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{{short description|Type of disease}}
{{short description|Type of disease}}
[[File:Age Specific SEER Incidence Rates 2003-2007.svg|thumb|Age-Specific [[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results|SEER]] Incidence Rates, 2003–2007]]
[[File:Age Specific SEER Incidence Rates 2003-2007.svg|thumb|Age-specific [[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results|SEER]] incidence rates, 2003–2007]]
An '''aging-associated disease''' is a [[disease]] that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing [[senescence]]. Essentially, aging-associated diseases are [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] arising from [[senescence]]. Age-associated diseases are to be distinguished from the [[ageing|aging]] process itself because all adult animals age, save for a few rare [[Negligible senescence|exceptions]], but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. Aging-associated diseases do not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the [[List of childhood diseases|childhood diseases]] [[chicken pox]] and [[measles]]. "Aging-associated disease" is used here to mean "diseases of the elderly". Nor should aging-associated diseases be confused with [[accelerated aging disease]]s, all of which are [[genetic disorder]]s.
An '''aging-associated disease''' (commonly termed '''age-related disease''', '''ARD''') is a [[disease]] that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing [[senescence]]. They are essentially [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of senescence, distinguished from the [[ageing|aging]] process itself because all adult animals age ([[Negligible senescence|with rare exceptions]]) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the [[List of childhood diseases|childhood diseases]] [[chicken pox]] and [[measles]], only diseases of the elderly. They are also not [[accelerated aging disease]]s, all of which are [[genetic disorder]]s.


Examples of aging-associated diseases are [[atherosclerosis]] and [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[arthritis]], [[cataracts]], [[osteoporosis]], [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type&nbsp;2 diabetes]], [[hypertension]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The incidence of all of these diseases increases [[Exponential growth|exponentially]] with age.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Age-related diseases as vicious cycles|journal=Ageing Research Reviews|language=en|volume=49|pages=11–26|doi=10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002|pmid=30458244|issn=1568-1637|last1=Belikov|first1=Aleksey V.|s2cid=53567141}}</ref>
Examples of aging-associated diseases are [[atherosclerosis]] and [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[arthritis]], [[cataracts]], [[osteoporosis]], [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type&nbsp;2 diabetes]], [[hypertension]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The incidence of all of these diseases increases [[Exponential growth|exponentially]] with age.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Belikov AV | title = Age-related diseases as vicious cycles | journal = [[Ageing Research Reviews]] | volume = 49 | pages = 11–26 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30458244 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002 | s2cid = 53567141 }}</ref>


Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal|last=Aubrey D.N.J |first=de Grey |author-link=Aubrey de Grey |title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations |journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology |volume=1 |issue=1, Article 5 |year=2007 |url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011 |access-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745 }}</ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/>
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal| vauthors = de Grey A |author-link=Aubrey de Grey |title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations |journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology |volume=1 |issue=1, Article 5 |year=2007 |url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011 |access-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745 |s2cid=201101995 }}</ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/>


==Patterns of differences==
== Patterns of differences ==
By age&nbsp;3 about 30% of [[rat]]s have had cancer, whereas by age&nbsp;85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, [[dog]]s and [[rabbit]]s get Alzheimer's disease, but [[rodent]]s do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or [[Nephrology|kidney disease]], but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75 <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belikov |first1=Aleksey V. |title=The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence |journal=Scientific Reports |date=22 September 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=12170 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7|pmid=28939880 |pmc=5610194 |bibcode=2017NatSR...712170B }}</ref>(although [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]/[[rectum|rectal]] cancer continues to increase).<ref>{{cite web |title=SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003 |work=[[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results]] (SEER) |publisher=National Cancer Institute |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |access-date=2006-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925110425/http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
By age&nbsp;3, about 30% of [[rat]]s have had cancer, whereas by age&nbsp;85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, [[dog]]s and [[rabbit]]s get Alzheimer's disease, but [[rodent]]s do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or [[Nephrology|kidney disease]], but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Belikov AV | title = The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 12170 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28939880 | pmc = 5610194 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...712170B }}</ref>(although [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]/[[rectum|rectal]] cancer continues to increase).<ref>{{cite web |title=SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003 |work=[[Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results]] (SEER) |publisher=National Cancer Institute |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |access-date=2006-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925110425/http://seer.cancer.gov/report_to_nation/supplemental/annual_report_75-03_agegroups.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


