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| type = Metal
| type = Metal
| material = y
| material = y
| supports = [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]], [[Ultron]], [[Bullseye (comics)|Bullseye]], [[Lady Deathstrike]], [[X-23]]
| supports = [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]], [[Ultron]], [[Bullseye (comics)|Bullseye]], [[Lady Deathstrike]], [[X-23]], [[Daken]], [[Omega Red]]
| subcat = Marvel Comics
| subcat = Marvel Comics
| sortkey = Adamantium
| sortkey = Adamantium
}}
}}
'''Adamantium''' is a fictional metal [[alloy]], most famously appearing in [[American comic books]] published by [[Marvel Comics]]. It is best known as the substance bonded to the character [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]'s skeleton and claws.
'''Adamantium''' is a fictional metal [[alloy]], most famously appearing in [[American comic books]] published by [[Marvel Comics]]. It is best known as the substance bonded to the character [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]'s skeleton and claws.

==First mention==
==First mention in Marvel comics==
It was first mentioned in [[Marvel Comics]] in a story scripted by writer [[Roy Thomas]] and drawn by [[Barry Windsor-Smith]] and [[Syd Shores]] in ''[[The Avengers (comic)|The Avengers]]'' #66 (July 1969). Here, it is part of [[supervillain]] [[Ultron]]'s outer shell.<ref name="Back38">{{cite journal|last= Walker|first= Karen|date= February 2010|title= Ultron: The Black Sheep of the Avengers Family|journal= [[Back Issue!]]|issue= #38|pages= 23–30|publisher = [[TwoMorrows Publishing]]}}</ref> In the stories where it appears, the defining quality of adamantium is its indestructibility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brevoort |first1=Tom |last2=DeFalco |first2=Tom |last3=Manning |first3=Matthew K. |last4=Sanderson |first4=Peter |last5=Wiacek |first5=Win |title=Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History |date=2017 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1465455505 |page=136}}</ref>
It was first mentioned in [[Marvel Comics]] in a story scripted by writer [[Roy Thomas]] and drawn by [[Barry Windsor-Smith]] and [[Syd Shores]] in ''[[The Avengers (comic)|The Avengers]]'' #66 (July 1969). Here, it is part of [[supervillain]] [[Ultron]]'s outer shell.<ref name="Back38">{{cite journal|last= Walker|first= Karen|date= February 2010|title= Ultron: The Black Sheep of the Avengers Family|journal= [[Back Issue!]]|issue= #38|pages= 23–30|publisher = [[TwoMorrows Publishing]]}}</ref> In the stories where it appears, the defining quality of adamantium is its indestructibility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brevoort |first1=Tom |last2=DeFalco |first2=Tom |last3=Manning |first3=Matthew K. |last4=Sanderson |first4=Peter |last5=Wiacek |first5=Win |title=Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History |date=2017 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1465455505 |page=136}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The word is a pseudo-Latin [[neologism]] (real Latin: ''adamans'', from original Greek ''ἀδάμας'' [=indomitable]; ''adamantem'' [Latin accusative]) based on the English noun and adjective ''[[adamant]]'' (and the derived adjective ''adamantine'') added to the neo-Latin suffix "[[-ium]]." The adjective ''adamant'' has long been used to refer to the property of impregnable, diamond-like hardness, or to describe a very firm/resolute position (e.g. ''He adamantly refused to leave''). The noun ''adamant'' describes any impenetrably or unyieldingly hard substance and, formerly, a legendary stone/rock or mineral of impenetrable hardness and with many other properties, often identified with [[diamond]] or [[lodestone]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122027/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0007420#m_en_gb0007420 "adamant - definition of adamant"]. Oxforddictionaries.com.</ref><ref name=Kundu>{{cite journal |last=Kundu |first=Suze |date=2019 |title=Elements of science and fiction |journal=[[Nature Chemistry]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=13–16 |doi=10.1038/s41557-018-0194-5|pmid=30552432 |bibcode=2019NatCh..11...13K |s2cid=54626181 }}</ref> ''Adamant'' and the literary form ''adamantine'' occur in works such as ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'',<ref name=Kundu/> and the film ''[[Forbidden Planet]]'' (as "adamantine steel").
The word is a pseudo-Latin [[neologism]] (real Latin: ''adamans'', from original Greek ''ἀδάμας'' [=indomitable]; ''adamantem'' [Latin accusative]) based on the English noun and adjective ''[[adamant]]'' (and the derived adjective ''adamantine'') added to the neo-Latin suffix "[[-ium]]". The adjective ''adamant'' has long been used to refer to the property of impregnable, diamond-like hardness, or to describe a very firm/resolute position (e.g. ''He adamantly refused to leave''). The noun ''adamant'' describes any impenetrably or unyieldingly hard substance and, formerly, a legendary stone/rock or mineral of impenetrable hardness and with many other properties, often identified with [[diamond]] or [[lodestone]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122027/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0007420#m_en_gb0007420 "adamant - definition of adamant"]. Oxforddictionaries.com.</ref><ref name=Kundu>{{cite journal |last=Kundu |first=Suze |date=2019 |title=Elements of science and fiction |journal=[[Nature Chemistry]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=13–16 |doi=10.1038/s41557-018-0194-5|pmid=30552432 |bibcode=2019NatCh..11...13K |s2cid=54626181 }}</ref>


