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Coordinates: 37°23′36″N 25°16′16″E / 37.39333°N 25.27111°E / 37.39333; 25.27111
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{{Short description|Island in Greece, historical meeting-ground for the Delian League}}
{{Short description|Island in Greece, historical meeting-ground for the Delian League}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
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{{Infobox islands
{{Infobox islands
|name = Delos
|name = Delos
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|image_caption = General view of Delos
|image_caption = General view of Delos
|image_map = Kykladen-delos.png
|image_map = Kykladen-delos.png
|image_map_caption= In the Cyclades
|image_map_caption= Delos (on the right) and [[Rineia]] in the Cyclades
|image_map_size = 300
|image_map_size = 300
|coordinates = {{coord|37|23|36|N|25|16|16|E|region:GR_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|37|23|36|N|25|16|16|E|region:GR-L_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = Greece
|pushpin_map = Greece
|location =
|location =
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}}
}}


The island of '''Delos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|l|ɒ|s}}; {{lang-el|Δήλος}} {{IPA-el|ˈðilos|}}; [[Attic Greek|Attic]]: {{lang|grc|Δῆλος}}, [[Doric Greek|Doric]]: {{lang|grc|Δᾶλος}}), near [[Mykonos]], near the centre of the [[Cyclades]] [[archipelago]], is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in [[Greece]]. The excavations in the island are among the most extensive in the [[Mediterranean]]; ongoing work takes place under the direction of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades, and many of the artifacts found are on display at the [[Archaeological Museum of Delos]] and the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]].
'''Delos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|l|ɒ|s}}; {{langx|el|Δήλος}} {{IPA-el|ˈðilos|}}; {{langx|grc-x-attic|Δῆλος}}, {{langx|grc-x-doric|Δᾶλος}}), is a small [[Greek island]] near [[Mykonos]], close to the centre of the [[Cyclades]] [[archipelago]]. Though only {{cvt|3.43|km2|sqmi}} in area, it is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in [[Greece]]. The ongoing excavations in the island are among the most extensive in the [[Mediterranean]], and many of the artifacts found are displayed at the [[Archaeological Museum of Delos]] and the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]].


Delos had a position as a holy [[sanctuary]] for a [[millennium]] before Olympian [[Greek mythology]] made it the birthplace of [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]]. From its Sacred Harbour, the [[horizon]] shows the three [[Cone (geometry)|conical]] mounds that have identified landscapes [[sacred]] to a [[goddess]] (presumably [[Athena]]) - in other sites: one, retaining its [[Pre-Greek]] name [[Cynthus|Mount Cynthus]],<ref>The combination ''-nth-'' is a marker for Pre-Greek words: Corinth, menthos, labyrinth, etc. A name [[Artemis]] and even [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] retained was ''Cynthia''.</ref> is crowned with a sanctuary of [[Zeus]].
Delos had a position as a holy [[sanctuary]] for a millennium before Olympian [[Greek mythology]] made it the birthplace of [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]]. From its Sacred Harbour are visible the three conical mounds that have identified landscapes sacred to a goddess (presumably [[Athena]]). Another site, retaining its [[Pre-Greek]] name [[Cynthus|Mount Cynthus]],<ref>The combination ''-nth-'' is a marker for Pre-Greek words: Corinth, menthos, labyrinth, etc. A name [[Artemis]] and even [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] retained was ''Cynthia''.</ref> is crowned with a sanctuary of [[Zeus]].


In 1990, [[UNESCO]] inscribed Delos on the [[World Heritage List]], citing its exceptional archaeological site which "conveys the image of a great cosmopolitan Mediterranean port", its influence on the development of Greek architecture, and its sacred importance throughout [[Ancient Greece]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/530 |title = Delos |website = UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 20 November 2022}}</ref>
In 1990, [[UNESCO]] added Delos to the [[World Heritage List]], citing its exceptional archaeological site which "conveys the image of a great cosmopolitan Mediterranean port", its influence on the development of Greek architecture, and its sacred importance throughout [[Ancient Greece]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |title=Delos |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/530 |department=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher=United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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[[File:Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann 001.jpg|thumb|left|The island of Delos, [[Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann]], 1847]]
[[File:Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann 001.jpg|thumb|left|The island of Delos, [[Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann]], 1847]]
[[File:Ancient Greek theatre in Delos 01.jpg|thumb|left|The theatre]]
[[File:Ancient Greek theatre in Delos 01.jpg|thumb|left|The theatre]]
[[File:Terrace of the Lions 03.jpg|thumb|left|The Terrace of the Lions]]
⚫
Investigation of ancient stone huts found on the island indicate that it has been inhabited since the third&nbsp;millennium BC. [[Thucydides]] identifies the original inhabitants as [[piratical]] [[Carians]] who were eventually expelled by [[King Minos]] of [[Crete]].<ref>Thucydides, I,8.</ref> By the writing of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', the island was already famous as the birthplace of the twin gods [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]] (although some confusion seems to exist of Artemis' birthplace being either Delos or the island of [[Ortygia]]).