People with the so-called [[Accelerated aging disease|segmental progerias]] are vulnerable to different sets of diseases. Those with [[Werner's syndrome]] suffer from osteoporosis, cataracts, and cardiovascular disease, but not [[neurodegeneration]] or Alzheimer's disease; those with [[Down syndrome]] suffer type&nbsp;2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but not high [[blood pressure]], osteoporosis or cataracts. In [[Bloom syndrome]], those afflicted most often die of cancer.
People with the so-called [[Accelerated aging disease|segmental progerias]] are vulnerable to different sets of diseases. Those with [[Werner's syndrome]] experience osteoporosis, cataracts, and, cardiovascular disease, but not [[neurodegeneration]] or Alzheimer's disease; those with [[Down syndrome]] have type&nbsp;2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but not high [[blood pressure]], osteoporosis or cataracts. In [[Bloom syndrome]], those affected most often die of [[cancer]].


==Research==
== Research ==
Aging (senescence) increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas [[genetics]] determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species. Some age-related changes (like [[Human hair color#Aging or achromotrichia|graying hair]]) are said to be unrelated to an increase in [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. But some [[biogerontologist]]s believe that the same underlying changes that cause [[Hair#Aging|graying hair]] also increase mortality in other organ systems and that understanding the incidence of age-associated disease will advance knowledge of the [[biology]] of senescence just as knowledge of [[childhood disease]]s advanced knowledge of [[Human development (biology)|human development]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayflick, L |title=The not-so-close relationship between biological aging and age-associated pathologies in humans |journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series A |volume=59 |issue=6 |year=2004 |pages=B547–B550 |pmid=15215261 |doi=10.1093/gerona/59.6.B547|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Aging (senescence) increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas [[genetics]] determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species. Some age-related changes (like [[Human hair color#Aging or achromotrichia|graying hair]]) are said to be unrelated to an increase in [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. But some [[biogerontologist]]s believe that the same underlying changes that cause [[Hair#Aging|graying hair]] also increase mortality in other organ systems and that understanding the incidence of age-associated disease will advance knowledge of the [[biology]] of senescence just as knowledge of [[childhood disease]]s advanced knowledge of [[Human development (biology)|human development]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hayflick L | title = The not-so-close relationship between biological aging and age-associated pathologies in humans | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 59 | issue = 6 | pages = B547–B550 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15215261 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/59.6.B547 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


