 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100748/https://apnews.com/7927dc4b8e1c02a508c4df973b1e2c23|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 1, 1986, he was appointed by the [[Governor of Kansas]] and the [[United States Secretary of the Air Force]] to a billet in the [[Kansas Air National Guard]] at the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], initially serving as a special assistant to the [[adjutant general]]. Under this arrangement, Engle was permitted to retain Houston residency.<ref name="olathe" /><ref name="n509">{{cite web |title=Veteran Astronaut Resigns |page=11 |work=Anderson Independent-Mail |agency=Associated Press |date=December 3, 1986 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/812246439/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711171835/https://www.newspapers.com/image/812246439/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The discrepancy between his Air Force and Air National Guard ranks was rectified by Senate confirmation of his promotion on February 2, 1988.<ref name="q053">{{cite web |title=18 nominees for Air Force, 100th Congress (1987–1988) |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/100th-congress/780?r=2&s=3 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711181452/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/100th-congress/780?r=2&s=3 |url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently served as [[Air National Guard]] assistant to the commander in chief, [[United States Space Command]] and [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|North American Air Defense Command]] (NORAD), with headquarters at [[Peterson Air Force Base]], [[Colorado]]. Engle ultimately retired from the Air National Guard around 1991 at the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]], a promotion previously confirmed by the Senate on June 22, 1989.<ref name="y596">{{cite web |title=14 nominees for Air Force, 101st Congress (1989–1990) |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/101st-congress/373?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22Joe+Engle%5C%22%22%7D&s=3&r=1 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713084656/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/101st-congress/373?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22Joe+Engle%5C%22%22%7D&s=3&r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="springville">{{cite web |title=Astronaut to speak to Scouts |page=7 |work=The Springville Herald |date=January 29, 1992 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/282581641/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711181940/https://www.newspapers.com/image/282581641/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 1992, he was inducted into the [[Aerospace Walk of Honor]].<ref name="b984">{{cite web |title=Former NASA astronaut Joe Engle Dies |website=SPACE & DEFENSE |date=2024-07-12 |url=https://spaceanddefense.io/former-nasa-astronaut-joe-engle-dies/ |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> In 2001, Engle was inducted into the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] and the [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]].<ref name="nationalhalloffame">{{cite web |title=Joe Henry Engle |website=National Aviation Hall of Fame |url=https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/joe-henry-engle/ |access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref><ref name="ushalloffame"/>
+In 1992, he was inducted into the [[Aerospace Walk of Honor]].<ref name="b984">{{cite web |title=Former NASA astronaut Joe Engle Dies |website=SPACE & DEFENSE |date=July 12, 2024 |url=https://spaceanddefense.io/former-nasa-astronaut-joe-engle-dies/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713084654/https://spaceanddefense.io/former-nasa-astronaut-joe-engle-dies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, Engle was inducted into the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] and the [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]].<ref name="nationalhalloffame">{{cite web |title=Joe Henry Engle |website=National Aviation Hall of Fame |url=https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/joe-henry-engle/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317004011/https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/joe-henry-engle/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ushalloffame" />
 ==Awards and honors==
 [[File:Apollo 14 Backup Lunar Module Pilot Joe Engle.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Joe Engle as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 14]]
-* [[Astronaut Badge#U.S. Air Force astronauts|USAF Astronaut Badge]] (1964)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/1465-nasa-15-pilots-awarded-astronaut-wings.html|title=Former NASA X-15 Pilots Awarded Astronaut Wings|last1=Pearlman|first1=Robert|work=Space.com|date=August 23, 2005|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>
+* [[Astronaut Badge#U.S. Air Force astronauts|USAF Astronaut Badge]] (1964)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/1465-nasa-15-pilots-awarded-astronaut-wings.html|title=Former NASA X-15 Pilots Awarded Astronaut Wings|last1=Pearlman|first1=Robert|work=Space.com|date=August 23, 2005|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153011/https://www.space.com/1465-nasa-15-pilots-awarded-astronaut-wings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] – "for outstanding achievements"<ref name="nasajsc" />
 * [[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]] (1985)<ref name="nasajsc" /><ref name="burgess" />
-* [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], twice (1964 and 1978) – "for outstanding achievements"<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="burgess">{{cite book|title=The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3319510149|last1=Shayler|first1=David|last2=Burgess|first2=Colin|page=372|date=2017}}</ref>