⚫
Investigation of ancient stone huts found on the island indicate that it has been inhabited since the third millennium BC. [[Thucydides]] claims that the original inhabitants were [[piratical]] [[Carians]] who were eventually expelled by [[King Minos]] of [[Crete]].<ref>Thucydides, I,8.</ref> By the writing of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', the island was already famous as the birthplace of the twin gods [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]] (although some confusion seems to exist of Artemis' birthplace being either Delos or the island of [[Ortygia]]).
⚫
Between 900&nbsp;BC and 100 AD, Delos was a major cult centre, where the [[List of Greek mythological figures|gods]] [[Dionysus]] and [[Leto]], mother of the twin [[deities]] Apollo and Artemis, were revered. Eventually acquiring [[Panhellenic sanctuary|Panhellenic]] religious significance, Delos was initially a religious [[pilgrimage]] for the [[Ionians]].


⚫
Between 900&nbsp;BC and 100&nbsp;AD, Delos was a major cult centre, where the [[List of Greek mythological figures|gods]] [[Dionysus]] and [[Leto]], mother of the twin [[deities]] Apollo and Artemis, were revered. Eventually acquiring [[Panhellenic sanctuary|Panhellenic]] religious significance, Delos was initially a religious [[pilgrimage]] for the [[Ionians]].
⚫
A number of "[[Ritual purification|purifications]]" were performed by the city-state of [[Athens]] in an attempt to render the island fit for the proper worship of the gods. The first took place in the sixth&nbsp;century BC, directed by the tyrant [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Pisistratus]], who ordered that all graves within sight of the temple be dug up and the bodies moved to another nearby island. In the fifth&nbsp;century BC, during the sixth&nbsp;year of the [[Peloponnesian War]] and under instruction from the [[Delphi|Delphic Oracle]], the entire island was purged of all dead bodies. A new decree was eventually issued, so that no one should be allowed to be buried or give birth on the island due to its sacred importance, and to preserve its neutrality in commerce since no one could then claim ownership through inheritance. Immediately after this purification, the first [[quinquennial]] festival of the Delian games were celebrated there.<ref>Thucydides, III,104.</ref> Four years later, all inhabitants of the island were removed to [[Adramyttium]] in Asia as a further purification.<ref>Thucydides, V,1.</ref>

⚫
A number of "[[Ritual purification|purifications]]" were performed by the city-state of [[Athens]] in an attempt to render the island fit for the proper worship of the gods. The first took place in the sixth century BC, directed by the tyrant [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Pisistratus]], who ordered that all graves within sight of the temple be dug up and the bodies moved to another nearby island. In the fifth&nbsp;century BC, during the sixth year of the [[Peloponnesian War]] and under instruction from the [[Delphi|Delphic Oracle]], the entire island was purged of all dead bodies. A new decree was eventually issued, so that no one should be allowed to be buried or give birth on the island due to its sacred importance, and to preserve its neutrality in commerce since no one could then claim ownership through inheritance. Immediately after this purification, the first [[quinquennial]] festival of the Delian games were celebrated there.<ref>Thucydides, III,104.</ref> Four years later, all inhabitants of the island were removed to [[Adramyttium]] in Asia as a further purification.<ref>Thucydides, V,1.</ref>