[[Strategies for engineered negligible senescence]] (SENS) is an emerging research strategy that aims to repair "root causes" for age-related illness and degeneration, as well as develop medical procedures to periodically repair all such damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely.<ref name=SENSPlatform>"[http://www.mfoundation.org/sens The SENS Platform: An Engineering Approach to Curing Aging]". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.</ref> So far, the SENS programme has identified seven types of aging-related damage, and feasible solutions have been outlined for each. However, critics argue that the SENS agenda is optimistic at best, and that the aging process is too complex and little-understood for SENS to be scientific or implementable in the foreseeable future.<ref name="pmid16264422">{{cite journal | last1 = Warner | first1 = H | last2 = Anderson | first2 = J | last3 = Austad | first3 = S | last4 = Bergamini | first4 = E | last5 = Bredesen | first5 = D | last6 = Butler | first6 = R | last7 = Carnes | first7 = BA | last8 = Clark | first8 = BF | last9 = Cristofalo | first9 = V | display-authors=8| title = Science fact and the SENS agenda | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1006–8 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16264422 | pmc = 1371037 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = De Grey | first1 = AD | title = Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16264420 | pmc = 1371043 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400565 }}</ref><ref>de Grey, Aubrey. "[http://www.mfoundation.org/files/sens/Gandhi3.htm The biogerontology research community's evolving view of SENS]". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on July 1, 2008.</ref> It has been proposed that age-related diseases are mediated by vicious cycles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belikov |first1=Aleksey V. |title=Age-related diseases as vicious cycles |journal=Ageing Research Reviews |date=January 2019 |volume=49 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002|pmid=30458244 |s2cid=53567141 }}</ref>
[[Strategies for engineered negligible senescence]] (SENS) is an emerging research strategy that aims to repair "root causes" for age-related illness and degeneration, as well as develop medical procedures to periodically repair all such damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely.<ref name=SENSPlatform>"[http://www.mfoundation.org/sens The SENS Platform: An Engineering Approach to Curing Aging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831053906/http://www.mfoundation.org/sens |date=2008-08-31 }}". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.</ref> The SENS programme has identified seven types of aging-related damage, and feasible solutions have been outlined for each. Some critics argue that the SENS agenda is optimistic at best, and that the aging process is too complex and little-understood for SENS to be scientific or implementable in the foreseeable future.<ref name="pmid16264422">{{cite journal | vauthors = Warner H, Anderson J, Austad S, Bergamini E, Bredesen D, Butler R, Carnes BA, Clark BF, Cristofalo V, Faulkner J, Guarente L, Harrison DE, Kirkwood T, Lithgow G, Martin G, Masoro E, Melov S, Miller RA, Olshansky SJ, Partridge L, Pereira-Smith O, Perls T, Richardson A, Smith J, von Zglinicki T, Wang E, Wei JY, Williams TF | display-authors = 6 | title = Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research? | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1006–1008 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16264422 | pmc = 1371037 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Grey AD | title = Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16264420 | pmc = 1371043 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400565 }}</ref><ref>de Grey, Aubrey. "[http://www.mfoundation.org/files/sens/Gandhi3.htm The biogerontology research community's evolving view of SENS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020212339/http://www.mfoundation.org/files/sens/Gandhi3.htm |date=2008-10-20 }}". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on July 1, 2008.</ref> It has been proposed that age-related diseases are mediated by vicious cycles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Belikov AV | title = Age-related diseases as vicious cycles | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 49 | pages = 11–26 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30458244 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002 | s2cid = 53567141 }}</ref>


On the basis of extensive research, [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]] has emerged a major culprit in [[cancer]] and numerous other diseases related to [[ageing]].<ref name = Hoeijmakers2009>Hoeijmakers JH. DNA damage, aging, and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 8;361(15):1475-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0804615. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 5;361(19):1914. PMID: 19812404.</ref> DNA damage can initiate the development of cancer or other aging related diseases depending on several factors. These include the type, amount, and location of the DNA damage in the body, the type of cell experiencing the damage and its stage in the [[cell cycle]], and the specific [[DNA repair]] processes available to react to the damage.<ref name = Hoeijmakers2009/>
On the basis of extensive research, [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]] has emerged a major culprit in [[cancer]] and numerous other diseases related to [[ageing]].<ref name="Hoeijmakers2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoeijmakers JH | title = DNA damage, aging, and cancer | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 361 | issue = 15 | pages = 1475–1485 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19812404 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra0804615 }}</ref> DNA damage can initiate the development of cancer or other aging related diseases depending on several factors. These include the type, amount, and location of the DNA damage in the body, the type of cell experiencing the damage and its stage in the [[cell cycle]], and the specific [[DNA repair]] processes available to react to the damage.<ref name = Hoeijmakers2009/>


