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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
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[[Image:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg|300 px|thumb|''Grunnlovsforsamlingen Eidsvoll 1814'' - painting by [[Oscar Wergeland]]. The speaker is C.M.Falsen and next to him sits W.F.K.Christie.]]
{{Short description|Constitutional assembly held at Eidsvoll, Norway in 1814}}
The '''Norwegian Constituent Assembly''' (in Norwegian '''''Grunnlovsforsamlingen''''', also known as '''''Riksforsamlingen''''') is the name given to the 1814 Constitutional Assembly at [[Eidsvoll]] in [[Norway]], that voted the [[Norwegian Constitution]] and formalised the dissolution of the union with [[Denmark]]. In Norway, it is often just referred to as '''''Eidsvollsforsamlingen''''', which means ''The Assembly of Eidsvoll''.
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[[File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg|300 px|thumb|''Grunnlovsforsamlingen Eidsvoll 1814'' - painting by [[Oscar Wergeland]]. The speaker is C.M.Falsen and next to him sits W.F.K.Christie.]]
The '''Norwegian Constituent Assembly''' ({{langx|no|'''Grunnlovsforsamlingen'''}} or {{lang|no|'''Riksforsamlingen'''}}) is the name given to the 1814 [[Constituent assembly|constitutional assembly]] that adopted the [[Norwegian Constitution]] and formalised the dissolution of the union with [[Denmark]]. The meetings took place at the [[Eidsvollsbygningen|Eidsvoll Manor]] in the village of [[Eidsvoll Verk]] in the [[Eidsvoll Municipality|Eidsvoll parish]] in [[Akershus]] county, Norway from 10 April to 20 May 1814. In Norway, it is often just referred to as '''''Eidsvollsforsamlingen''''', which means ''The Assembly of Eidsvoll''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grunnlov og union 1814 |url=http://www.kongehuset.no/seksjon.html?tid=27624&sek=26976 |website=Det Norske Kongehus |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eidsvoll og Grunnloven 1814 |url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Stortinget-og-demokratiet/Grunnloven/Eidsvoll-og-grunnloven-1814/ |website=stortinget.no |date=25 May 2023 |language=no}}</ref><ref name="snl">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Eidsvollsforsamlingen |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=[[Kunnskapsforlaget]] |url=https://snl.no/Eidsvollsforsamlingen |date=2021-09-10 |editor-last=Mardal |editor-first=Magnus A. |language=no |accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref>


==The Assembly==
==The Assembly==
The election started in February 1814 in [[Oslo|Christiania]] (now Oslo) in order to draft the Norwegian Constitution.
''Riksforsamlingen'' is a Norwegian term approximately meaning "The National Assembly". The prefix ''"Riks"'' in Norwegian has a Germanic root (compare ''Reichs-'' in German, ''Rijks-'' in Dutch, ''Rigs-'' in Danish, ''Riks-'' in Swedish), meaning "realm", and "''forsamlingen''" translates to "the assembly".


The Assembly gathered at [[The Eidsvoll Manor]] ({{lang|no|Eidsvollsbygningen}}) and became known as "The Men of Eidsvoll" ({{lang|no|Eidsvollsmennene}}).
The Assembly was [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly election, February–August 1814|elected]] starting in [[Oslo|Christiania]] in February, and was convened to forge the Norwegian Constitution ("''Norges Grunnlov''"). The delegates were popularly dubbed ''Eidsvollsmennene'' ("The Men of Eidsvoll"). The Assembly met in [[The Eidsvoll Manor]] (''Eidsvollsbygningen''). They met on 10 April outside Eidsvoll church and the assembly was formally opened the next day. The assembly was composed of delegates from around the country. However, the northernmost parts of the country were not represented because of the long distances and lack of time.


They first met on 10 April by [[Eidsvoll Church]] before the assembly formally opened the next day. It was intended to be composed of delegates from the entire country but the northernmost parts were not represented because of the long distances and lack of time.<ref name="snl2">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll 1814 |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=[[Kunnskapsforlaget]] |url=https://snl.no/Riksforsamlingen_p%C3%A5_Eidsvoll_1814 |date=2024-06-06 |editor-last=Mardal |editor-first=Magnus A. |language=no |accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref>
The presidents and vice presidents of the assembly were chosen for one week, thus continuously changing. The presidents were: [[Peder Anker]] (10-17 April), [[Diderik Hegermann]] (18-24 April), [[Jens Schou Fabricius]] (25 April-1 May), [[Christian Adolph Diriks]] (2-8 May), [[Christian Magnus Falsen]] (9-16 May) and [[Georg Sverdrup]] (17-20 May). [[Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie]] was the assembly's permanent secretary.