After the [[Persian Wars]], the island became the natural meeting ground for the [[Delian League]], founded in 478&nbsp;BC, the [[congresses]] being held in the temple (a separate quarter was reserved for foreigners and the [[sanctuaries]] of foreign [[deities]]). The league's common [[treasury]] was kept here as well until 454&nbsp;BC, when [[Pericles]] removed it to Athens.<ref>Thucydides, I,96.</ref>
After the [[Persian Wars]], the island became the natural meeting ground for the [[Delian League]], founded in 478&nbsp;BC, the [[congresses]] being held in the temple (a separate quarter was reserved for foreigners and the [[sanctuaries]] of foreign [[deities]]). The league's common [[treasury]] was kept here as well until 454&nbsp;BC, when [[Pericles]] removed it to Athens.<ref>Thucydides, I,96.</ref>
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===Roman era===
===Roman era===
[[Strabo]] states that in 166&nbsp;BC, the Romans converted Delos into a free port, which was partially motivated by seeking to damage the trade of [[Rhodes]], at the time the target of Roman hostility. In 167 or 166&nbsp;BC, after the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] victory in the [[Third Macedonian War]], the [[Roman Republic]] ceded the island of Delos to the [[History of Athens|Athenians]], who expelled most of the original inhabitants.<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|page=14|postscript=.}}</ref> Roman traders came to purchase tens of thousands of slaves captured by the [[Cilician pirates]] or captured in the wars following the disintegration of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. It became the center of the slave trade, with the largest [[slavery|slave market]] in the larger region being maintained here.
[[Strabo]] writes that in 166&nbsp;BC, the Romans converted Delos into a free port, which was partially motivated by seeking to damage the trade of [[Rhodes]], at the time the target of Roman hostility. In 167 or 166&nbsp;BC, after the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] victory in the [[Third Macedonian War]], the [[Roman Republic]] ceded Delos to the [[History of Athens|Athenians]], who expelled most of the original inhabitants.<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|page=14|postscript=.}}</ref> Roman traders came to purchase tens of thousands of slaves captured by the [[Cilician pirates]] or captured in the wars following the disintegration of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. It became the center of the slave trade, with the largest [[slavery|slave market]] in the larger region being maintained here.


The [[Battle of Corinth (146 BCE)|Roman destruction of Corinth]] in 146&nbsp;BC allowed Delos to at least partially assume Corinth's role as the premier trading center of [[History of Greece|Greece]], but Delos' commercial prosperity, construction activity, and population waned significantly after the island was assaulted by the forces of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates&nbsp;VI]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] in 88 and 69&nbsp;BC, during the [[Mithridatic Wars]] with Rome.<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|pages=14, 32|postscript=.}}</ref> Before the end of the first&nbsp;century BC, trade routes had changed; Delos was replaced by [[Puteoli]] as the chief focus of Italian trade with the east, and as a cult centre, too, it entered a sharp decline.
The [[Battle of Corinth (146 BCE)|Roman destruction of Corinth]] in 146&nbsp;BC allowed Delos to at least partially assume Corinth's role as the premier trading center of [[History of Greece|Greece]], but Delos' commercial prosperity, construction activity, and population waned significantly after the island was assaulted by the forces of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates&nbsp;VI]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] in 88 and 69&nbsp;BC, during the [[Mithridatic Wars]] with Rome.<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|pages=14, 32|postscript=.}}</ref> Before the end of the first century BC, trade routes had changed; Delos was replaced by [[Puteoli]] as the chief focus of Italian trade with the east, and as a cult centre, too, it entered a sharp decline.