== Diseases ==
== Types ==


=== Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) ===
=== Macular degeneration ===
[[Macular degeneration|Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)]] is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula. Degeneration can occur in one eye or both and can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic). Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zarbin|first=Marco A.|date=2004-04-01|title=Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=122|issue=4|pages=598–614|doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.598|pmid=15078679|issn=0003-9950|doi-access=free}}</ref> The cause of dry AMD is less clear, but it is thought to be partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula. A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts|title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration {{!}} National Eye Institute|website=nei.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
Age-related [[macular degeneration]] (AMD) is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula. Degeneration can occur in one eye or both and can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic). Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zarbin MA | title = Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 122 | issue = 4 | pages = 598–614 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15078679 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.122.4.598 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The cause of dry AMD is less clear, but it is thought to be partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula. A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts|title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration {{!}} National Eye Institute|website=nei.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Alzheimer's disease ===
=== Alzheimer's ===
[[Alzheimer's disease]] is classified as a "protein misfolding" disease. Aging causes mutations in protein folding, and as a result causes deposits of abnormal modified proteins accumulate in specific areas of the brain. In Alzheimer's,deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular plaques and extracellular tangles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franceschi|first1=Claudio|last2=Garagnani|first2=Paolo|last3=Morsiani|first3=Cristina|last4=Conte|first4=Maria|last5=Santoro|first5=Aurelia|last6=Grignolio|first6=Andrea|last7=Monti|first7=Daniela|last8=Capri|first8=Miriam|last9=Salvioli|first9=Stefano|date=2018-03-12|title=The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|page=61|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00061|issn=2296-858X|pmc=5890129|pmid=29662881}}</ref> These deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloom|first=George S.|date=2014-04-01|title=Amyloid-β and Tau: The Trigger and Bullet in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis|journal=JAMA Neurology|language=en|volume=71|issue=4|pages=505–508|doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847|pmid=24493463|issn=2168-6149|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Alzheimer's disease]] is classified as a "protein misfolding" disease. Aging causes mutations in protein folding, and as a result causes deposits of abnormal modified proteins to accumulate in specific areas of the brain. In Alzheimer's, deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular plaques and extracellular tangles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio A, Monti D, Capri M, Salvioli S | display-authors = 6 | title = The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates | journal = Frontiers in Medicine | volume = 5 | pages = 61 | date = 2018-03-12 | pmid = 29662881 | pmc = 5890129 | doi = 10.3389/fmed.2018.00061 | doi-access = free }}</ref> These deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bloom GS | title = Amyloid-β and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis | journal = JAMA Neurology | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–508 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24493463 | doi = 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


