Jump to content

Canoeing: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Reverted Visual edit
 
(19 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Activity of paddling a canoe}}
{{Short description|Activity of paddling a canoe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{redirect|Paddler|the fictional character voiced by Matt Berry|The Wild Robot#Voice cast}}
{{Infobox sport
{{Infobox sport
| name = Canoeing
| name = Canoeing
| image = WW Open Canoe in Big Water.png
| image = Finale C1 200 m féminin Jeux Olympiques Paris 2024.jpg
| alt = open water canoeing
| alt = open water canoeing
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = Whitewater canoe
| caption = Canoeing at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]]
| union = [[International Canoe Federation]]
| union = [[International Canoe Federation]]
| nickname =
| nickname =
Line 18: Line 19:
| equipment =
| equipment =
| venue =
| venue =
| olympic = 1936–present
| olympic = [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]–present
| paralympic =
| paralympic = [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016]]-present
| IWGA = [[Canoe polo at the World Games|Canoe polo]]: 2005–present
| IWGA = [[Canoe polo at the World Games|Canoe polo]]: 2005–present
| obsolete =
| obsolete =
Line 29: Line 30:
== History of organized recreational canoeing ==
== History of organized recreational canoeing ==


[[File:Canoeing.jpg|thumb|Canoeing in the USA 1920s]]
Canoeing is an ancient mode of transportation. Modern recreational canoeing was established in the late 19th century. In 1924, canoeing associations from Austria, Germany, Denmark and Sweden founded the ''Internationalen Representation for Kanusport'', forerunner of the [[International Canoe Federation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dudley|first=Marianna|date=1 September 2017|title="Muddying the waters: recreational conflict and rights of use of British rivers"|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12685-017-0193-2|journal=Water History|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=259–277|doi=10.1007/s12685-017-0193-2|issn=1877-7244|hdl=1983/d36c7fb8-a502-4b08-89fe-e535e09bbd21|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Canoeing became part of the [[Olympic Games]] in the [[1936 Summer Olympics|summer of 1936]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/canoe-kayak-sprint-equipment-and-history?tab=history |title=Canoe/Kayak Sprint Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/know-your-sport-canoeing-2951642/ |title=Rio 2016 Olympics: Know your sport — Canoeing |date=3 August 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> The main form of competitive sport was [[canoe sprint]] using a [[sprint canoe]]. Others include [[canoe polo]], [[whitewater canoeing]], [[canoe marathon]], [[ICF canoe marathon]], and [[playboating]].


Canoeing is an ancient mode of transportation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nyabongo |first=A. K. |date=1943 |title=The Role of the Canoe |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44214297 |journal=Negro History Bulletin |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10–23 |jstor=44214297 |issn=0028-2529}}</ref> Modern recreational canoeing was established in the late 19th century. Among early promoters of canoeing as a sport was [[Carl Smith (canoeing)|Carl Smith]], who introduced canoeing to Sweden in the 1880s. In 1924, canoeing associations from Austria, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden founded the ''Internationalen Representation for Kanusport'', the forerunner of the [[International Canoe Federation]] (ICF).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dudley|first=Marianna|date=1 September 2017|title="Muddying the waters: recreational conflict and rights of use of British rivers"|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12685-017-0193-2|journal=Water History|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=259–277|doi=10.1007/s12685-017-0193-2|bibcode=2017WatHi...9..259D |issn=1877-7244|hdl=1983/d36c7fb8-a502-4b08-89fe-e535e09bbd21|s2cid=151360522 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Canoeing became part of the [[Olympic Games]] in the [[1936 Summer Olympics|summer of 1936]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/canoe-kayak-sprint-equipment-and-history?tab=history |title=Canoe/Kayak Sprint Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/know-your-sport-canoeing-2951642/ |title=Rio 2016 Olympics: Know your sport — Canoeing |date=3 August 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> The main form of competitive sport was [[canoe sprint]] using a [[sprint canoe]]. Others include [[canoe polo]], [[whitewater canoeing]], [[canoe marathon]], [[ICF canoe marathon]], and [[playboating]].
National canoe associations include the [[American Canoe Association|American]], [[Canadian Canoe Association|Canadian]], [[British Canoe Union|British]], [[Scottish Canoe Association|Scottish]], and [[Welsh Canoe Association|Welsh]].

