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{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil_range|72|68}}
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil_range|72|68}}
| image = Tuarangisaurus keyesi.png
| image = Tuarangisaurus keyesi.png
| image_caption = [[Life restoration]] of ''T. keyesi''
| image_caption = [[Life restoration]] of ''T. keyesi''
| genus = Tuarangisaurus
| genus = Tuarangisaurus
| parent_authority = [[Joan Wiffen|Wiffen]] & Moisley, [[1986 in paleontology|1986]]
| parent_authority = Wiffen, [[Joan Wiffen|Wiffen]] & Moisley, [[1986 in paleontology|1986]]
| authority = Wiffen & Moisley, 1986
| authority = Wiffen, Wiffen & Moisley, 1986
| species = keyesi
| species = keyesi
}}
}}


'''''Tuarangisaurus''''' ({{lang-mi|tuarangi}} "ancient" + {{lang-el|σαῦρος|sauros}} "lizard") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]] known from [[New Zealand]]. The [[type species|type]] and only known species is '''''Tuarangisaurus keyesi''''', named by [[Joan Wiffen|Wiffen]] and Moisley in [[1986 in paleontology|1986]].<ref name="desc">{{cite journal| title = Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand | first1 = J. | last1 = Wiffen | first2 = W.L. | last2 = Moisley | journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics | volume = 29 | year = 1986 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535 | pages = 205–252}}</ref><ref name="redesc">{{cite journal | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 71 | pages = 118–136 | title = Redescription of ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = R.A. | last2 = Otero | first3 = N. | last3 = Hiller | first4 = J. | last4 = Simes | first5 = M. | last5 = Terezow | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014 }}</ref>
'''''Tuarangisaurus''''' ({{langx|mi|tuarangi}} "ancient" + {{langx|el|σαῦρος|sauros}} "lizard") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]] known from [[New Zealand]]. The [[type species|type]] and only known species is '''''Tuarangisaurus keyesi''''', named by "Pont" Wiffen, [[Joan Wiffen]] and Bill Moisley in [[1986 in paleontology|1986]].<ref name="desc">{{cite journal| title = Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand | first1 = J. | last1 = Wiffen | first2 = W.L. | last2 = Moisley | journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics | volume = 29 | year = 1986 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535 | pages = 205–252| bibcode = 1986NZJGG..29..205W }}</ref><ref name="redesc">{{cite journal | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 71 | pages = 118–136 | title = Redescription of ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = R.A. | last2 = Otero | first3 = N. | last3 = Hiller | first4 = J. | last4 = Simes | first5 = M. | last5 = Terezow | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014 }}</ref> The specific name honours Ian W. Keyes of the New Zealand Geological Survey.


==Discovery==
==Discovery==
[[File:Aristonectine (formerly Tuarangisaurus cabazai).jpg|thumb|Restored skeleton of ''T. cabazai'' (now considered as an indeterminate aristonectine)]]
[[File:Aristonectine (formerly Tuarangisaurus cabazai).jpg|thumb|Restored skeleton of ''T. cabazai'' (now considered as an indeterminate aristonectine)]]
''Tuarangisaurus'' is known from the [[holotype]] [[New Zealand Geological Survey|NZGS]] CD425, a nearly complete [[skull]] and [[mandible]], and from NZGS CD426, nine anterior-most [[cervical vertebra]]e. Some [[postcrania]]l remains of juveniles were also attributed to ''Tuarangisaurus'', with one specimen (NZGS CD427) containing at least 30 gastroliths.<ref name="desc"/> It was collected from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the [[Tahora Formation]], dating to the upper [[Campanian]] to lower [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name="redesc"/>
''Tuarangisaurus'' is known from the [[holotype]] [[New Zealand Geological Survey|NZGS]] CD425, a nearly complete [[skull]] and [[mandible]], and from NZGS CD426, rear skull elements and nine anterior-most [[cervical vertebra]]e from the same individual. Some [[postcrania]]l remains of juveniles were also provisionally attributed to ''Tuarangisaurus'', with one specimen (NZGS CD427) containing at least thirty gastroliths.<ref name="desc"/> It was on 20 March 1978 collected by amateur paleontologists from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the [[Tahora Formation]], dating to the upper [[Campanian]] to lower [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name="redesc"/>