Despite its decline, Delos maintained some population in the early Roman Imperial period. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (8,33,2), writing in the second century AD, states that Delos was uninhabited apart from a few custodians of the sanctuaries. Evidence has been found of Roman baths, coins, an aqueduct, residential and elite houses, multiple churches, basilicas, and a monastery all from the first to sixth centuries AD, which, however, does not suggest that the island was continuously inhabited in the period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DODD, EMLYN K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139263254|title=ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum.|date=2020|publisher=ARCHAEOPRESS|isbn=978-1-78969-403-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1139263254}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Le Quéré |first=Enora |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919408437|title=Les Cyclades sous l'Empire romain : histoire d'une renaissance|date=2015|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|others=Impr. Université Rennes 2)|isbn=978-2-7535-4045-3|location=Rennes|oclc=919408437}}</ref> The pottery found indicates that produce, such as wine and oil, continued to be imported from regional centres. Also, a number of wine presses were found amidst the ruins of the ancient city that date to this period, suggesting that the population at this time was engaged in considerable viticultural endeavour.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DODD, EMLYN K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139263254|title=ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum.|date=2020|publisher=ARCHAEOPRESS|isbn=978-1-78969-403-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1139263254}}</ref>
Despite its decline, Delos maintained some population in the early Roman Imperial period. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (8,33,2), writing in the second century AD, states that Delos was uninhabited apart from a few custodians of the sanctuaries. Evidence has been found of Roman baths, coins, an aqueduct, residential and elite houses, multiple churches, basilicas, and a monastery all from the first to sixth centuries AD, which, however, does not suggest that the island was continuously inhabited in the period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DODD, EMLYN K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139263254|title=ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum.|date=2020|publisher=ARCHAEOPRESS|isbn=978-1-78969-403-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1139263254}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Le Quéré |first=Enora |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919408437|title=Les Cyclades sous l'Empire romain : histoire d'une renaissance|date=2015|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|others=Impr. Université Rennes 2)|isbn=978-2-7535-4045-3|location=Rennes|oclc=919408437}}</ref> The pottery found indicates that produce, such as wine and oil, continued to be imported from regional centres. Also, a number of wine presses were found amidst the ruins of the ancient city that date to this period, suggesting that the population at this time was engaged in considerable viticultural endeavour.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DODD, EMLYN K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139263254|title=ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum.|date=2020|publisher=ARCHAEOPRESS|isbn=978-1-78969-403-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1139263254}}</ref>
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* Several market squares were found; the [[Hellenistic]] [[Agora of the Competaliasts]] by the Sacred Harbour retains the [[postholes]] for market [[awnings]] in its stone paving. Two powerful Italic [[merchant guild]]s dedicated statues and columns there.
* Several market squares were found; the [[Hellenistic]] [[Agora of the Competaliasts]] by the Sacred Harbour retains the [[postholes]] for market [[awnings]] in its stone paving. Two powerful Italic [[merchant guild]]s dedicated statues and columns there.
* The [[Temple of the Delians]], dedicated to Apollo, is a classic example of the [[Doric order]]. Beside the temple, once stood a colossal [[kouros]] of Apollo, only parts of which remain. Dating to the sixth&nbsp;century BC, parts of the upper torso and pelvis remain ''[[in situ]]'', a hand is kept at the local museum, and a foot is in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=459768&partId=1&place=34473&plaA=34473-3-1&page=1 British Museum Collection]</ref>
* The [[Temple of the Delians]], dedicated to Apollo, is a classic example of the [[Doric order]]. Beside the temple, once stood a colossal [[kouros]] of Apollo, only parts of which remain. Dating to the sixth&nbsp;century BC, parts of the upper torso and pelvis remain ''[[in situ]]'', a hand is kept at the local museum, and a foot is in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=459768&partId=1&place=34473&plaA=34473-3-1&page=1 British Museum Collection]</ref>
[[File:Terrace of the Lions 01.jpg|thumb|The Terrace of the Lions]]
[[File:Terrace of the Lions 03.jpg|thumb|The Terrace of the Lions]]
* The Terrace of the Lions, also was dedicated to Apollo by the people of [[Naxos Island|Naxos]] shortly before 600&nbsp;BC. It originally had 9-12 squatting, snarling marble guardian lions along the Sacred Way; one was removed and is presently situated over the main gate of the [[Venetian Arsenal]]. The lions create a monumental avenue comparable to Egyptian [[Avenue of Sphinxes|avenues of sphinxes]]. (A Greek sphinx is in the Delos Museum.) Today, only seven of the original lions remain.
* The Terrace of the Lions, also was dedicated to Apollo by the people of [[Naxos Island|Naxos]] shortly before 600&nbsp;BC. It originally had 9-12 squatting, snarling marble guardian lions along the Sacred Way; one was removed and is presently situated over the main gate of the [[Venetian Arsenal]]. The lions create a monumental avenue comparable to Egyptian [[Avenue of Sphinxes|avenues of sphinxes]]. (A Greek sphinx is in the Delos Museum.) Today, only seven of the original lions remain.