More than 170 national canoe associations and federations are members of the ICF, including the [[American Canoe Association|American]], [[Canadian Canoe Association|Canadian]], [[British Canoe Union|British]], [[Scottish Canoe Association|Scottish]], and [[Welsh Canoe Association|Welsh]].


==Recreational canoeing==
==Recreational canoeing==
[[File:Kanutour in Finland.jpg|thumb|People canoeing at Lake Kokkojärvi in [[Lieksa]], Finland]]
[[File:Kanutour in Finland.jpg|thumb|People canoeing at Lake Kokkojärvi in [[Lieksa]], Finland]]
Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an ''Open canoe''. A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing such as canoe sprint and [[canoe marathon]]s. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds and streams.
Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe, canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an ''Open canoe''. A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing such as canoe sprint and [[canoe marathon]]s. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds, and streams.
[[File:Marty Plante - Ramapo River, 2006.jpg|alt=A canoeist on the Ramapo River, New York State, USA.|thumb|A canoeist on the Ramapo River, New York State, USA.]]

The [[summer Olympics]] include [[Canoeing at the Summer Olympics|canoeing competitions]]. [[Canoe slalom]] (previously known as [[whitewater]] slalom) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on the river [[rapids]] in the fastest time possible. It is one of the two kayak and canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics and is referred to by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom. The other Olympic canoeing discipline is the canoe sprint.
The Canadian Canoe Association had a history of non-completive paddling for recreational activities. Its main focus however was competitive canoe racing as a Representative from Canada to the International Canoe Federation.

It was in 1971, when it became clear to the founders of the Canadian Canoeing Association that recreational paddling enthusiasts from across Canada required a national body to co-ordinate the efforts of those involved exclusively in non-competitive canoeing and kayaking. The Canadian Canoe Association wanted to incorporate but could not because of the pre-existing registration of the corporate name “Canadian Canoeing Association” in the Province of Ontario.

         The board of the Canadian Canoeing Association formalized a request that Recreation Canada (the then federal department responsible for Fitness and Amateur Sport) convene a meeting of the "umbrella organization” to include among other groups: the Canadian Canoe Association, the Canadian Whitewater Affiliate, the Canadian Red Cross, Royal Life, Canadian Camping Association (and others). The purpose of the meeting was to identify the distinct separation for competitive and non-competitive canoeing interests. The meeting was a success for both interest groups. Competitive canoeing would be the sole domain of the Canadian Canoe Association. It would consent to allowing the Canadian Canoeing Association to appoint a representative to the International Canoe Federation Touring Committee and be responsible for the activities associated with recreational paddling in Canada. It would also be allowed to incorporate using the name Canadian Canoe Association.

In a spirit of cooperation and consent of, the board of the Canadian Canoeing Association directed its executive to consent to the incorporation of the Canadian Canoe Association by that organization; thus, giving up the name "Canadian Canoeing Association".