A second species, ''T. australis'', was named in 2005;<ref name="eromanga">{{cite journal | last1 = Sachs | first1 = S. | date = 2005 | url = http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | title = ''Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov.'' (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 425–440 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220048/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | archive-date = 2011-09-28 }}</ref> however, it was moved to the genus ''[[Eromangasaurus]]'' in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of ''E. carinognathus''.<ref name=Eromangasaurus07>{{cite journal |authors=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2007 |title=Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus ''Eromangasaurus'', with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86673814 }}</ref> A third species, ''T.? cabazai'', was also referred to ''Tuarangisaurus'' by the original description;<ref name="desc"/> however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate [[aristonectinae|aristonectine]].<ref name="cabazai">{{cite journal | title = Reappraisal of ''Tuarangisaurus? cabazai'' (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 47 | year = 2014 | pages = 39–47 | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = Z. | last2 = Gasparini | first3 = L. | last3 = Salgado | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003 | hdl = 11336/37287 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
A second species, ''T. australis'', was named in 2005;<ref name="eromanga">{{cite journal | last1 = Sachs | first1 = S. | date = 2005 | url = http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | title = ''Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov.'' (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 425–440 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220048/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | archive-date = 2011-09-28 }}</ref> however, it was moved to the genus ''[[Eromangasaurus]]'' in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of ''E. carinognathus''.<ref name=Eromangasaurus07>{{cite journal |author=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2007 |title=Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus ''Eromangasaurus'', with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86673814 }}</ref> Another species, ''T.? cabazai'', was also placed in ''Tuarangisaurus'' by Gasparini, Salgado and Casadio in 2003; however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate [[aristonectinae|aristonectine]].<ref name="cabazai">{{cite journal | title = Reappraisal of ''Tuarangisaurus? cabazai'' (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 47 | year = 2014 | pages = 39–47 | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = Z. | last2 = Gasparini | first3 = L. | last3 = Salgado | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003 | bibcode = 2014CrRes..47...39O | hdl = 11336/37287 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>