In 1912, The Metallurgo Syndicate, Ltd., of Balfour House, used "Adamantium" (with a capital 'A') as a product brand when they exhibited ''"two of their specialities in the shape of '''Adamantium''' bronze—a high-class non-corrosive, anti-friction metal..."''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fowler|first=William|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015084517963&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021|title=The Mechanical Engineer, Vol. XXX|publisher=The Scientific Publishing Company|year=1912|pages=520|language=English}}</ref>
In 1912, The Metallurgo Syndicate, Ltd., of Balfour House, used "Adamantium" (with a capital 'A') as a product brand when they exhibited ''"two of their specialities in the shape of '''Adamantium''' bronze - a high-class non-corrosive, anti-friction metal..."''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fowler|first=William|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015084517963&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021|title=The Mechanical Engineer, Vol. XXX|publisher=The Scientific Publishing Company|year=1912|pages=520|language=English}}</ref>


The term ''adamantium'' occurred in the 1941 short story "Devil's Powder" by [[Malcolm Jameson]], appearing in ''[[Astounding Stories]]'':<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astounding-science-fiction_1941-06_27_4|title=Astounding Stories 1941-06: vol. 27 Iss #4|date=June 1941|publisher=Penny Publications|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref><blockquote>"It was a bullet. It was a small slug of ''adamantium'', the toughest and hardest of all metals..."</blockquote>All these uses predate the use of ''adamantium'' in Marvel's comics.<ref name=Kundu/>
The term "adamantium" occurred in the 1941 short story "Devil's Powder" by [[Malcolm Jameson]], appearing in ''[[Astounding Stories]]'':<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astounding-science-fiction_1941-06_27_4|title=Astounding Stories 1941-06: vol. 27 Iss #4|date=June 1941|publisher=Penny Publications|language=English}}</ref> ''"It was a bullet. It was a small slug of ''adamantium'', the toughest and hardest of all metals..."''

''Adamant'' and the literary form ''adamantine'' occur in works such as ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'',<ref name=Kundu/> and the film ''[[Forbidden Planet]]'' (as "adamantine steel").