         The board also agreed to change its name to the Canadian Recreational Canoeing Association. The board directed that the organization apply under the Canada business corporations for a trans-jurisdictional move from Ontario to Ottawa resulting in a federal corporation as opposed to a corporation with Provincial status. At the Semi-annual meeting of the Canadian Canoeing Association l in Montreal on May 6, 1976 the directors authorized a consent to be filed with the Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations for the Province of Ontario permission for the Canadian Canoe Association to use that name for incorporation purposes.
----The name of Canadian Recreational Canoeing Association was changed to "Paddle Canada" in 2007. This is the story of the renaissance of recreational paddling. It is written on the 50th anniversary of Paddle Canada (1971- 2021).  It is written from the perspective of the contribution of organized canoeing to a reawakening of the recognition of the canoe as a national symbol. It is now an important catalyst for unity of purpose causing one to reflect on its importance to our unique Canadian culture. Our lives are enriched with purpose and imbued with a connection with history when we are on the water in a canoe be it a dugout, a birch-bark, a wooden canoe, or a modern craft made of aluminum, fiberglass, or composite. The canoe is the ideal vehicle for allowing us to get close to nature. As Bill Mason proclaimed, “the most beautiful and functional craft ever created.”[1]

Any narrative of this kind necessarily begins with a glimpse into the history of the canoe which is a penetrating glance into the history of our magnificent country. So, the text will necessarily reflect on the country's incredible history with special emphasis on the role of our first nations peoples in giving us this magical craft and providing leadership at the time of contact in the many dimensions of travel, exploration, and trade for the past four centuries. The experiential history of First Nations Peoples in North America with hand powered craft reaches back some 10,000 years.

The Canadian Canoeing Association came into being with an idea and a vision. That was in the summer of 1971 when John Eberhard recognized the need for a national association of canoeing enthusiasts. The irony in this is seen in the formation and activation of the American Canoe Association (ACA) nearly 100 years (1888) before.[2] There is a rich history between the use of the canoe for travel exploration and trade and the emerging interest of this iconic vessel for recreational purposes. The mid-19th century saw this graduated transformation generating the production of commercially produced craft which led to the canoe becoming a vehicle for romance and competition.[3]

Since its incorporation in 1972, the Canadian Canoeing Association - CCA (which morphed into the Canadian Recreational Canoeing Association – CRCA - in 1975) dramatically increased the availability of information to canoeists, kayakers, paddle boarders, polers, and river/sea kayakers in Canada and around the world.

Organized canoeing in the 1970s was a re-awakening of interest in this form of recreation. The work of the association during this renaissance reinforced the strategies on how to safely experience Canadian waterways by hand-powered craft. From its early meagre beginnings, the CRCA, now called Paddle Canada[4] has become known across Canada for the services it provides to paddlers as well as being an active advocate for waterway conservation. In its first 25 years, the organization provided the means and vehicles by which the emergence of modern recreational paddling evolved.

The evolution of the canoeing world has been chronicled by many enthusiasts. This look at the culture surrounding the North American canoe is also about how a non-profit, service-oriented organization was invented and evolved.

Time and place congers up varying images depending on interest and experience. Most cultures whose habitat include a dependency on proximity to oceans, lakes and rivers have created watercraft. Ancient tool finds tell us that carved dugout canoe date from 20,000 years and sails have existed for 7,000 years.[5] Canoe designs and use have been refined over the years. As have the way we individually and collectively relate to hand powered craft. In Canada, we might relate to periods of history in which the canoe is known:

·       Pre-contact period[6]

·       The fur Trade and exploration era[7]

·       The organization eras[8]

·       Competitive Canoeing (see Canadian Canoe Association)

·       The Romantic era

·       Aboriginal cultural influences

·       Canoe/Kayaking tripping

·       Organized canoe camping

·       The canoe building era

·       The transition period to the professional instructor era

·       Home for Canoeing in Canada

·       Canoe Museums

This narrative touches on all of these.