+* [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], twice (1964 and 1978) – "for outstanding achievements"<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="burgess">{{cite book|title=The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3319510149 |last1=Shayler |first1=David |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin |page=372 |date=2017 }}</ref>
 * [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]<ref name="nasajsc" /><ref name="burgess" />
 * Two [[NASA Space Flight Medal]]s<ref name="oral" />
@@ Line 79: / Line 86: @@
 * Kansan of the Year (1964)<ref name="nasajsc" />
 * [[United States Junior Chamber|U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce]]'s one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of America (1964)<ref name="nasajsc" />
-* [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA) Pioneer of Flight Award (1965)<ref name="oral">{{cite web|url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/EngleJH_Bio.pdf|publisher=NASA JSC|access-date=December 1, 2017|title=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Biographical History Data Sheet|date=February 11, 2015 }}</ref>
+* [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA) Pioneer of Flight Award (1965)<ref name="oral">{{cite web|url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/EngleJH_Bio.pdf|publisher=NASA JSC|access-date=December 1, 2017|title=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Biographical History Data Sheet|date=February 11, 2015|archive-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201082637/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/EngleJH/EngleJH_Bio.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award for Flight Research (1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aiaa.org/HonorsAndAwardsRecipientsList.aspx?awardId=490bf646-2387-4790-9dcb-53bd020d4bb9|title=Lawrence Sperry Award Recipients|publisher=AIAA|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126235130/https://www.aiaa.org/HonorsAndAwardsRecipientsList.aspx?awardId=490bf646-2387-4790-9dcb-53bd020d4bb9|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 * [[Iven C. Kincheloe]] Prize awarded by the [[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]] (1977) – for taking part in testing the Space Shuttle ''Enterprise''<ref name="burgess" />
@@ Line 86: / Line 93: @@
 * [[Robert J. Collier Trophy]]<ref name="nasajsc" /><ref name="burgess" />
 * [[Harmon International Trophy]] (1981)<ref name="nasajsc" />
-* [[University of Kansas]] Distinguished Service Citation (1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.ku.edu/2017/09/08/astronauts-joe-engle-steven-hawley-serve-grand-marshals-homecoming-parade-0|title=Astronauts Joe Engle, Steven Hawley to serve as grand marshals for Homecoming parade|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=December 1, 2017|publisher=University of Kansas}}</ref>
+* [[University of Kansas]] Distinguished Service Citation (1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.ku.edu/2017/09/08/astronauts-joe-engle-steven-hawley-serve-grand-marshals-homecoming-parade-0|title=Astronauts Joe Engle, Steven Hawley to serve as grand marshals for Homecoming parade|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=December 1, 2017|publisher=University of Kansas|archive-date=December 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203082736/https://today.ku.edu/2017/09/08/astronauts-joe-engle-steven-hawley-serve-grand-marshals-homecoming-parade-0|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * University of Kansas School of Engineering Distinguished Engineering Service Award (1982)<ref name="nasajsc" />
 * General [[Thomas D. White]] USAF Space Trophy, 1981<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/1997/May%201997/0597recs.pdf |title=The Gen. Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy |publisher=USAF |magazine=AIR FORCE Magazine |date=May 1997 |page=156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306030237/https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/1997/May%201997/0597recs.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2022 }}</ref>
-* [[Aerospace Walk of Honor]], [[Lancaster, California]] (1992)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflancasterca.org/home/showdocument?id=33972|title=Walk of Honor|publisher=City of Lancaster|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ind92>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36299236/the_los_angeles_times/|title=Ceremony Will Honor 5 Test Pilots|last1=Halley|first1=Blaine|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles, California|date=September 19, 1992|via=Newspapers.com|page=B2}}</ref>
+* [[Aerospace Walk of Honor]], [[Lancaster, California]] (1992)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflancasterca.org/home/showdocument?id=33972|title=Walk of Honor|publisher=City of Lancaster|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203147/http://www.cityoflancasterca.org/home/showdocument?id=33972|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ind92>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36299236/the_los_angeles_times/|title=Ceremony Will Honor 5 Test Pilots|last1=Halley|first1=Blaine|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles, California|date=September 19, 1992|via=Newspapers.com|page=B2|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924064530/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36299236/the_los_angeles_times/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]], [[Dayton, Ohio]] (2001)<ref name="burgess" />
-* [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]], Florida (2001)<ref name="ushalloffame">{{cite web |url=http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/joe-h-engle/ |title=Joe Engle inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame |publisher=Astronaut Scholarship Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031224534/http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/joe-h-engle/ |archive-date=2023-10-31| url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]], Florida (2001)<ref name="ushalloffame">{{cite web |url=http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/joe-h-engle/ |title=Joe Engle inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame |publisher=Astronaut Scholarship Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031224534/http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/joe-h-engle/ |archive-date=October 31, 2023| url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* Award of Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/126354/two-space-missile-pioneers-selected-for-2007/|title=Two Space & Missile Pioneers selected for 2007|publisher=USAF|last1=Rust|first1=Kate|date=July 6, 2007|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref>