* The Oikos of the Naxians (House of the Naxians), first quarter of sixth&nbsp;century BC, has a long hall with one central ionic colonnade, a west porch tristyle in antis, and an east marble prostasis of the middle of the six,th&nbsp;century BC.<ref>Gruben G., Griechische Tempel und Heiligtümer, München, 2001</ref>
* The Oikos of the Naxians (House of the Naxians), first quarter of sixth&nbsp;century BC, has a long hall with one central ionic colonnade, a west porch tristyle in antis, and an east marble prostasis of the middle of the sixth&nbsp;century BC.<ref>Gruben G., Griechische Tempel und Heiligtümer, München, 2001</ref>
* The Establishment of the Poseidoniasts, clubhouse of "the [[Koinon]] of the [[Berytian]] Poseidoniast merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen",<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazette numismatique suisse| year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN0KAQAAMAAJ|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Jane B.|chapter=Thiasos and Marzeaḥ|year=1997|editor-last=Langdon|editor-first=Susan|title=New Light on a Dark Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FxoAAAAMAAJ|page=99|isbn=9780826210999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title =Hephaistos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-JLAAAAYAAJ|year=2006|page=129}}</ref> during the early years of Roman [[hegemony]], late 2nd&nbsp;century BC. To their protective triad of [[Baal]]/[[Poseidon]], [[Astarte]]/[[Aphrodite]] and [[Eshmun]]/[[Asklepios]], they added [[Roma (mythology)|Roma]].
* The Establishment of the Poseidoniasts, clubhouse of "the [[Koinon]] of the [[Berytian]] Poseidoniast merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen",<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazette numismatique suisse| year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN0KAQAAMAAJ|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Jane B.|chapter=Thiasos and Marzeaḥ|year=1997|editor-last=Langdon|editor-first=Susan|title=New Light on a Dark Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FxoAAAAMAAJ|page=99|publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=9780826210999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title =Hephaistos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-JLAAAAYAAJ|year=2006|page=129}}</ref> during the early years of Roman [[hegemony]], late 2nd&nbsp;century BC. To their protective triad of [[Baal]]/[[Poseidon]], [[Astarte]]/[[Aphrodite]] and [[Eshmun]]/[[Asklepios]], they added [[Roma (mythology)|Roma]].
[[File:House of Dionysos 01.jpg|thumb|right|"The 'house of Dionysus' named after a mosaic of Greek god Dionysus riding a panther"]]
[[File:House of Dionysos 01.jpg|thumb|right|The 'house of Dionysus' named after a mosaic of Greek god [[Dionysus]] riding a panther]]
* The [[Doric order|Doric]] Temple of Isis was built on a high, overlooking hill at the beginning of the Roman period to [[venerate]] the familiar trinity of [[Isis]], the Alexandrian [[Serapis]], and [[Anubis]].
* The [[Doric order|Doric]] Temple of Isis was built on a high, overlooking hill at the beginning of the Roman period to [[venerate]] the familiar trinity of [[Isis]], the Alexandrian [[Serapis]], and [[Anubis]].
* The Temple of Hera, ''circa'' 500&nbsp;BC, is a rebuilding of an earlier Heraion on the site.
* The Temple of Hera, ''circa'' 500&nbsp;BC, is a rebuilding of an earlier Heraion on the site.
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==Further reading and viewing==
==Further reading and viewing==
*Reger, Gary (1994) ''[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6g50071w;brand=ucpress Regionalism and Change in the Economy of Independent Delos].'' Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press.
⚫
* Claude Vial, ''Inscriptions de Délos. Index, tome II: les Déliens'' (Paris: De Boccard, 2008).
*{{cite book |last1=Tréheux |first1=Jacques |title=Études critiques sur les inventaires de l'indépendance délienne |date=2023 |publisher=École Française d'Athènes |location=Athènes |isbn=9782869585669}}
*Vial, Claude (1984) ''[https://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BCHSuppl&volume_number=10&issue_number=0&page_number=3&page_type=0 Délos indépendante].'' Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Supplement X. Athens.
⚫
*Vial, Claude (2008) ''Inscriptions de Délos. Index, tome II: les Déliens'' (Paris: De Boccard)
* ''Delos: Island at the Center of the World''. Princeton, New Jersey: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2006.
* ''Delos: Island at the Center of the World''. Princeton, New Jersey: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2006.
* [[James Theodore Bent|Theodore Bent]], ''The Cyclades, or Life Among the Insular Greeks''. London, 1885, pp. 229-230. Bent's account is based on his visit in March 1884.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Delos}}
{{Commons category|Delos}}
*[http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2371 Hellenic Ministry of Culture site: Delos]
*[http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2371 Hellenic Ministry of Culture site: Delos]
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NQVxUJSkeqYbfw Delos] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061019194133/http://www.efa.gr/histoire/histoire1870_03.htm EfA website with history of the Delos Archaeological site] {{in lang|fr}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061019194133/http://www.efa.gr/histoire/histoire1870_03.htm EfA website with history of the Delos Archaeological site] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.attalus.org/docs/inscriptions2.html#region7b English translations of inscriptions from Delos]
*[http://www.attalus.org/docs/inscriptions2.html#region7b English translations of inscriptions from Delos]
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=37391982&x=25268383&z=12&l=19&m=a Delos Island on WikiMapia]
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=37391982&x=25268383&z=12&l=19&m=a Delos Island on WikiMapia]
*[http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599588 The Barrington Atlas Directory notes: Delos GRE]
*[http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599588 The Barrington Atlas Directory notes: Delos GRE]
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle= Delos |volume= VII |page=51 |short=1}}