Or we might look at the history in terms of the types of craft in the human-powered movement

·       The dugout[9]

·       Birch bark canoes[10]

·       Elm bark canoes

·       All-wood canoes

·       Wood and Canvas Canoes

·       Kayak evolution

·       Synthetic Canoes

However one compartmentalizes the history of the Canadian Canoe, it is fair to say that until organized recreational canoeing was institutionalized, the many dimensions of our love for this little craft were not very visible to the public. In the 1970s there were few books dedicated to the interests of recreational paddlers.[11]  Media attention evolved in the 1970s and 1980s to an all-time high. Promoted by CRCA, films, videos, radio commentaries, newspapers, magazines, and journals together with in-house publications began to focus on the canoe and kayak in a variety of ways. New authors began to appear.[12] Many of them now associated with those associated with the Home for Canoeing in Canada at the CRCA national office in Merrickville, Ontario, the Canadian Canoe Museum in Peterborough Ontario and Universities.[13]

One Hundred years after the beginning of the romantic period of rendezvous on Sugar Island by the American Canoe Association, new initiatives began to emerge.

''Canoe and Canvas'''[14]''''' offers a detailed portrait of the summer encampments of the American Canoe Association between 1880 and 1910. The encampments were annual events that attracted canoeing enthusiasts from both sides of the Canada-US border to socialize, race canoes, and sleep under canvas. While the encampments were located away from cities, they were still subjected to urban logic and ways of living. The encampments, thus, offer a unique site for exploring cultures of sport and leisure in late Victorian society, but also for considering the intersections between recreation, competition  and the politics of everyday life. The age of romance in the canoe was born.

A social history of sport particularly focuses on the concern with how gender, class, and race shaped the social, cultural, and physical landscapes of the ACA encampments. Although there was an ever-expanding arena of opportunity for leisure and sport in the late nineteenth century, as the example of the ACA makes clear, not all were granted equal access. Most of the members of the American Canoe Association and the majority of the campers at the annual encampments were white, middle-class men, though white women were extended partial membership in 1882, and in 1883, they were permitted to camp on site.  Black, Indigenous, and working-class people, were obscured in the historical record. The class members were indispensable to the smooth functioning of these events through their labour but not integrated participants as they became during the renaissance 100 years later.

During that same hundred years organized private and institutional youth camps began to feature canoe related activities. Re-enactments of historic events and festivals provided interpretation and experience for a broad cross-section of the public in the deep history of Canada. Canoe ownership went from 123,000 in 1970 to 607,000 in just more than 20 years.[15]  In 1979, the US Census Bureau reported that 1.3 million canoes were in use in the USA.[16] In 2005, the National Marine Manufacturers Association estimated between 90,000 and 110,000 canoes were being sold annually in the USA.[17] The number of canoes and paddlers continues to significantly increase during the renaissance. A Colorado State University study estimated that by 2020, 23.3 million canoeists were using the craft for recreational purposes.[18] Old Town Canoe reported that by the mid-1990's it was selling 15,000 plastic canoes per year and claimed that the “Discovery” was the number one selling canoe in the world.[19] CRCA reported by the end of 1980, millions of Canadians were paddling – 2.1 million[20] were reported through statistics generated from association membership, affiliate and federated membership, local and municipal canoe clubs[21] and kindred organizations such as the Canadian Camping Association. There were approximately 1.3 million canoes and kayaks in Canada. The renaissance was generating tremendous influence on the recreating habits of Canadians.

Early Beginnings of the Renaissance

The CCA was incorporated by letters patent (Ontario) on May 18, 1972. It changed its name to CRCA, a not-for-profit organization at its annual meeting in 1975. The name changed in 2007 to Paddle Canada which today, is the national association for recreational paddling in Canada.

The organizational AGM in Winnipeg in 1975 set the stage for the renaissance. A number of important and enduring resolutions were passed by the 12-member board[22] at that transformational meeting. They included commitments to build on Association (Provinces and Territories) and Affiliate relationship with service increasing public awareness and history as found in the conservancy of canoe artifacts.

