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'''''Tuarangisaurus''''' (Maori ''tuarangi'' "ancient" + Greek ''sauros'' "lizard") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]] known from [[New Zealand]]. The [[type species|type]] and only known species is '''''T. keyesi''''', named by Wiffen and Moisley in [[1986 in paleontology|1986]].<ref name="desc">{{cite journal| title = Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand | first1 = J. | last1 = Wiffen | first2 = W.L. | last2 = Moisley | journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics | volume = 29 | year = 1986 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535 | pages = 205–252}}</ref><ref name="redesc">{{cite journal | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 71 | pages = 118–136 | title = Redescription of ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = R.A. | last2 = Otero | first3 = N. | last3 = Hiller | first4 = J. | last4 = Simes | first5 = M. | last5 = Terezow | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116303597}}</ref>
'''''Tuarangisaurus''''' (Maori ''tuarangi'' "ancient" + Greek ''sauros'' "lizard") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[elasmosauridae|elasmosaurid]] known from [[New Zealand]]. The [[type species|type]] and only known species is '''''T. keyesi''''', named by Wiffen and Moisley in [[1986 in paleontology|1986]].<ref name="desc">{{cite journal| title = Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand | first1 = J. | last1 = Wiffen | first2 = W.L. | last2 = Moisley | journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics | volume = 29 | year = 1986 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535 | pages = 205–252}}</ref><ref name="redesc">{{cite journal | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 71 | pages = 118–136 | title = Redescription of ''Tuarangisaurus keyesi'' (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = R.A. | last2 = Otero | first3 = N. | last3 = Hiller | first4 = J. | last4 = Simes | first5 = M. | last5 = Terezow | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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''Tuarangisaurus'' is known from the [[holotype]] [[New Zealand Geological Survey|NZGS]] CD425, a nearly complete [[skull]] and [[mandible]], and from NZGS CD426, nine anterior-most [[cervical vertebra]]e. Some [[postcrania]]l remains of juveniles were also attributed to ''Tuarangisaurus''.<ref name="desc"/> It was collected from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the [[Tahora Formation]], dating to the upper [[Campanian]] to lower [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]], about 78 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]].<ref name="redesc"/>
''Tuarangisaurus'' is known from the [[holotype]] [[New Zealand Geological Survey|NZGS]] CD425, a nearly complete [[skull]] and [[mandible]], and from NZGS CD426, nine anterior-most [[cervical vertebra]]e. Some [[postcrania]]l remains of juveniles were also attributed to ''Tuarangisaurus''.<ref name="desc"/> It was collected from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the [[Tahora Formation]], dating to the upper [[Campanian]] to lower [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]], about 78 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]].<ref name="redesc"/>


A second species, ''T. australis'', was named in 2005;<ref name="eromanga">{{cite journal | last1 = Sachs | first1 = S. | date = 2005 | url = http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | title = ''Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov.'' (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 425–440 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220048/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | archivedate = 2011-09-28 | df = }}</ref> however, it was moved to the genus ''[[Eromangasaurus]]'' in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of ''E. carinognathus''.<ref name=Eromangasaurus07>{{cite journal |authors=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2007 |title=Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus ''Eromangasaurus'', with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> A third species, ''T.? cabazai'', was also referred to ''Tuarangisaurus'' by the original description;<ref name="desc"/> however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate [[aristonectinae|aristonectine]].<ref name="cabazai">{{cite journal | title = Reappraisal of ''Tuarangisaurus? cabazai'' (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 47 | year = 2014 | pages = 39–47 | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = Z. | last2 = Gasparini | first3 = L. | last3 = Salgado | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667113001560}}</ref>
A second species, ''T. australis'', was named in 2005;<ref name="eromanga">{{cite journal | last1 = Sachs | first1 = S. | date = 2005 | url = http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | title = ''Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov.'' (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae | journal = Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 425–440 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220048/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/sachs_2005.pdf | archivedate = 2011-09-28 | df = }}</ref> however, it was moved to the genus ''[[Eromangasaurus]]'' in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of ''E. carinognathus''.<ref name=Eromangasaurus07>{{cite journal |authors=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2007 |title=Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus ''Eromangasaurus'', with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> A third species, ''T.? cabazai'', was also referred to ''Tuarangisaurus'' by the original description;<ref name="desc"/> however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate [[aristonectinae|aristonectine]].<ref name="cabazai">{{cite journal | title = Reappraisal of ''Tuarangisaurus? cabazai'' (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 47 | year = 2014 | pages = 39–47 | first1 = J.P. | last1 = O'Gorman | first2 = Z. | last2 = Gasparini | first3 = L. | last3 = Salgado | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003 }}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==