{{Delos}}
{{Delos}}

Latest revision as of 04:54, 23 October 2024

For other uses, see Delos (disambiguation).
Delos
Native name:
Δήλος
General view of Delos
Delos (on the right) and Rineia in the Cyclades
Delos is located in Greece
Delos
Delos
Geography
Coordinates37°23′36″N 25°16′16″E / 37.39333°N 25.27111°E / 37.39333; 25.27111
ArchipelagoCyclades
Area3.43 km2 (1.32 sq mi)
Highest elevation112 m (367 ft)
Highest pointMt. Kynthos
Administration
Greece
RegionSouth Aegean
Regional unitMykonos
Demographics
Population24 (2011)
Pop. density6,8/km2 (176/sq mi)
CriteriaCultural: ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference530
Inscription1990 (14th Session)

Delos (/ˈdiːlɒs/; Greek: Δήλος [ˈðilos]; Attic Greek: Δῆλος, Doric Greek: Δᾶλος), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago. Though only 3.43 km2 (1.32 sq mi) in area, it is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in Greece. The ongoing excavations in the island are among the most extensive in the Mediterranean, and many of the artifacts found are displayed at the Archaeological Museum of Delos and the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

Delos had a position as a holy sanctuary for a millennium before Olympian Greek mythology made it the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. From its Sacred Harbour are visible the three conical mounds that have identified landscapes sacred to a goddess (presumably Athena). Another site, retaining its Pre-Greek name Mount Cynthus,[1] is crowned with a sanctuary of Zeus.

In 1990, UNESCO added Delos to the World Heritage List, citing its exceptional archaeological site which "conveys the image of a great cosmopolitan Mediterranean port", its influence on the development of Greek architecture, and its sacred importance throughout Ancient Greece.[2]

History

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Ancient Greece

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Further information: Mosaics of Delos
The island of Delos, Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann, 1847
The theatre

Investigation of ancient stone huts found on the island indicate that it has been inhabited since the third millennium BC. Thucydides claims that the original inhabitants were piratical Carians who were eventually expelled by King Minos of Crete.[3] By the writing of the Odyssey, the island was already famous as the birthplace of the twin gods Apollo and Artemis (although some confusion seems to exist of Artemis' birthplace being either Delos or the island of Ortygia).

Between 900 BC and 100 AD, Delos was a major cult centre, where the gods Dionysus and Leto, mother of the twin deities Apollo and Artemis, were revered. Eventually acquiring Panhellenic religious significance, Delos was initially a religious pilgrimage for the Ionians.

A number of "purifications" were performed by the city-state of Athens in an attempt to render the island fit for the proper worship of the gods. The first took place in the sixth century BC, directed by the tyrant Pisistratus, who ordered that all graves within sight of the temple be dug up and the bodies moved to another nearby island. In the fifth century BC, during the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War and under instruction from the Delphic Oracle, the entire island was purged of all dead bodies. A new decree was eventually issued, so that no one should be allowed to be buried or give birth on the island due to its sacred importance, and to preserve its neutrality in commerce since no one could then claim ownership through inheritance. Immediately after this purification, the first quinquennial festival of the Delian games were celebrated there.[4] Four years later, all inhabitants of the island were removed to Adramyttium in Asia as a further purification.[5]

After the Persian Wars, the island became the natural meeting ground for the Delian League, founded in 478 BC, the congresses being held in the temple (a separate quarter was reserved for foreigners and the sanctuaries of foreign deities). The league's common treasury was kept here as well until 454 BC, when Pericles removed it to Athens.[6]

During the Hellenistic period, a well-established Phoenician colony on the island had extensive trade relations.[7]

The island had no productive capacity for food, fiber, or timber, which were all imported. Limited water was exploited with an extensive cistern and aqueduct system, wells, and sanitary drains. Various regions operated agorae (markets).