=== Atherosclerosis ===
=== Atherosclerosis ===
[[Atherosclerosis]] is categorized as an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity. Over time, these processes can stiffen the vasculature. For these reasons, older age is listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang Julie C.|last2=Bennett Martin|date=2012-07-06|title=Aging and Atherosclerosis|journal=Circulation Research|volume=111|issue=2|pages=245–259|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388|pmid=22773427|doi-access=free}}</ref> Specifically, the risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis|title=Atherosclerosis {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>
[[Atherosclerosis]] is categorized as an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity. Over time, these processes can stiffen the vasculature. For these reasons, older age is listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang JC, Bennett M | title = Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–259 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22773427 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Specifically, the risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis|title=Atherosclerosis {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2017-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005113430/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/atrisk|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) ===
=== Benign prostatic hyperplasia ===
[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)]] is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/prostate-problems/prostate-enlargement-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia|title=Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> An enlarged prostate can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man's ability to urinate properly. Symptoms include [[overactive bladder]], decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)|title=What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? – Urology Care Foundation|website=www.urologyhealth.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline|title=Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold. Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/for-medical-students/medical-student-curriculum/bph|title=Medical Student Curriculum: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) – American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)]] is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/prostate-problems/prostate-enlargement-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia|title=Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2017-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004190055/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/prostate-problems/prostate-enlargement-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia|url-status=live}}</ref> An enlarged prostate can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man's ability to urinate properly. Symptoms include [[overactive bladder]], decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)|title=What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? – Urology Care Foundation|website=www.urologyhealth.org|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2019-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806103133/https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline|title=Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420134156/https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-%28bph%29-guideline|url-status=dead}}</ref> By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold. Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/for-medical-students/medical-student-curriculum/bph|title=Medical Student Curriculum: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) – American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2019-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515145130/https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/for-medical-students/medical-student-curriculum/bph|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Cancer===
=== Cancer ===
Although it is possible for [[cancer]] to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65,<ref name=Coleman /> and the most significant [[risk factor]] for developing cancer is age.<ref name=Coleman>{{cite book |last1 = Coleman | first1 = William B. | last2 =Rubinas | first2 = Tara C. | editor-last1 = Tsongalis | editor-first1 = Gregory J. | editor-last2 = Coleman | editor-first2 = William L. | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2009 |page=66 |chapter=4 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7MaclAEA}}|isbn=978-0-12-374419-7}}</ref>According to cancer researcher [[Robert A. Weinberg]], "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer."<ref name=Weinberg>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html |title=Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 December 2010 | last = Johnson | first = George | name-list-style = vanc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624233156/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html |archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to [[immunosenescence]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A | title = Immunosenescence and cancer | journal = Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–72 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20656212 | doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.012 }}</ref> errors accumulated in [[DNA]] over a lifetime<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J |title=Molecular biology of the cell |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |year=2002 |edition=4th |chapter=The Preventable Causes of Cancer |isbn=978-0-8153-4072-0 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/ |quote=A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop. | display-authors = etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102193148/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/ |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> and age-related changes in the [[endocrine system]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anisimov VN, Sikora E, Pawelec G | s2cid = 17412298 | title = Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach | journal = Biogerontology | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 323–38 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19156531 | doi = 10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8 }}</ref> Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Magalhães JP | s2cid = 5726826 | title = How ageing processes influence cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 357–65 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23612461 | doi = 10.1038/nrc3497 }}</ref>
Although it is possible for [[cancer]] to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65,<ref name=Coleman /> and the most significant [[risk factor]] for developing cancer is age.<ref name=Coleman>{{cite book |vauthors=Coleman WB, Rubinas TC |veditors=Tsongalis GJ, Coleman WL |title=Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2009 |page=66 |chapter=4 |isbn=978-0-12-374419-7 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123744197/molecular-pathology}}</ref> According to cancer researcher [[Robert A. Weinberg]], "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer."<ref name=Weinberg>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html |title=Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 December 2010 | last = Johnson | first = George | name-list-style = vanc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624233156/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html |archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to [[immunosenescence]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A | title = Immunosenescence and cancer | journal = Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–172 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20656212 | doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.012 }}</ref> errors accumulated in [[DNA]] over a lifetime<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J |title=Molecular biology of the cell |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |year=2002 |edition=4th |chapter=The Preventable Causes of Cancer |isbn=978-0-8153-4072-0 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/ |quote=A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop. | display-authors = etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102193148/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/ |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> and age-related changes in the [[endocrine system]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anisimov VN, Sikora E, Pawelec G | title = Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach | journal = Biogerontology | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 323–338 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19156531 | doi = 10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8 | s2cid = 17412298 }}</ref> Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Magalhães JP | title = How ageing processes influence cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 357–365 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23612461 | doi = 10.1038/nrc3497 | s2cid = 5726826 }}</ref>