The Assembly agreed upon the text of the Constitution on 17 May 1814. Sverdrup, who was the last president, gave the final speech. The Constitution was signed and dated 18 May 1814, but the 17th of May is today celebrated as the Norwegian [[National Day]]. The members said farewell on 20 May, when they held each other's hands saying "United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!"
[[Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie]] was the assembly's permanent secretary. The Assembly agreed upon the text of the Constitution on 17 May 1814 which from the 1820s began to be celebrated as Norway's [[National Day]] although the document was actually signed and dated on the 18th. Sverdrup, who was the last president, gave the final speech. The assembly members departed on 20 May with the oath "[[Enige og tro inntil Dovre faller|United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!]]".<ref name="snl3">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Grunnlovas historie |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=[[Kunnskapsforlaget]] |url=https://snl.no/Grunnlovas_historie |date=2023-01-04 |editor-last=Mestad |editor-first=Ole |language=no |accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref>

===Leadership===
The presidents and vice presidents of the assembly were chosen for one week at a time. The presidents were:
*10-17 April: [[Peder Anker]]
*18-24 April: [[Diderik Hegermann]]
*25 April-1 May: [[Jens Schou Fabricius]]
*2-8 May: [[Christian Adolph Diriks]]
*9-16 May: [[Christian Magnus Falsen]]
*17-20 May: [[Georg Sverdrup]]


==Background==
==Background==
Forced in early 1814 to sign the [[Treaty of Kiel]] as an ally of [[France]] in the later phase of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the King of [[Denmark-Norway]] had to cede Norway to the King of [[Sweden]]. The people of Norway, never consulted, objected to the royal sell-out. The vice-roy and [[heir presumptive]] of Denmark-Norway, [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederik]], took the lead in an insurrection and called a Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll. The Norwegian Constitution of 17 May formalised Norway’s independence after nearly 400 years of union with Denmark. On the same day, Christian Frederik was elected King of Norway. As a result of this, Sweden invaded Norway. After a campaign of two weeks, a peace treaty (The [[Convention of Moss]]) was concluded. King Christian Frederik was forced to abdicate, but Norway remained nominally independent and kept its Constitution with only such amendments as were required to allow it to enter into a loose personal [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union]] with Sweden. On 4 November, the [[Storting]] amended the Constitution accordingly, and elected the Swedish king [[Charles XIII of Sweden|King Charles XIII]] as king of Norway. Although the two states retained their separate governments and institutions, except for the king and the foreign service, Norwegians grew increasingly discontented with the union, which had been forced upon them. In 1905 the [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905|union]] was peacefully dissolved, giving Norway its full independence.
Forced in early 1814 to sign the [[Treaty of Kiel]] as an ally of [[France]] in the later phase of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the King of [[Denmark-Norway]] had to cede Norway to the King of [[Sweden]]. The people of Norway, never consulted, objected to the royal sell-out. The vice-roy and [[heir presumptive]] of Denmark-Norway, [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederik]], took the lead in an insurrection and called a Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll. The Norwegian Constitution of 17 May formalised Norway's independence after more than 400 years of union with Denmark. On the same day, Christian Frederik was elected King of Norway. As a result of this, Sweden invaded Norway. After a campaign of two weeks, a peace treaty (The [[Convention of Moss]]) was concluded. King Christian Frederik was forced to abdicate, but Norway remained nominally independent and kept its Constitution with only such amendments as were required to allow it to enter into a loose personal [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union]] with Sweden. On 4 November, the [[Storting]] amended the Constitution accordingly, and elected the Swedish king [[Charles XIII of Sweden|King Charles XIII]] as king of Norway. Although the two states retained their separate governments and institutions, except for the king and the foreign service, Norwegians grew increasingly discontented with the union, which had been forced upon them. In 1905 the [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden|union was peacefully dissolved]], giving Norway its full independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grunnlovens Jubileet 1814-2014 |url=http://www.nb.no/nbdigital/grunnlovsjubileet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616033744/https://www.nb.no/nbdigital/grunnlovsjubileet/ |archive-date=2020-06-16 |website=Nasjonalbiblioteket |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Grunnlova |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=[[Kunnskapsforlaget]] |url=https://snl.no/Grunnlova |date=2023-05-28 |editor-last=Holmøyvik |editor-first=Eirik |language=no |accessdate=2024-06-23}}</ref>