All these uses predate the use of ''adamantium'' in Marvel's comics.<ref name=Kundu/>


==Fictional history and properties==
==Fictional history and properties==
According to Marvel's comics the components of the alloy are kept in separate batches—typically in blocks of resin—before molding. Adamantium is prepared by melting the blocks together, mixing the components while the resin evaporates. The alloy must then be cast within eight minutes. Marvel Comics' adamantium has an extremely stable molecular structure that prevents it from being further molded even if the temperature is high enough to keep it in its liquefied form. In its solid form, it is described as a dark, shiny gray, like high-grade steel or [[titanium]].<ref>''The Avengers'' #201–202 (Nov.–Dec. 1980)</ref> It is near-impossible to destroy or fracture in this state, and when molded to a sharp edge, can penetrate most lesser materials with minimal force.<ref>''The Uncanny X-Men'' #139 (Nov. 1980)</ref>
According to Marvel's comics the components of the alloy are kept in separate batches—typically in blocks of resin—before molding. Adamantium is prepared by melting the blocks together, mixing the components while the resin evaporates. The alloy must then be cast within eight minutes. Marvel Comics' adamantium has an extremely stable molecular structure that prevents it from being further molded even if the temperature is high enough to keep it in its liquefied form. In its solid form, It is near-impossible to destroy or fracture in this state, and when molded to a sharp edge, can penetrate most lesser materials with minimal force.<ref>''The Classic X-Men'' #16 (Sept. 1987)</ref>


The Marvel Comics character Wolverine discovers an adamantium-laced skull in the villain [[Apocalypse (character)|Apocalypse]]'s laboratory and says it seems to have been there for "[[Aeon|eons]]".<ref>''Wolverine: The Jungle Adventure'' (1990)</ref>
The Marvel Comics character Wolverine discovers an adamantium-laced skull in the villain [[Apocalypse (character)|Apocalypse]]'s laboratory and says it seems to have been there for "[[Aeon|eons]]".<ref>''Wolverine: The Jungle Adventure'' (1990)</ref>
Line 34: Line 39:
* [[Ultron]]'s outer shell<ref name="Back38"/>
* [[Ultron]]'s outer shell<ref name="Back38"/>
* [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]'s skeleton and claws<ref>''X-Men'' #98 (April 1976) (w)[[Chris Claremont]]</ref>
* [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]'s skeleton and claws<ref>''X-Men'' #98 (April 1976) (w)[[Chris Claremont]]</ref>
* [[Sabretooth (comics)|Sabretooth]]'s skeleton and claws were laced with adamantium in a 1998 storyline.<ref>[[Claremont, Chris]] (w); [[Yu, Leinil Franics]] (a), "Blood Wedding", ''Wolverine'' )(Vol. 2) #126 (July 1998). [[Marvel Comics]].</ref>
* [[Sabretooth (character)|Sabretooth]]'s skeleton and claws were laced with adamantium in a 1998 storyline.<ref>[[Claremont, Chris]] (w); [[Yu, Leinil Franics]] (a), "Blood Wedding", ''Wolverine'' )(Vol. 2) #126 (July 1998). [[Marvel Comics]].</ref>
* [[Captain America|Captain America's]] [[Captain America's shield#Circular shield|second shield]], alloyed with [[vibranium]] and steel<ref>''Captain America'' #303 (March 1985)</ref><ref>''The [[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe]]'' #2 (February 1983). Entry: "Captain America", pg. 22</ref>
* Most of [[Bullseye (comics)|Bullseye]]'s skeleton.<ref name="DD197">''Daredevil'' #197</ref>
* Most of [[Bullseye (comics)|Bullseye]]'s skeleton.<ref name="DD197">''Daredevil'' #197</ref>
* [[Lady Deathstrike]]'s skeleton and talons<ref>[[Claremont, Chris]] (w) [[Windsor-Smith, Barry]] (a), "Wounded Wolf", ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #205 (May 1986). [[Marvel Comics]].</ref>
* [[Lady Deathstrike]]'s skeleton and talons<ref>[[Claremont, Chris]] (w) [[Windsor-Smith, Barry]] (a), "Wounded Wolf", ''The Uncanny X-Men'' #205 (May 1986). [[Marvel Comics]].</ref>
Line 43: Line 47:
==Other versions==
==Other versions==
===Secondary adamantium===
===Secondary adamantium===
Marvel’s comic books introduced a variant of "true" adamantium, “secondary adamantium”, to explain why, in certain stories, adamantium was shown to be damaged by sufficiently powerful conventional forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/marvel-adamantium-types-explained/ |author=Martin, Michael|title=Marvel: Every Type Of Adamantium, Explained|publisher=[[CBR.com]] |url-status=live|date=February 27, 2020|accessdate=May 18, 2022|archivedate=May 28, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528030649/https://www.cbr.com/marvel-adamantium-types-explained/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.marvel.com/items/adamantium "Adamantium"]. Marvel.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</ref> Its resilience is described as far below that of “true“ adamantium.<ref>[http://www.marveldirectory.com/miscellaneous/adamantium.htm "Adamantium"]. Marvel Directory.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</ref><ref>"Adamantium". ''The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition'' #1 p. 5 (Marvel, August 1985)</ref>
Marvel's comic books introduced a variant of "true" adamantium, "secondary adamantium", to explain why in certain stories adamantium was shown to be damaged by sufficiently powerful conventional forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/marvel-adamantium-types-explained/ |author=Martin, Michael|title=Marvel: Every Type Of Adamantium, Explained|publisher=[[CBR.com]] |url-status=live|date=February 27, 2020|accessdate=May 18, 2022|archivedate=May 28, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528030649/https://www.cbr.com/marvel-adamantium-types-explained/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.marvel.com/items/adamantium "Adamantium"]. Marvel.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</ref> Its resilience is described as far below that of "true" adamantium.<ref>[http://www.marveldirectory.com/miscellaneous/adamantium.htm "Adamantium"]. Marvel Directory.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</ref><ref>"Adamantium". ''The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition'' #1 p. 5 (Marvel, August 1985)</ref>