Suda writes that the Greeks used the proverb "ᾌδεις ὥσπερ εἰς Δῆλον πλέων", meaning you sing as if sailing into Delos in reference to someone who is happy, light-hearted, and enjoying himself.[8]

Iamblichus writes that Delos Mysteries (similar to the Eleusinian Mysteries) were established.[9]

Roman era

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Strabo writes that in 166 BC, the Romans converted Delos into a free port, which was partially motivated by seeking to damage the trade of Rhodes, at the time the target of Roman hostility. In 167 or 166 BC, after the Roman victory in the Third Macedonian War, the Roman Republic ceded Delos to the Athenians, who expelled most of the original inhabitants.[10] Roman traders came to purchase tens of thousands of slaves captured by the Cilician pirates or captured in the wars following the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire. It became the center of the slave trade, with the largest slave market in the larger region being maintained here.

The Roman destruction of Corinth in 146 BC allowed Delos to at least partially assume Corinth's role as the premier trading center of Greece, but Delos' commercial prosperity, construction activity, and population waned significantly after the island was assaulted by the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus in 88 and 69 BC, during the Mithridatic Wars with Rome.[11] Before the end of the first century BC, trade routes had changed; Delos was replaced by Puteoli as the chief focus of Italian trade with the east, and as a cult centre, too, it entered a sharp decline.

Despite its decline, Delos maintained some population in the early Roman Imperial period. Pausanias (8,33,2), writing in the second century AD, states that Delos was uninhabited apart from a few custodians of the sanctuaries. Evidence has been found of Roman baths, coins, an aqueduct, residential and elite houses, multiple churches, basilicas, and a monastery all from the first to sixth centuries AD, which, however, does not suggest that the island was continuously inhabited in the period.[12][13] The pottery found indicates that produce, such as wine and oil, continued to be imported from regional centres. Also, a number of wine presses were found amidst the ruins of the ancient city that date to this period, suggesting that the population at this time was engaged in considerable viticultural endeavour.[14]

Delos was eventually abandoned around the eighth century AD.[15]

Landmarks

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The Agora of the Competaliasts
  • The small sacred lake in its circular bowl, now intentionally left dry by the island's caretakers to suppress the spread of malaria-bearing mosquitoes,[16] is a topographical feature that determined the placement of later features.
  • The Minoan Fountain was a rectangular public well hewn in the rock, with a central column; it formalized the sacred spring in its present sixth-century BC form, reconstructed in 166 BC, according to an inscription. Tightly laid courses of masonry form the walls; water can still be reached by a flight of steps that fill one side.
  • Several market squares were found; the Hellenistic Agora of the Competaliasts by the Sacred Harbour retains the postholes for market awnings in its stone paving. Two powerful Italic merchant guilds dedicated statues and columns there.
  • The Temple of the Delians, dedicated to Apollo, is a classic example of the Doric order. Beside the temple, once stood a colossal kouros of Apollo, only parts of which remain. Dating to the sixth century BC, parts of the upper torso and pelvis remain in situ, a hand is kept at the local museum, and a foot is in the British Museum.[17]
The Terrace of the Lions
  • The Terrace of the Lions, also was dedicated to Apollo by the people of Naxos shortly before 600 BC. It originally had 9-12 squatting, snarling marble guardian lions along the Sacred Way; one was removed and is presently situated over the main gate of the Venetian Arsenal. The lions create a monumental avenue comparable to Egyptian avenues of sphinxes. (A Greek sphinx is in the Delos Museum.) Today, only seven of the original lions remain.
  • The Oikos of the Naxians (House of the Naxians), first quarter of sixth century BC, has a long hall with one central ionic colonnade, a west porch tristyle in antis, and an east marble prostasis of the middle of the sixth century BC.[18]
  • The Establishment of the Poseidoniasts, clubhouse of "the Koinon of the Berytian Poseidoniast merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen",[19][20][21] during the early years of Roman hegemony, late 2nd century BC. To their protective triad of Baal/Poseidon, Astarte/Aphrodite and Eshmun/Asklepios, they added Roma.
The 'house of Dionysus' named after a mosaic of Greek god Dionysus riding a panther
  • The Doric Temple of Isis was built on a high, overlooking hill at the beginning of the Roman period to venerate the familiar trinity of Isis, the Alexandrian Serapis, and Anubis.
  • The Temple of Hera, circa 500 BC, is a rebuilding of an earlier Heraion on the site.
  • The House of Dionysus is a luxurious second-century private house named for the floor mosaic of Dionysus riding a panther.
  • The House of the Dolphins is similarly named from its atrium mosaic, where erotes ride dolphins; its Phoenician owner commissioned a floor mosaic of Tanit in his vestibule.
  • The Stoivadeion dedicated to Dionysus bears a statue of the god of wine and the life-force. On either side of the platform, a pillar supports a colossal phallus, the symbol of Dionysus. The southern pillar, which is decorated with relief scenes from the Dionysiac circle, was erected around 300 BC to celebrate a winning theatrical performance. The statue of Dionysus was originally flanked by those of two actors impersonating Paposilenoi (conserved in the Archaeological Museum of Delos). The marble theatre is a rebuilding of an older one, undertaken shortly after 300 BC.
  • The “Delos Synagogue”, the ruins of what was once believed to be an ancient Samaritan synagogue.[22]