==Rumor about an African servant in a cabinet==
In 2014 [[Aftenposten]] said that for over 100 years "many newspaper articles and history books" have retold a rumour about a boy in a cabinet. Supposedly in the spring of 1814 a small African boy stayed in a corner cabinet, coming out to attend to the tobacco pipes of the guests of the manor. The presence of such a servant is not mentioned in letters or diary notes of any of the delegates.<ref name=""""Servant"">{{Cite news |last=Kagge |first=Gunnar |date=2014-09-08 |title=Historien om den lille gutten i skapet |trans-title=The tale of the little boy in the cabinet |work=Aftenposten |page=14 |language=no}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 22: Line 36:


==References==
==References==
===Notes===
* ''This article is based on a translation of an article from the [[Norwegian Wikipedia]]''.
{{Reflist}}

===Other sources===
*{{Cite book |last=Andenæs |first=Johannes |title=Statsforfatningen i Norge |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |year=2006 |isbn=9788215009896 |location=Oslo |language=no}}
*{{Cite book |last=Frydenlund |first=Bård |title=Spillet om Norge. Det politiske året 1814 |year=2014 |isbn=9788205463561}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gisle |first=Jon |title=Jusleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |year=2010 |isbn=9788257321048 |location=Oslo |language=no}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Glenthøj |first1=Rasmus |title=1814: Krig, nederlag, frihed. Danmark-Norge under Napoleonskrigene |last2=Ottosen |first2=Morten Nordhagen |publisher=Gads forlag |year=2014 |isbn=9788712049227 |location=Copenhagen |language=no}}
*{{Cite book |last=Holme |first=Jørn |title=De kom fra alle kanter - Eidsvollsmennene og deres hus |publisher=Cappelen Damm |year=2014 |isbn=9788202445645 |location=Oslo |language=no}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Hommerstad |first1=Marthe |title=Ideal og realitet. 1814 i politisk praksis for folk og elite |last2=Ottosen |first2=Morten Nordhagen |publisher=Akademika forlag |year=2014 |isbn=9788232103348 |location=Oslo |language=no}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Ottosen |first1=Morten Nordhagen |title=Samfunn i krig. Norden 1808-09 |last2=Glenthøj |first2=Rasmus |publisher=Akademika forlag |year=2012 |isbn=9788274775572 |location=Oslo |language=no}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.stortinget.no/om_stortinget/lover_regler/grunnlov_1814.html Original text of the Norwegian Constitution (1814)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080305075404/http://www.stortinget.no/om_stortinget/lover_regler/grunnlov_1814.html Original text of the Norwegian Constitution (1814)]
*[http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/?aid=9043784 The ‘Eidsvollsmennene’ (names and regions of the delegates)]
*[http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/?aid=9043784 The 'Eidsvollsmennene' (names and regions of the delegates)]
*[http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/?aid=9043759 The ‘Eidsvollsbygningen’]
*[http://www.eidsvoll1814.no/?aid=9043759 The 'Eidsvollsbygningen']

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1814 in Norway]]
[[Category:1814 in Norway]]
[[Category:Political history of Norway]]
[[Category:Political history of Norway]]
[[Category:Constitutional conventions]]
[[Category:Constituent assemblies]]
[[Category:Norwegian nationalism]]
[[Category:Norwegian nationalism]]
[[Category:1814 in politics]]

{{Link GA|fi}}
{{Link GA|no}}

Latest revision as of 19:06, 28 October 2024

Grunnlovsforsamlingen Eidsvoll 1814 - painting by Oscar Wergeland. The speaker is C.M.Falsen and next to him sits W.F.K.Christie.

The Norwegian Constituent Assembly (Norwegian: Grunnlovsforsamlingen or Riksforsamlingen) is the name given to the 1814 constitutional assembly that adopted the Norwegian Constitution and formalised the dissolution of the union with Denmark. The meetings took place at the Eidsvoll Manor in the village of Eidsvoll Verk in the Eidsvoll parish in Akershus county, Norway from 10 April to 20 May 1814. In Norway, it is often just referred to as Eidsvollsforsamlingen, which means The Assembly of Eidsvoll.[1][2][3]

The Assembly

[edit]

The election started in February 1814 in Christiania (now Oslo) in order to draft the Norwegian Constitution.