+* Award of Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/126354/two-space-missile-pioneers-selected-for-2007/|title=Two Space & Missile Pioneers selected for 2007|publisher=USAF|last=Rust|first=Kate|date=July 6, 2007|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203131/http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/126354/two-space-missile-pioneers-selected-for-2007/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * [[International Air & Space Hall of Fame]] (2014)<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor (2006). ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[The Astronaut Monument]]
+{{Clear}}
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references />
 ==Bibliography==
-* Thompson, Milton O. (1992). ''At The Edge Of Space: The X-15 Flight Program'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. {{ISBN|1-56098-107-5}}
+* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Milton O. |date=1992 |title=At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program |url=https://archive.org/details/atedgeofspacex1500thom/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=Washington, D.C. and London |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=1-56098-107-5 |oclc=24010699 |access-date=July 13, 2024 }}
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228005128/http://astronautix.com/e/engle.html Astronautix biography of Joe H. Engle]
 * [http://www.setp.org/winners/iven-c-kincheloe-recipients.html Iven C. Kincheloe Awards]
-* [http://nationalaviation.org/engle-joe/ Joe Engle] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140812002844/http://nationalaviation.org/engle-joe/ |date=August 12, 2014 }} at the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]]
+* [http://nationalaviation.org/engle-joe/ Joe Engle] ({{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140812002844/http://nationalaviation.org/engle-joe/ |date=August 12, 2014}}) at the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]]
 * [http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/joe-engle/12045 Joe Engle] at the [[Kansas Historical Society]]
+* {{IMDb name|3400653}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724145755/http://www.space.co.uk/DataBank/VideoGallery/VideoPlayer/tabid/384/VideoId/33/Test-Pilot-Discussion.aspx Former BBC space correspondent Reg Turnill interviews Joe Engle in 2008]
 {{NASA Astronaut Group 5}}
 {{North American X-15}}
 {{U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame}}
+{{Portal bar|Biography|Spaceflight|Kansas|United States}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{Portal bar|Biography|Spaceflight|Kansas|United States}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Engle, Joe}}
 [[Category:1932 births]]
-[[Category:2024 deaths]]
 [[Category:1981 in spaceflight]]
 [[Category:1985 in spaceflight]]
-[[Category:Canceled Apollo missions]]
+[[Category:2024 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Chapman, Kansas]]
+[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
-[[Category:Military personnel from Kansas]]
-[[Category:United States Air Force astronauts]]
-[[Category:University of Kansas alumni]]
 [[Category:American aerospace engineers]]
-[[Category:U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni]]
 [[Category:American test pilots]]
 [[Category:Aviators from Kansas]]
-[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
+[[Category:Canceled Apollo missions]]
-[[Category:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees]]
+[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
-[[Category:National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees]]
 [[Category:Harmon Trophy winners]]
-[[Category:United States Air Force generals]]
+[[Category:Military personnel from Kansas]]
-[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)]]
-[[Category:Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal]]
-[[Category:Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
 [[Category:NASA people]]
-[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
+[[Category:National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees]]
+[[Category:People from Chapman, Kansas]]
+[[Category:People who have flown in suborbital spaceflight]]
 [[Category:Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)]]
-[[Category:X-15 program]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal]]
 [[Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts]]
-[[Category:People who have flown in suborbital spaceflight]]
+[[Category:U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni]]
+[[Category:United States Air Force astronauts]]
+[[Category:United States Air Force generals]]
+[[Category:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees]]
+[[Category:University of Kansas alumni]]
+[[Category:X-15 program]]

v t e North American X-15
Operators	NASA United States Air Force
Manufacturer	North American Aviation
Pilots	Michael Adams Neil Armstrong Scott Crossfield William Dana Joe Engle William Knight John McKay Forrest Petersen Robert Rushworth Milton Thompson Joseph Walker Robert White
Flights	List of X-15 flights Flight 35 (first flight into the mesosphere, Walker) Flight 62 (first spaceflight, White) Flight 87 (spaceflight, Rushworth) Flight 90 (spaceflight, Walker) Flight 91 (spaceflight, program altitude record, Walker) Flight 188 (program speed record, Knight) Flight 191 (spaceflight, fatality, Adams)
Related	Bell X-1 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress (Balls 8) Hypersonic speed List of X-planes Sub-orbital spaceflight

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	United States
Other	SNAC