===Parkinson's disease===
=== Parkinson's ===
[[Parkinson's disease]], or simply Parkinson's,<ref name="PF">{{cite web|title=Understanding Parkinson's|url=https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons|website=Parkinson's Foundation|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> is a [[chronic condition|long-term]] [[neurodegeneration|degenerative disorder]] of the [[central nervous system]] that mainly affects the [[motor system]]. The disease has many complications, including [[Parkinson's disease dementia|Dementia]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], anxiety.<ref name="Sv2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|date=October 2016|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–24|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|pmid=27401947|doi-access=free}}</ref> Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Parkinson's Disease Information Page|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page|website=NINDS|access-date=18 July 2016|date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Car2016>{{cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> The prevalence of [[Parkinson's disease dementia]] also increases with age, and to a lesser degree, duration of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Garcia-Ptacek S, Kramberger MG|title=Parkinson Disease and Dementia|journal=Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology|volume=29|issue=5|pages=261–70|date=September 2016|pmid=27502301|doi=10.1177/0891988716654985|s2cid=21279235}}</ref> Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life.<ref name=Neuro2011>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}</ref>
[[Parkinson's disease]], or simply Parkinson's,<ref name="PF">{{cite web|title=Understanding Parkinson's|url=https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons|website=Parkinson's Foundation|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812031823/https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[chronic condition|long-term]] [[neurodegeneration|degenerative disorder]] of the [[central nervous system]] that mainly affects the [[motor system]]. The disease has many complications, including [[Parkinson's disease dementia|Dementia]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], anxiety.<ref name="Sv2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sveinbjornsdottir S | title = The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 139 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 318–324 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27401947 | doi = 10.1111/jnc.13691 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Parkinson's Disease Information Page|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page|website=NINDS|access-date=18 July 2016|date=30 June 2016|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104201403/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Car2016>{{cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> The prevalence of [[Parkinson's disease dementia]] also increases with age, and to a lesser degree, duration of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia-Ptacek S, Kramberger MG | title = Parkinson Disease and Dementia | journal = Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 261–270 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27502301 | doi = 10.1177/0891988716654985 | s2cid = 21279235 }}</ref> Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life.<ref name=Neuro2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahlskog JE | title = Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease? | journal = Neurology | volume = 77 | issue = 3 | pages = 288–294 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21768599 | pmc = 3136051 | doi = 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66 }}</ref>


===Stroke===
=== Stroke ===
[[Stroke]] was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2&nbsp;million deaths (~11% of the total).<ref name="The top 10 causes of death">{{cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221848/http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> Stroke could occur at any age, including in childhood, the risk of stroke [[Exponential growth|increases exponentially]] from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age.<ref name="ellekjaer1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellekjaer H, Holmen J, Indredavik B, Terent A | title = Epidemiology of stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996. Incidence and 30-day case-fatality rate | journal = Stroke | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 2180–4 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9368561 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2180 | url = http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/strokeaha%3B28/11/2180 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228071043/http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/strokeaha%3B28/11/2180 | archive-date = February 28, 2008 }}</ref> Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65.<ref name="NINDS1999">{{cite web | author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | author-link=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke | year=1999 | title=Stroke: Hope Through Research | url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | publisher=National Institutes of Health | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004193735/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | archive-date=2015-10-04 }}</ref><ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide for Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago | isbn=978-0-8092-2607-8 | oclc=40856888 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithstroke00sene }}</ref> A person's risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases with age.
[[Stroke]] was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2&nbsp;million deaths (~11% of the total).<ref name="The top 10 causes of death">{{cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221848/http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> Stroke could occur at any age, including in childhood, the risk of stroke [[Exponential growth|increases exponentially]] from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age.<ref name="ellekjaer1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellekjaer H, Holmen J, Indredavik B, Terent A | title = Epidemiology of stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996. Incidence and 30-day case-fatality rate | journal = Stroke | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 2180–2184 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9368561 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2180 |url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/strokeaha%3B28/11/2180 | url-status = live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228071043/http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/strokeaha%3B28/11/2180 | archive-date = February 28, 2008 }}</ref> Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65.<ref name="NINDS1999">{{cite web | author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | author-link=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke | year=1999 | title=Stroke: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | publisher=National Institutes of Health | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004193735/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | archive-date=2015-10-04 }}</ref><ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | vauthors = Senelick RC, Rossi PW, Dougherty K | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide for Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago | isbn=978-0-8092-2607-8 | oclc=40856888 | url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithstroke00sene }}</ref> A person's risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases with age.