Revision as of 00:03, 14 July 2019

Tuarangisaurus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 78 Ma
↓
Restored skeleton
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: †Sauropterygia
Order: †Plesiosauria
Family: †Elasmosauridae
Genus: †Tuarangisaurus
Wiffen & Moisley, 1986
Species:
†T. keyesi
Binomial name
†Tuarangisaurus keyesi
Wiffen & Moisley, 1986

Tuarangisaurus (Maori tuarangi "ancient" + Greek sauros "lizard") is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid known from New Zealand. The type and only known species is T. keyesi, named by Wiffen and Moisley in 1986.[1][2]

Description

The estimated length of Tuarangisaurus is about 8 metres (26 ft).[3] It can be distinguished from all other known elasmosaurids by a unique combination of characteristics as well as two otherwise unknown traits: the ectopterygoid has a long process directed towards the back, and a large boss of bone underneath. A stapes is present in the holotype; this bone was previously thought to be absent from elasmosaurids.[2][4]

Discovery and naming

Tuarangisaurus is known from the holotype NZGS CD425, a nearly complete skull and mandible, and from NZGS CD426, nine anterior-most cervical vertebrae. Some postcranial remains of juveniles were also attributed to Tuarangisaurus.[1] It was collected from the Maungataniwha Sandstone Member of the Tahora Formation, dating to the upper Campanian to lower Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, about 78 million years ago.[2]

A second species, T. australis, was named in 2005;[3] however, it was moved to the genus Eromangasaurus in 2007, becoming the senior synonym of E. carinognathus.[5] A third species, T.? cabazai, was also referred to Tuarangisaurus by the original description;[1] however, it was most recently reassigned to an indeterminate aristonectine.[6]

Classification

Tuarangisaurus was initially assigned to the Elasmosauridae;[1] one study found it to be a close relative of Callawayasaurus.[7] A new phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs in 2016 reaffirmed that Tuarangisaurus was an elasmosaurid, but rejected a close relationship with Callawayasaurus. Its position within the Elasmosauridae according to this analysis is shown below.[2]

Elasmosauridae

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiffen, J.; Moisley, W.L. (1986). "Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 29 (2): 205–252. doi:10.1080/00288306.1986.10427535.
  2. ^ a b c d O'Gorman, J.P.; Otero, R.A.; Hiller, N.; Simes, J.; Terezow, M. (2016). "Redescription of Tuarangisaurus keyesi (Sauropterygia; Elasmosauridae), a key species from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Weddellian Province: Internal skull anatomy and phylogenetic position". Cretaceous Research. 71: 118–136. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.014.
  3. ^ a b Sachs, S. (2005). "Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov. (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 50 (2): 425–440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Carpenter, K. (1999). "Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior". Paludicola. 2: 148–173.
  5. ^ "Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus Eromangasaurus, with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 241–246. 2007. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[241:TCOTAE]2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z.; Salgado, L. (2014). "Reappraisal of Tuarangisaurus? cabazai (Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Maastrichtian of northern Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 47: 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.10.003.
  7. ^ Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M.T.; Henderson, D.M. (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124.
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