Appearances of secondary adamantium in Marvel comic books include the casing of the supercomputer F.A.U.S.T.,<ref>''Marvel Team-Up'' #18 (February 1974)</ref> a suit constructed by F.A.U.S.T. and [[Blastaar]] for [[Stilt-Man#Fictional character biography|Stilt-Man]],<ref>''Thor'' #269 (March 1978)</ref> a retractable protective dome around Exile Island,<ref>''Super-Villain Team-Up'' #17 (June 1980)</ref> and an army of Ultron duplicates.<ref>"This Evil Triumphant!". ''The Avengers'' vol.3 #22 (Nov. 1999)</ref>
Appearances of secondary adamantium in Marvel comic books include the casing of the supercomputer F.A.U.S.T.,<ref>''Marvel Team-Up'' #18 (February 1974)</ref> a suit constructed by F.A.U.S.T. and [[Blastaar]] for [[Stilt-Man#Fictional character biography|Stilt-Man]],<ref>''Thor'' #269 (March 1978)</ref> a retractable protective dome around Exile Island,<ref>''Super-Villain Team-Up'' #17 (June 1980)</ref> and an army of Ultron duplicates.<ref>"This Evil Triumphant!". ''The Avengers'' vol.3 #22 (Nov. 1999)</ref>


===Ultimate Marvel===
===Ultimate Marvel===
In stories published under the Marvel Comics [[Ultimate Marvel|Ultimate Marvel imprint]], adamantium is highly durable and can shield a person's mind from [[telepath]]ic probing or attacks. It is a component of the claws and skeleton of [[Ultimate Wolverine]] and of the [[Lady Deathstrike#Ultimate Lady Deathstrike|Ultimate Lady Deathstrike]] character. This version of adamantium is not unbreakable. In ''Ultimates'' #5, the Hulk breaks a needle made of adamantium. In ''Ultimate X-Men'' #11 (December 2001), an adamantium cage is damaged by a bomb. In ''Ultimate X-Men'' #12 (January 2002), one of [[Sabretooth (comics)|Sabretooth]]'s four adamantium claws is broken.<ref>''Ultimate X-Men'' #12 (January 2002)</ref>
In stories published under the Marvel Comics [[Ultimate Marvel|Ultimate Marvel imprint]], adamantium is highly durable and can shield a person's mind from [[telepath]]ic probing or attacks. It is a component of the claws and skeleton of [[Ultimate Wolverine]] and of the [[Lady Deathstrike#Ultimate Lady Deathstrike|Ultimate Lady Deathstrike]] character. This version of adamantium is not unbreakable. In ''Ultimates'' #5, the Hulk breaks a needle made of adamantium. In ''Ultimate X-Men'' #11 (December 2001), an adamantium cage is damaged by a bomb. In ''Ultimate X-Men'' #12 (January 2002), one of [[Sabretooth (character)|Sabretooth]]'s four adamantium claws is broken.<ref>''Ultimate X-Men'' #12 (January 2002)</ref>