=== Endocrine diseases ===
⚫
==See also==
Studies in animal models show that clearance of senescent cells improves multiple age related endocrine disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stokar J | title = Targeting senescent cells in ageing-related endocrine diseases | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | date = May 2023 | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | page = 382 | pmid = 37173439 | doi = 10.1038/s41574-023-00848-x | s2cid = 258663551 }}</ref>

==== Osteoporosis ====
[[Bone density]] declines with age. By the age of 85 years, ~70% of women and 30% of men have a [[osteoporosis]] defined as a bone density less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations lower than young adults.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trajanoska K, Schoufour JD, de Jonge EA, Kieboom BC, Mulder M, Stricker BH, Voortman T, Uitterlinden AG, Oei EH, Ikram MA, Zillikens MC, Rivadeneira F, Oei L | display-authors = 6 | title = Fracture incidence and secular trends between 1989 and 2013 in a population based cohort: The Rotterdam Study | journal = Bone | volume = 114 | pages = 116–124 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29885926 | doi = 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.004 | s2cid = 47016339 }}</ref>

==== Metabolic syndrome ====
The metabolic syndrome is the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for [[type 2 diabetes]] and [[cardiovascular disease]] ([[abdominal obesity]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[dyslipidemia]], and [[hypertension]]). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age reaching close to 50% of people over 60 years old in the USA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirode G, Wong RJ | title = Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016 | journal = JAMA | volume = 323 | issue = 24 | pages = 2526–2528 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32573660 | pmc = 7312413 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.4501 }}</ref> as

⚫
== See also ==
* [[Accelerated aging disease]]
* [[Accelerated aging disease]]
* [[Alliance for Aging Research]]
* [[Alliance for Aging Research]]
Line 48: Line 57:
* [[Senescence]]
* [[Senescence]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html#progeria Segmental Progeria]
*[http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html#progeria Segmental Progeria]
{{Commons category|Aging-associated diseases}}
{{Commons category|Aging-associated diseases}}

Latest revision as of 05:13, 16 October 2024

Age-specific SEER incidence rates, 2003–2007

An aging-associated disease (commonly termed age-related disease, ARD) is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence. They are essentially complications of senescence, distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age (with rare exceptions) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and measles, only diseases of the elderly. They are also not accelerated aging diseases, all of which are genetic disorders.

Examples of aging-associated diseases are atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of all of these diseases increases exponentially with age.[1]

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.[2] In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.[2]

Patterns of differences

[edit]

By age 3, about 30% of rats have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, dogs and rabbits get Alzheimer's disease, but rodents do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or kidney disease, but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75[3](although colon/rectal cancer continues to increase).[4]

People with the so-called segmental progerias are vulnerable to different sets of diseases. Those with Werner's syndrome experience osteoporosis, cataracts, and, cardiovascular disease, but not neurodegeneration or Alzheimer's disease; those with Down syndrome have type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but not high blood pressure, osteoporosis or cataracts. In Bloom syndrome, those affected most often die of cancer.

Research

[edit]

Aging (senescence) increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas genetics determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species. Some age-related changes (like graying hair) are said to be unrelated to an increase in mortality. But some biogerontologists believe that the same underlying changes that cause graying hair also increase mortality in other organ systems and that understanding the incidence of age-associated disease will advance knowledge of the biology of senescence just as knowledge of childhood diseases advanced knowledge of human development.[5]

Strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS) is an emerging research strategy that aims to repair "root causes" for age-related illness and degeneration, as well as develop medical procedures to periodically repair all such damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely.[6] The SENS programme has identified seven types of aging-related damage, and feasible solutions have been outlined for each. Some critics argue that the SENS agenda is optimistic at best, and that the aging process is too complex and little-understood for SENS to be scientific or implementable in the foreseeable future.[7][8][9] It has been proposed that age-related diseases are mediated by vicious cycles.[10]