In 2017, a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115), originally belonging to ''[[Mauisaurus]]'', has been reassigned to this genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hiller |first1=Norton |last2= O’Gorman |first2= José P. |last3=Otero |first3= Rodrigo A.|last4= Mannering |first4= Al A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313487910 |title= A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874 |year= 2017 |journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume= 60|issue=2 |pages = 112–128 |doi= 10.1080/00288306.2017.1281317|s2cid=132037930 }}</ref> In 2018, Otero and colleagues reported a juvenile specimen which indicated the ontogeny of this plesiosaur. The specimen had many features common with the holotype, but it differed in the orientation of the maxilla along with the number of teeth present in it.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2018|title=A juvenile ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' Wiffen and Moisley, 1986 (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand, with Remarks on Its Skull Ontogeny| first1 = R.A. | last1 = Otero | first2 = J.P. | last2 = O'Gorman | first3 = W.L. | last3 = Moisley | first4 = M. | last4 = Terezow | first5 = J. | last5 = Mckee | volume = 85 | pages = 214–231 | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.007 }}</ref>
In 2017, a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115), originally belonging to ''[[Mauisaurus]]'', has been reassigned to this genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hiller |first1=Norton |last2= O'Gorman |first2= José P. |last3=Otero |first3= Rodrigo A.|last4= Mannering |first4= Al A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313487910 |title= A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874 |year= 2017 |journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume= 60|issue=2 |pages = 112–128 |doi= 10.1080/00288306.2017.1281317|bibcode=2017NZJGG..60..112H |s2cid=132037930 }}</ref> In 2018, Otero and colleagues redescribed the juvenile specimen NZGS CD427 elucidating the ontogeny of this plesiosaur. The specimen had many features common with the holotype, but it differed in the orientation of the maxilla along with the number of teeth present in it.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2018|title=A juvenile ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' Wiffen and Moisley, 1986 (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand, with Remarks on Its Skull Ontogeny| first1 = R.A. | last1 = Otero | first2 = J.P. | last2 = O'Gorman | first3 = W.L. | last3 = Moisley | first4 = M. | last4 = Terezow | first5 = J. | last5 = Mckee | volume = 85 | pages = 214–231 | journal = Cretaceous Research | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.007 |bibcode=2018CrRes..85..214O | hdl = 11336/99631 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Tuarangisaurus'' was a medium-sized plesiosaur, with a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115) measuring over {{convert|8|m|ft}} long and weighing {{convert|1|MT|ST}}.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | title = A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–268 | doi = 10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928 | year = 2016| s2cid = 133139689 | url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/108247 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|year=2022|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles|pages=116|isbn=9780691193809|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> The preserved skull measured about {{cvt|37.0|cm|ftin}} long, and its total skull length is estimated to have been {{cvt|37.5|cm|ftin}} long.<ref name="desc"/> It can be distinguished from all other known elasmosaurids by a unique combination of characteristics as well as two otherwise unknown traits: the ectopterygoid has a long process directed towards the back, and a large boss of bone underneath. A [[stapes]] is present in the holotype; this bone was previously thought to be absent from elasmosaurids.<ref name="redesc"/><ref name="carpenter">{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = K. | date = 1999 | title = Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior | journal = Paludicola | volume = 2 | pages = 148–173}}</ref>
''Tuarangisaurus'' was a medium-sized plesiosaur, with a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115) measuring over {{convert|8|m|ft}} long.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | title = A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–268 | doi = 10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928 | year = 2016| s2cid = 133139689 | url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/108247 }}</ref> The preserved skull measured about {{cvt|37.0|cm|ftin}} long, and its total skull length is estimated to have been {{cvt|37.5|cm|ftin}} long.<ref name="desc"/> It can be distinguished from all other known elasmosaurids by a unique combination of characteristics as well as two otherwise unknown traits: the ectopterygoid has a long process directed towards the back, and a large boss of bone underneath. A [[stapes]] is present in the holotype; this bone was previously thought to be absent from elasmosaurids.<ref name="redesc"/><ref name="carpenter">{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = K. | date = 1999 | title = Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior | journal = Paludicola | volume = 2 | pages = 148–173}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
''Tuarangisaurus'' was initially assigned to the [[Elasmosauridae]];<ref name="desc"/> one study found it to be a close relative of ''[[Callawayasaurus]]''.<ref name="callawaya">{{cite journal | title = ''Albertonectes vanderveldei'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | first1 = T. | last1 = Kubo | first2 = M.T. | last2 = Mitchell | first3 = D.M. | last3 = Henderson | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.658124 | pages = 557–572 | s2cid = 129500470 }}</ref> A phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs run by O'Gorman and colleagues in 2016 reaffirmed that ''Tuarangisaurus'' was an [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]], but rejected a close relationship with ''Callawayasaurus''. Its position within the Elasmosauridae according to this analysis is shown below.<ref name="redesc"/>
''Tuarangisaurus'' was initially assigned to the [[Elasmosauridae]];<ref name="desc"/> one study found it to be a close relative of ''[[Callawayasaurus]]''.<ref name="callawaya">{{cite journal | title = ''Albertonectes vanderveldei'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | first1 = T. | last1 = Kubo | first2 = M.T. | last2 = Mitchell | first3 = D.M. | last3 = Henderson | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.658124 | pages = 557–572 | bibcode = 2012JVPal..32..557K | s2cid = 129500470 }}</ref> A phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs run by O'Gorman and colleagues in 2016 reaffirmed that ''Tuarangisaurus'' was an [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]], but rejected a close relationship with ''Callawayasaurus''. Its position within the Elasmosauridae according to this analysis is shown below.<ref name="redesc"/>


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==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Tuarangisaurus}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
{{Wikispecies|Tuarangisaurus}}


{{Plesiosauria|Plesiosauroidea}}
{{Plesiosauria|Plesiosauroidea}}

Latest revision as of 09:08, 23 October 2024

Tuarangisaurus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 72–68 Ma
↓
Life restoration of T. keyesi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: †Sauropterygia
Order: †Plesiosauria
Family: †Elasmosauridae
Genus: †Tuarangisaurus
Wiffen, Wiffen & Moisley, 1986
Species:
†T. keyesi
Binomial name
†Tuarangisaurus keyesi
Wiffen, Wiffen & Moisley, 1986

Tuarangisaurus (Māori: tuarangi "ancient" + Greek: σαῦρος, romanized: sauros "lizard") is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid known from New Zealand. The type and only known species is Tuarangisaurus keyesi, named by "Pont" Wiffen, Joan Wiffen and Bill Moisley in 1986.[1][2] The specific name honours Ian W. Keyes of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Discovery