Current population

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The 2001 Greek census reported a population of 14 inhabitants on the island. The island is administratively a part of the municipality of Mýkonos.

According to more recent numbers, in 2011 the island counted 24 inhabitants.

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ The combination -nth- is a marker for Pre-Greek words: Corinth, menthos, labyrinth, etc. A name Artemis and even Diana retained was Cynthia.
  2. ^ "Delos". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  3. ^ Thucydides, I,8.
  4. ^ Thucydides, III,104.
  5. ^ Thucydides, V,1.
  6. ^ Thucydides, I,96.
  7. ^ Boussac, Marie-Françoise (1982). "À propos de quelques sceaux déliens". Bulletin de correspondance hellénique (in French). 106 (1): 445–446. doi:10.3406/bch.1982.1923. ISSN 0007-4217.
  8. ^ Suda, alpha, 455
  9. ^ Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, § 28.151
  10. ^ Tang, Birgit (2005), Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres, Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca), p. 14, ISBN 8882653056.
  11. ^ Tang, Birgit (2005), Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres, Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca), pp. 14, 32, ISBN 8882653056.
  12. ^ DODD, EMLYN K. (2020). ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum. [Place of publication not identified]: ARCHAEOPRESS. ISBN 978-1-78969-403-1. OCLC 1139263254.
  13. ^ Le Quéré, Enora (2015). Les Cyclades sous l'Empire romain : histoire d'une renaissance. Impr. Université Rennes 2). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-7535-4045-3. OCLC 919408437.
  14. ^ DODD, EMLYN K. (2020). ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum. [Place of publication not identified]: ARCHAEOPRESS. ISBN 978-1-78969-403-1. OCLC 1139263254.
  15. ^ DODD, EMLYN K. (2020). ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN : a comparative ... archaeological study at antiochia ad cragum. [Place of publication not identified]: ARCHAEOPRESS. ISBN 978-1-78969-403-1. OCLC 1139263254.
  16. ^ "Sacred Lake | Greece Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  17. ^ British Museum Collection
  18. ^ Gruben G., Griechische Tempel und Heiligtümer, München, 2001
  19. ^ Gazette numismatique suisse. 1992. p. 124.
  20. ^ Carter, Jane B. (1997). "Thiasos and Marzeaḥ". In Langdon, Susan (ed.). New Light on a Dark Age. University of Missouri Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780826210999.
  21. ^ Hephaistos. 2006. p. 129.
  22. ^ Delos

Further reading and viewing

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  • Reger, Gary (1994) Regionalism and Change in the Economy of Independent Delos. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press.
  • Tréheux, Jacques (2023). Études critiques sur les inventaires de l'indépendance délienne. Athènes: École Française d'Athènes. ISBN 9782869585669.
  • Vial, Claude (1984) Délos indépendante. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Supplement X. Athens.
  • Vial, Claude (2008) Inscriptions de Délos. Index, tome II: les Déliens (Paris: De Boccard)
  • Delos: Island at the Center of the World. Princeton, New Jersey: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2006.
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