Board members from each of the Provinces and Territories recognized the value of and fostering relationships with kindred organizations and specific initiatives. These included the following:

1.     Canadian Camping Association

2.     Kandalore International Museum

3.     Canadian Whitewater Association

4.     Canadian Canoe Association

5.     Canadian Red Cross

Active Task Forces and Committees were formed to serve the public

6.     National Standards

7.     National Canoe School

8.     Publications

9.     Information Committee

10. Canoe Route Specification Committee

11. Finance Committee

12. Liaison Committee

13. Historic Routes Committee

14. Executive Committee

15. Standards Committee (Canoe, Equipment, Facility)

16. Canoeing Ethics Committee

17. Kanawa Canada (trade name for CRCA)

18. Outfitters Liaison

19. Flotation Devices

20. Protocol with Recreation Canada

21. National federation of canoeing associations

22. Canoe Canada representation

Following the 1975 meeting, each of these task forces and committees expanded by mandate and contributed to the growing expansion of services to the general public. The increasing awareness of the value and relationship between the canoe, our history and experiential opportunities diffused through many public outlets. Reports from the chairs of each committee and task force reported regularly to the executive committee and reports relayed to the board at the annual and semi-annual meetings conducted for many years with the support of Recreation Canada.

The renaissance was complete by the silver anniversary[23] of the organization. Its legacy is seen today with the current national association called Paddle Canada. Its mandate and use of most of the committees originally created has narrowed but continues to provide a valuable service to the canoeing public.[24]

'''Mission and Strategies'''

The organization now sets standards for instruction and certification for recreational canoeing, kayaking, poling and stand-up paddling.  Paddle Canada certifications are nationally accredited and internationally recognized. The American Red Cross's water safety program in the 1920s (later adopted by the Canadian Red Cross) was the first major national attempt to teach everyone to swim.[25] It also published “official minimum standards” for proficiency in canoeing.[26] Today, approximately 2500 certified instructors deliver sanctioned courses to more than 15,000 paddlers across Canada. There are over 220,000 paddlers in its data base.

Paddle Canada proclaimed a Mission Statement in 2007?

'''''“We promote, educate, and support the recreational paddling community, paddling instructors, and partners.”'''''

This is the story of the renaissance of recreational paddling from the perspective of organized canoeing contributing to a reawakening of the recognition of the canoe as a national symbol. It is now an important catalyst for unity of purpose causing one to reflect on its important contribution to Canadian culture. Our lives are enriched with purpose and imbued with a connection with history when we are on the water in a canoe; be it a dugout, a birch-bark, or wooden canoe or a modern craft made of aluminum, fiberglass, or composite. Allowing us to get close to nature, the canoe is the ideal vehicle. Any narrative of this kind necessarily begins with a glimpse into the history of the canoe which is a penetrating glance into the history of our magnificent country.

John Janes Eberhard, co-founder of Paddle Canada (London, Ontario)
----[1] WaterWalker: Bill Mason Producer and Director for the National Fil Board and Imago 1984. WaterWalker is a glimpse into Bill Mason's appreciation of nature and his understanding of native people who inhabited the area of Lake Superior. The film contains some beautiful scenery of Ontario, an additional treat is the opportunity to hear some great acoustic guitar playing by Bruce Cockburn. CCA director, Claude Cousineau, was an advisor to the director.

[2] Canoes: A Natural History in North America. (Mark Neuzil  and Norman Sims) University of Minnesota Press. IBID # 978-1-55455-438-6. P. 149



The [[summer Olympics]] include [[Canoeing at the Summer Olympics|canoeing competitions]]. [[Canoe slalom]] (previously known as [[whitewater]] slalom) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on river [[rapids]] in the fastest time possible. It is one of the two kayak and canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics, and is referred to by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom. The other Olympic canoeing discipline is canoe sprint.