[edit]
Restored skeleton of T. cabazai (now considered as an indeterminate aristonectine)

Tuarangisaurus is known from the holotype NZGS CD425, a nearly complete skull and mandible, and from NZGS CD426, rear skull elements and nine anterior-most cervical vertebrae from the same individual. Some postcranial remains of juveniles were also provisionally attributed to Tuarangisaurus, with one specimen (NZGS CD427) containing at least thirty gastroliths.[1] It was on 20 March 1978 collected by amateur paleontologists from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the Tahora Formation, dating to the upper Campanian to lower Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous.[2]

A second species, T. australis, was named in 2005;[3] however, it was moved to the genus Eromangasaurus in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of E. carinognathus.[4] Another species, T.? cabazai, was also placed in Tuarangisaurus by Gasparini, Salgado and Casadio in 2003; however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate aristonectine.[5]

In 2017, a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115), originally belonging to Mauisaurus, has been reassigned to this genus.[6] In 2018, Otero and colleagues redescribed the juvenile specimen NZGS CD427 elucidating the ontogeny of this plesiosaur. The specimen had many features common with the holotype, but it differed in the orientation of the maxilla along with the number of teeth present in it.[7]

Description

[edit]

Tuarangisaurus was a medium-sized plesiosaur, with a complete specimen (CM Zfr 115) measuring over 8 metres (26 ft) long.[8] The preserved skull measured about 37.0 cm (1 ft 2.6 in) long, and its total skull length is estimated to have been 37.5 cm (1 ft 2.8 in) long.[1] It can be distinguished from all other known elasmosaurids by a unique combination of characteristics as well as two otherwise unknown traits: the ectopterygoid has a long process directed towards the back, and a large boss of bone underneath. A stapes is present in the holotype; this bone was previously thought to be absent from elasmosaurids.[2][9]

Classification

[edit]

Tuarangisaurus was initially assigned to the Elasmosauridae;[1] one study found it to be a close relative of Callawayasaurus.[10] A phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs run by O'Gorman and colleagues in 2016 reaffirmed that Tuarangisaurus was an elasmosaurid, but rejected a close relationship with Callawayasaurus. Its position within the Elasmosauridae according to this analysis is shown below.[2]

Elasmosauridae

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Tuarangisaurus.
  1. ^ a b c d Wiffen, J.; Moisley, W.L. (1986). "Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 29 (2): 205–252. Bibcode:1986NZJGG..29..205W. doi:10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535.
  2. ^ a b c d O'Gorman, J.P.; Otero, R.A.; Hiller, N.; Simes, J.; Terezow, M. (2016). "Redescription of Tuarangisaurus keyesi (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position". Cretaceous Research. 71: 118–136. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014.
  3. ^ Sachs, S. (2005). "Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov. (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 50 (2): 425–440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
  4. ^ Benjamin P. Kear (2007). "Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus Eromangasaurus, with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 241–246. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86673814.
  5. ^ O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z.; Salgado, L. (2014). "Reappraisal of Tuarangisaurus? cabazai (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 47: 39–47. Bibcode:2014CrRes..47...39O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003. hdl:11336/37287.
  6. ^ Hiller, Norton; O'Gorman, José P.; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Mannering, Al A. (2017). "A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 60 (2): 112–128. Bibcode:2017NZJGG..60..112H. doi:10.1080/00288306.2017.1281317. S2CID 132037930.
  7. ^ Otero, R.A.; O'Gorman, J.P.; Moisley, W.L.; Terezow, M.; Mckee, J. (2018). "A juvenile Tuarangisaurus keyesi Wiffen and Moisley, 1986 (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand, with Remarks on Its Skull Ontogeny". Cretaceous Research. 85: 214–231. Bibcode:2018CrRes..85..214O. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.007. hdl:11336/99631.
  8. ^ O'Gorman, J.P. (2016). "A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids". Ameghiniana. 53 (3): 245–268. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928. S2CID 133139689.
  9. ^ Carpenter, K. (1999). "Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior". Paludicola. 2: 148–173.
  10. ^ Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M.T.; Henderson, D.M. (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..557K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124. S2CID 129500470.
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