The Assembly gathered at The Eidsvoll Manor (Eidsvollsbygningen) and became known as "The Men of Eidsvoll" (Eidsvollsmennene).

They first met on 10 April by Eidsvoll Church before the assembly formally opened the next day. It was intended to be composed of delegates from the entire country but the northernmost parts were not represented because of the long distances and lack of time.[4]

Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie was the assembly's permanent secretary. The Assembly agreed upon the text of the Constitution on 17 May 1814 which from the 1820s began to be celebrated as Norway's National Day although the document was actually signed and dated on the 18th. Sverdrup, who was the last president, gave the final speech. The assembly members departed on 20 May with the oath "United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!".[5]

Leadership

[edit]

The presidents and vice presidents of the assembly were chosen for one week at a time. The presidents were:

Background

[edit]

Forced in early 1814 to sign the Treaty of Kiel as an ally of France in the later phase of the Napoleonic Wars, the King of Denmark-Norway had to cede Norway to the King of Sweden. The people of Norway, never consulted, objected to the royal sell-out. The vice-roy and heir presumptive of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik, took the lead in an insurrection and called a Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll. The Norwegian Constitution of 17 May formalised Norway's independence after more than 400 years of union with Denmark. On the same day, Christian Frederik was elected King of Norway. As a result of this, Sweden invaded Norway. After a campaign of two weeks, a peace treaty (The Convention of Moss) was concluded. King Christian Frederik was forced to abdicate, but Norway remained nominally independent and kept its Constitution with only such amendments as were required to allow it to enter into a loose personal union with Sweden. On 4 November, the Storting amended the Constitution accordingly, and elected the Swedish king King Charles XIII as king of Norway. Although the two states retained their separate governments and institutions, except for the king and the foreign service, Norwegians grew increasingly discontented with the union, which had been forced upon them. In 1905 the union was peacefully dissolved, giving Norway its full independence.[6][7]

Rumor about an African servant in a cabinet

[edit]

In 2014 Aftenposten said that for over 100 years "many newspaper articles and history books" have retold a rumour about a boy in a cabinet. Supposedly in the spring of 1814 a small African boy stayed in a corner cabinet, coming out to attend to the tobacco pipes of the guests of the manor. The presence of such a servant is not mentioned in letters or diary notes of any of the delegates.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Grunnlov og union 1814". Det Norske Kongehus (in Norwegian).
  2. ^ "Eidsvoll og Grunnloven 1814". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 25 May 2023.
  3. ^ Mardal, Magnus A., ed. (10 September 2021). "Eidsvollsforsamlingen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  4. ^ Mardal, Magnus A., ed. (6 June 2024). "Riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll 1814". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  5. ^ Mestad, Ole, ed. (4 January 2023). "Grunnlovas historie". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  6. ^ "Grunnlovens Jubileet 1814-2014". Nasjonalbiblioteket (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 June 2020.
  7. ^ Holmøyvik, Eirik, ed. (28 May 2023). "Grunnlova". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  8. ^ Kagge, Gunnar (8 September 2014). "Historien om den lille gutten i skapet" [The tale of the little boy in the cabinet]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 14.

Other sources

[edit]
  • Andenæs, Johannes (2006). Statsforfatningen i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215009896.
  • Frydenlund, Bård (2014). Spillet om Norge. Det politiske året 1814. ISBN 9788205463561.
  • Gisle, Jon (2010). Jusleksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. ISBN 9788257321048.
  • Glenthøj, Rasmus; Ottosen, Morten Nordhagen (2014). 1814: Krig, nederlag, frihed. Danmark-Norge under Napoleonskrigene (in Norwegian). Copenhagen: Gads forlag. ISBN 9788712049227.
  • Holme, Jørn (2014). De kom fra alle kanter - Eidsvollsmennene og deres hus (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen Damm. ISBN 9788202445645.
  • Hommerstad, Marthe; Ottosen, Morten Nordhagen (2014). Ideal og realitet. 1814 i politisk praksis for folk og elite (in Norwegian). Oslo: Akademika forlag. ISBN 9788232103348.
  • Ottosen, Morten Nordhagen; Glenthøj, Rasmus (2012). Samfunn i krig. Norden 1808-09 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Akademika forlag. ISBN 9788274775572.
[edit]
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