==Comparison with real materials==
==Comparison with real materials==
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{{Marvel Characters}}
{{Marvel Characters}}


⚫
[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Fictional metals]]
[[Category:Fictional metals]]
⚫
[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in the 1969]]

Latest revision as of 14:53, 1 November 2024

For other uses of "adamant" and similar terms, see Adamant (disambiguation).
Adamantium
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceThe Avengers #66 (July 1969)
Created byRoy Thomas
Barry Windsor-Smith
Syd Shores
In story information
TypeMetal
Element of stories featuringWolverine, Ultron, Bullseye, Lady Deathstrike, X-23, Daken, Omega Red

Adamantium is a fictional metal alloy, most famously appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is best known as the substance bonded to the character Wolverine's skeleton and claws.

First mention in Marvel comics

[edit]

It was first mentioned in Marvel Comics in a story scripted by writer Roy Thomas and drawn by Barry Windsor-Smith and Syd Shores in The Avengers #66 (July 1969). Here, it is part of supervillain Ultron's outer shell.[1] In the stories where it appears, the defining quality of adamantium is its indestructibility.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The word is a pseudo-Latin neologism (real Latin: adamans, from original Greek ἀδάμας [=indomitable]; adamantem [Latin accusative]) based on the English noun and adjective adamant (and the derived adjective adamantine) added to the neo-Latin suffix "-ium". The adjective adamant has long been used to refer to the property of impregnable, diamond-like hardness, or to describe a very firm/resolute position (e.g. He adamantly refused to leave). The noun adamant describes any impenetrably or unyieldingly hard substance and, formerly, a legendary stone/rock or mineral of impenetrable hardness and with many other properties, often identified with diamond or lodestone.[3][4]

In 1912, The Metallurgo Syndicate, Ltd., of Balfour House, used "Adamantium" (with a capital 'A') as a product brand when they exhibited "two of their specialities in the shape of Adamantium bronze - a high-class non-corrosive, anti-friction metal..."[5]

The term "adamantium" occurred in the 1941 short story "Devil's Powder" by Malcolm Jameson, appearing in Astounding Stories:[6] "It was a bullet. It was a small slug of adamantium, the toughest and hardest of all metals..."

Adamant and the literary form adamantine occur in works such as The Faerie Queene, Paradise Lost, Gulliver's Travels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Lord of the Rings,[4] and the film Forbidden Planet (as "adamantine steel").

All these uses predate the use of adamantium in Marvel's comics.[4]

Fictional history and properties

[edit]

According to Marvel's comics the components of the alloy are kept in separate batches—typically in blocks of resin—before molding. Adamantium is prepared by melting the blocks together, mixing the components while the resin evaporates. The alloy must then be cast within eight minutes. Marvel Comics' adamantium has an extremely stable molecular structure that prevents it from being further molded even if the temperature is high enough to keep it in its liquefied form. In its solid form, It is near-impossible to destroy or fracture in this state, and when molded to a sharp edge, can penetrate most lesser materials with minimal force.[7]

The Marvel Comics character Wolverine discovers an adamantium-laced skull in the villain Apocalypse's laboratory and says it seems to have been there for "eons".[8]