In his lifetime, according to the [[Guinness Book of World Records]], [[Verlen Kruger]] paddled the most miles (over 100,000 miles) of anyone in the sport.<ref>{{cite journal|author=canoekayakmag|date=9 August 2004|title=Obituary: Verlen Kruger Remembered|url=http://www.canoekayak.com/canoe/krugerobit/|journal=Canoe & Kayak|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
In his lifetime, according to the [[Guinness Book of World Records]], [[Verlen Kruger]] paddled the most miles (over 100,000 miles) of anyone in the sport.<ref>{{cite journal|author=canoekayakmag|date=9 August 2004|title=Obituary: Verlen Kruger Remembered|url=http://www.canoekayak.com/canoe/krugerobit/|journal=Canoe & Kayak|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[List of sprint canoeists by country]]
*[[Outline of canoeing and kayaking]]
*[[Outline of canoeing and kayaking]]
*[[Canoe paddle strokes]]
*[[Canoe paddle strokes]]
Line 204: Line 58:
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.canoeicf.com/ International Canoe Federation (ICF)]
*[http://www.canoeicf.com/ International Canoe Federation (ICF)]
*[http://www.canoeresults.eu/ CanoeResults.eu] (results of mayor canoe competitions)


{{Canoeing and kayaking}}
{{Canoeing and kayaking}}

Latest revision as of 20:51, 23 October 2024

"Paddler" redirects here. For the fictional character voiced by Matt Berry, see The Wild Robot § Voice cast.
Canoeing
open water canoeing
Canoeing at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Highest governing bodyInternational Canoe Federation
Presence
Olympic1936–present
Paralympic2016-present
World GamesCanoe polo: 2005–present

Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity. Broader meanings include when it is combined with other activities such as canoe camping, or where canoeing is merely a transportation method used to accomplish other activities. Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an open canoe.

A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds and streams.

History of organized recreational canoeing

[edit]
Canoeing in the USA 1920s

Canoeing is an ancient mode of transportation.[1] Modern recreational canoeing was established in the late 19th century. Among early promoters of canoeing as a sport was Carl Smith, who introduced canoeing to Sweden in the 1880s. In 1924, canoeing associations from Austria, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden founded the Internationalen Representation for Kanusport, the forerunner of the International Canoe Federation (ICF).[2] Canoeing became part of the Olympic Games in the summer of 1936.[3][4] The main form of competitive sport was canoe sprint using a sprint canoe. Others include canoe polo, whitewater canoeing, canoe marathon, ICF canoe marathon, and playboating.

More than 170 national canoe associations and federations are members of the ICF, including the American, Canadian, British, Scottish, and Welsh.

Recreational canoeing

[edit]
People canoeing at Lake Kokkojärvi in Lieksa, Finland

Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe, canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an Open canoe. A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing such as canoe sprint and canoe marathons. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds, and streams.

A canoeist on the Ramapo River, New York State, USA.
A canoeist on the Ramapo River, New York State, USA.

The summer Olympics include canoeing competitions. Canoe slalom (previously known as whitewater slalom) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on the river rapids in the fastest time possible. It is one of the two kayak and canoeing disciplines at the Summer Olympics and is referred to by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as Canoe/Kayak Slalom. The other Olympic canoeing discipline is the canoe sprint.

In his lifetime, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, Verlen Kruger paddled the most miles (over 100,000 miles) of anyone in the sport.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nyabongo, A. K. (1943). "The Role of the Canoe". Negro History Bulletin. 7 (1): 10–23. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44214297.
  2. ^ Dudley, Marianna (1 September 2017). ""Muddying the waters: recreational conflict and rights of use of British rivers"". Water History. 9 (3): 259–277. Bibcode:2017WatHi...9..259D. doi:10.1007/s12685-017-0193-2. hdl:1983/d36c7fb8-a502-4b08-89fe-e535e09bbd21. ISSN 1877-7244. S2CID 151360522.
  3. ^ "Canoe/Kayak Sprint Equipment and History". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Rio 2016 Olympics: Know your sport — Canoeing". The Indian Express. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  5. ^ canoekayakmag (9 August 2004). "Obituary: Verlen Kruger Remembered". Canoe & Kayak. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canoeing.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Canoeing.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canoeing&oldid=1252988544"