On the basis of extensive research, DNA damage has emerged a major culprit in cancer and numerous other diseases related to ageing.[11] DNA damage can initiate the development of cancer or other aging related diseases depending on several factors. These include the type, amount, and location of the DNA damage in the body, the type of cell experiencing the damage and its stage in the cell cycle, and the specific DNA repair processes available to react to the damage.[11]

Types

[edit]

Macular degeneration

[edit]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula. Degeneration can occur in one eye or both and can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic). Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula.[12] The cause of dry AMD is less clear, but it is thought to be partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula. A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60.[13]

Alzheimer's

[edit]

Alzheimer's disease is classified as a "protein misfolding" disease. Aging causes mutations in protein folding, and as a result causes deposits of abnormal modified proteins to accumulate in specific areas of the brain. In Alzheimer's, deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular plaques and extracellular tangles.[14] These deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.[15]

Atherosclerosis

[edit]

Atherosclerosis is categorized as an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity. Over time, these processes can stiffen the vasculature. For these reasons, older age is listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.[16] Specifically, the risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.[17]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

[edit]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth.[18] An enlarged prostate can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man's ability to urinate properly. Symptoms include overactive bladder, decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.[19][20] By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold. Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.[18][21]

Cancer

[edit]

Although it is possible for cancer to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65,[22] and the most significant risk factor for developing cancer is age.[22] According to cancer researcher Robert A. Weinberg, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer."[23] Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to immunosenescence,[24] errors accumulated in DNA over a lifetime[25] and age-related changes in the endocrine system.[26] Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.[27]

Parkinson's

[edit]

Parkinson's disease, or simply Parkinson's,[28] is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The disease has many complications, including Dementia, depression, anxiety.[29] Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected.[30][31] The prevalence of Parkinson's disease dementia also increases with age, and to a lesser degree, duration of the disease.[32] Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life.[33]

Stroke

[edit]

Stroke was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2 million deaths (~11% of the total).[34] Stroke could occur at any age, including in childhood, the risk of stroke increases exponentially from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age.[35] Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65.[36][37] A person's risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases with age.

Endocrine diseases

[edit]

Studies in animal models show that clearance of senescent cells improves multiple age related endocrine disorders.[38]

Osteoporosis

[edit]

Bone density declines with age. By the age of 85 years, ~70% of women and 30% of men have a osteoporosis defined as a bone density less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations lower than young adults.[39]

Metabolic syndrome

[edit]

The metabolic syndrome is the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age reaching close to 50% of people over 60 years old in the USA.[40] as

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Belikov AV (January 2019). "Age-related diseases as vicious cycles". Ageing Research Reviews. 49: 11–26. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002. PMID 30458244. S2CID 53567141.
  2. ^ a b de Grey A (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations" (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1 (1, Article 5). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. S2CID 201101995. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Belikov AV (September 2017). "The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12170. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712170B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7. PMC 5610194. PMID 28939880.
  4. ^ "SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003" (PDF). Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  5. ^ Hayflick L (June 2004). "The not-so-close relationship between biological aging and age-associated pathologies in humans". The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 59 (6): B547–B550. doi:10.1093/gerona/59.6.B547. PMID 15215261.
  6. ^ "The SENS Platform: An Engineering Approach to Curing Aging Archived 2008-08-31 at the Wayback Machine". Methuselah Foundation. Retrieved on June 28, 2008.
  7. ^ Warner H, Anderson J, Austad S, Bergamini E, Bredesen D, Butler R, et al. (November 2005). "Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?". EMBO Reports. 6 (11): 1006–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555. PMC 1371037. PMID 16264422.
  8. ^ de Grey AD (November 2005). "Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology". EMBO Reports. 6 (11): 1000. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400565. PMC 1371043. PMID 16264420.
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