As a key component

[edit]

Other versions

[edit]

Secondary adamantium

[edit]

Marvel's comic books introduced a variant of "true" adamantium, "secondary adamantium", to explain why in certain stories adamantium was shown to be damaged by sufficiently powerful conventional forces.[15][16] Its resilience is described as far below that of "true" adamantium.[17][18]

Appearances of secondary adamantium in Marvel comic books include the casing of the supercomputer F.A.U.S.T.,[19] a suit constructed by F.A.U.S.T. and Blastaar for Stilt-Man,[20] a retractable protective dome around Exile Island,[21] and an army of Ultron duplicates.[22]

Ultimate Marvel

[edit]

In stories published under the Marvel Comics Ultimate Marvel imprint, adamantium is highly durable and can shield a person's mind from telepathic probing or attacks. It is a component of the claws and skeleton of Ultimate Wolverine and of the Ultimate Lady Deathstrike character. This version of adamantium is not unbreakable. In Ultimates #5, the Hulk breaks a needle made of adamantium. In Ultimate X-Men #11 (December 2001), an adamantium cage is damaged by a bomb. In Ultimate X-Men #12 (January 2002), one of Sabretooth's four adamantium claws is broken.[23]

Comparison with real materials

[edit]

Scientist David Evans argued that as adamantium "is considered to be a very dense and indestructible metal" the most suitable real material to model it would be osmium, "the densest known metallic element".[24]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Walker, Karen (February 2010). "Ultron: The Black Sheep of the Avengers Family". Back Issue! (#38). TwoMorrows Publishing: 23–30.
  2. ^ Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 978-1465455505.
  3. ^ "adamant - definition of adamant". Oxforddictionaries.com.
  4. ^ a b c Kundu, Suze (2019). "Elements of science and fiction". Nature Chemistry. 11 (1): 13–16. Bibcode:2019NatCh..11...13K. doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0194-5. PMID 30552432. S2CID 54626181.
  5. ^ Fowler, William (1912). The Mechanical Engineer, Vol. XXX. The Scientific Publishing Company. p. 520.
  6. ^ Astounding Stories 1941-06: vol. 27 Iss #4. Penny Publications. June 1941.
  7. ^ The Classic X-Men #16 (Sept. 1987)
  8. ^ Wolverine: The Jungle Adventure (1990)
  9. ^ X-Men #98 (April 1976) (w)Chris Claremont
  10. ^ Claremont, Chris (w); Yu, Leinil Franics (a), "Blood Wedding", Wolverine )(Vol. 2) #126 (July 1998). Marvel Comics.
  11. ^ Daredevil #197
  12. ^ Claremont, Chris (w) Windsor-Smith, Barry (a), "Wounded Wolf", The Uncanny X-Men #205 (May 1986). Marvel Comics.
  13. ^ X-23: Target X
  14. ^ Ennis, Garth (w), Dillon, Steve (p), Palmiotti, Jimmy (i), Sotomayor, Chris (col), RS and Comicraft's Wes Abbott (let), Stuart Moore (ed). "Dirty Work" The Punisher, vol. 6, no. 4 (October 2001). New York City: Marvel Comics.
  15. ^ Martin, Michael (February 27, 2020). "Marvel: Every Type Of Adamantium, Explained". CBR.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  16. ^ "Adamantium". Marvel.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  17. ^ "Adamantium". Marvel Directory.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  18. ^ "Adamantium". The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #1 p. 5 (Marvel, August 1985)
  19. ^ Marvel Team-Up #18 (February 1974)
  20. ^ Thor #269 (March 1978)
  21. ^ Super-Villain Team-Up #17 (June 1980)
  22. ^ "This Evil Triumphant!". The Avengers vol.3 #22 (Nov. 1999)
  23. ^ Ultimate X-Men #12 (January 2002)
  24. ^ Evans, David (2015). "Wolverine: The Force Behind His Train Lunge" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Science Topics. 4: 90–92. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
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